· Le o O u -f a n L ee · SHANGHAI MODERN THEF LOWERIONFGA NEWU RBAN CULTURIENC HINA1,93 0-1945 l f - � ()-. � FOR PAUL ENGLE (1908-19A9N1D )H UALING NIEH ENGLE Copyr©i g1h9t99t hbPeyr esideFneotlw lsoa fnH da rvaCrodl lege Alrli grhetsse rved PrinttehdUe n iintS etda otfeA sm erica LiabrroyfC ongrCeastsga ilon-ginu-blPicDaattiao n LeeL,e Oou -fan Shangmhoadie :rt nhfl eo weroifann ge wu rbcaunl tiunCr hei na, 193104-95/ LeOou -afnL ee. p em. Incelsbu idbglriaophriecfeaenlrc aensid n dex. ISB0N- 674-8(0a5l5pk0a.p- eXr .) ISB0N- 674-8(0p5b5ak1l.-pk:8a. p er) 1.P opuclualrt uCrheni-a-Shanghai. 2S.h ang(hCahii- nSao)cilaialfnecd u stoms. 3C.h ina-Ciizovanit-li119-21499I.Tt. t le. DS976.S25L14939 9 306'1.10'39-25dc21 98-33128 CONTENTS Prefacxei THE BACKGROUND OF URBAN CULTURE RemappiSnhga ngha3i 2 TheC onstrucotfMi oodne rniitnPy r iCnutl tu4r3e 3 TheU rbaMni lioefSu h anghCaiin ema8 2 4 TextuTarla nsactiDoinssc:o veLritienrga Mroyd ernism throuBgoho kasn d]ourn1a2l0s IIT HE MODERN LITERARYI MAGINATION: WRITERSA ND TEXTS . 5 TheE }otit�h,eF antasatnidtc h,eU ncanny: Shi� _hecuEnx'pse rimeSnttoarli e1s53 ' - .t 6 Fa�e,Bo dya,ndt liCei tyT:h eF ictioofn Liu Naa'nodMu u S hiyin1g9 0 7 DecadeanntdD andSy:h 'aoX unmeain dY eL ingfen2g3 2 8 EileCehna ngR:o manciensa F allCeint y2 67 lt·lR EFLECTIONS · 9 ShanghCaoismopolita3n0i7s m 10 EpilogAu Teal:e o fT woC iti3e2s4 Note3s4 3 Glossa3r8y7 Index39 9 ILLUSTRATIONS Folilnpogaw 1g5e0 "IntoxiSchaatnegdh aPih.o"t ogracpohlilcaf greo Lm iangyou (The yocuonmgp aninoon.8, 5 F,e brua1r9y3 4). "IntoxiSchaatnegdh ai-Datnrcoeu ppeer formalniccee:n tsiionugsi lnugr,i d danci(ngL"i annog.8y 5Fo,e ub,ru a1r9y3 4). "SucIhsS hangha(iL"i annog.8y 8oM,a uy,1 934). Shanghacio'ssm opolaitttarna·c (tiLoinas nnog.8y 9Jo,u un,e1 934). Shanghamio'dse rcno nvenie(nLceisa nnog.8y 7o,A pur,i1 l9 34). TheY ouCnomgp andiraownio,nfg a s emi-tradciotvieogrni arfllo a rL iangyou picto(rnioa2.l7 J,u ne1 928). MisYsa nAgi Vo nt hec oveorfL ian(gnyo4.o,M u ay 1 926). YanAgi lmio delwsi nter faaslhoinwogin tsfih v eo theyro unwgo men ·;(� aignyoriou.4, ,M ay1 926). "Fa�hSihoonw "( Lgiya�mnn,o.8 2N,o vembe1r9 33). Fashiomno,d erCnh inesstey lleo:ng go wnasn de verydwaeya r (Lgiyaonnuo.1, 0 7,Ju1l9y3 5). Fashiofno,r eisgtny ldea:y tidmree ssaensde venignogw ns (Liyaonnuog,.1 0 7J,u l1y93 5). Oneo ft hem osstt rikcionvged re sigonfts h eL ianpgiyctoour ial (no8.4 J,a nua1r9y3 .4). "ATy picMaold erHno me,s"h owing Westemrond-esrtfnyu lren iture (Liannog.5j! 0So,e up,te mber-Oc1t9o3b0e)r. iIuIs trations AdvertisefmoeGrno tl deDnr agocni gare(tLtgeisya onnuo1.,, F ebrua1r9y2 6). AdvertisefmoeMrno tm il(kL iannog1.y4 ,oA pur,1i 9l27). Calendpaors tferro Hma tamecni garettes. Moviteh eatienSr hsa ngh(aLig iyaonnuo6.,2 ,O ctob1e9r3 1) . PREFACE Morem oviteh eattehresC :a rltaonndt heO deon (Lgiyaonnuo6.,2 ,O ctob1e9r3 1). DaiW angshu's wecdidr1ic9na3g0 ,. ShiZ hecun. LiuNa'ou. Thiisas b ooakb otuhtce iy ot fS hangihnta hi1e9 30assac ultmuartarli x MuShiying. ofC hinmeosdee rnIinct oyn.t tropa ostp uWleasrt elronar beo tuhtce iy t, PortroafSi hta oX unmebiy t hef amouasr tXiusB te ihong. It akaeni nseirpd'osi onft vbiyer we adpirnigm aCrhiilnyem saet eri­ YeL ingfenignh ilsa tyeera rs. alst-elrijauornrya lnse,w spaapswe erlasls,w o rskb yi ndiuvaailud thors EileCehna nign a t heatrpiocsael. ansdc haorls-oirnd teocr o nstarp uiuccrttoe fS hangsuh rabica'unl ture Thec ovedre siogfnE ileCehna ngs'tso ryc ollectCihuoan,n( Rctoim ances). att hhee hitgo fi tssp lenSduoorah.t opwiocu ld nsaeuterma l for a schaorllryea srecphrj oecbtu,it pt r ovmeodr dei ffitchualInfit r setx ­ pectWehde.nI fi rbsetg aenx plotrhisenu gb jseocmte tyweeanratsgy o , Ir ealtihzaiewttda asl blua tn i deolotgaibiconaCo lh inwahi,ls ec holar­ shiipnm odne Crhinessteu diinWe ess tearcna dewmaipsar eociceudp witrhu rvaill �l.a ge Thirsu rparle occuippsae �frieocnut nldye rdsatbalfnoer, Cihsi na stial plr edoininiaun,ctrolau)Cln tIrnty h.em oderCnh ineltsieer ary imagineavteisroi nntc neMe a yf·o urptehr i{o1d9- 112793p)a,t riotic sentimiennvitaasrbs ltye mmfermdo,a nwde reenv isiaosna,ene d ht oosf thceo urynstidwei�,tt hceo unt(gruyo jsiyam)bo yl iincvaolaklestd h e "natliavnoedfv " il lag(e�si aSnhgathnuag)ti.h,l e a rgceisittnyC hiannad , ast hheu bo ft hpeu blisihnidnugst thrpeyl ,a ce mwohseotrft e hi s ltierawtaupsrr eo duacnecddic rulattote hdce o unattlrr ayg wea,s cast in an egatliihvgtae sa b asnto ifdo ecadeannecdve i l-ctohnes equoefn ce al onhgsi tyo orfW estne irmperiAaslt ihstemr .e aptoyrp ta erx cel­ lecne-teh.laorgfade osztet nr epaotryot nts h Ceh inceosaes t-nSg­ha habie caamc eo nstraermtitno dfae h rsi toorfyn atiohnuamli liation. X xi preface preface Althotuhguehn eqturaela titehsWe e swtietrhn phoabwdee erlnsa rgely ThomMaasn nf oarn ·oitshsewurie t htohuveta guesotf hi ildstie ear ary abolibsyht ehdme id19-40tsh,Ce h ineCsoem munPiasrt(t Cy CP), statSuormete.w enyteya lrtase wrh,e Inw aas skteowd r iatnae rtiocnl e whichhab de efno undienSd h angihn1a 29i1 p,e rpettuhaniteseg da tive modneirsimn iTwaanleeisrtea tIub reeg,ta on reofntl hecicustr isotuast e imaagnemd a dieit n tam oa jtoarr bgyel te adair negv oltuhtsaiotou ng ht ofa ffsaH:io rwc outlhdbi rsa nd" moofdn eirshma"v bee epnr oduicne d to" mobitlhicezo eu ntirdtyeoss urrdot uhncei tiSeisnS.ch"ea nghai was thceo rriodfao nro slu dn ivebrusiiltdiyinT naigp beyia s maglrlo uopf altshofie n anchieaaqdlu arotfet rhNsea tion(aGluiosmatin ngrd)e gime, colglese ophoormeasn jdu niwohrocs o uld barEenlgylo irras enhay d ibte camienaw, a yt,h CeC Psw' orst enetmhyee.s tAafbtleiros fh ment othWeers telrann guWahgeer?e wdefii ndd wtohreko sfK afkMaa,n n, thPee olpeR'esp ubiln1i 49c9 t,h mea tecroinadli otifo Snhsa dnegthea­i JoycFea,u lkannedRr e,m iwnagy(?A nswientr h:se m alla roylf it hber rioraatsie tpdso pulactoinotni tnoug erdo wP.o lailtltiyhcc ei yt had DepartmFeonrtne L·ioa gfn guaagnLedtis e ratautTra iewsaU nni veiyrt).s alwapylsa yseedc ofinddd tloe Betihjneia notgni,n' es w capiftoarl . And We hmaadd weh awte c ondseirteodb ea m aj"odrci osveartya t" i me all tihnle e irttaacrliykr calbeotsuh t"e c oemtpitbieotnw"et ehBnee ijing wheHni hg Modenrishma d eaaldprya ssietcdsr eaptriivmaene d e n­ scho(oJlip nagia)n d Shasncghho(aoHila ipbaeoifr)Le i beration, the tertehdAe m ericclaans sarsoc olma sOsii&cC sh.i newsrei toefar ns cultuarnapdlo lilyt ichaelglenymi osct aotfuB se ijrienmga iunncehda l­ earlgieenre raktnioowan b out mtohdeersmnea setrwsh etnh ewye re leng-aetdl eausnttr ielc ently. stiaillvle -tihsai,tnt hpee riboedt wetehnte w oW orlWda r?sM y Thissa iImd u,s cto nfesSsh natghhaiatasi c iyt fwohri cIch h er­ curioys lietmde b actkoS hangihnoa rid teort ratchee asnedo ther ishedf ofdnm eewm orIifi ersvs.it s itthceeidy it n1 498a sac hialndad possainbtleec eidnme ondtesrC nh inletiseer hairysr tyo. refufgreoetm h aed vcainntgr ooopfts h Pee opsLl ieb'erAartmioyo nn Inf acittw,a st hro·utghhte i mealdyv iocfae f ormSehra nghai theev oef i tvsci toMryys .t ronigmepsrte stshiewonan os f i tsst reetcars residCe nTHt ,s itab,a lHe aranbeodau nto tlhtieerr ajuronrya plu b­ annde osni gnbsye lleictyt .(r oBircinin tt hreu rraelg ioofn HeInh aand, lisihne·d1t 3h9e0w si tahs iminlaamXrei , aznadza(hiMdoi e rmna gazine; neveevre sne eanne lec;:bturliIbwc !a )as l sscoa roeftd hr ee voldvoionrgs trnaslabtyei dte sd i,tS ohrZih ec,ui nntFor enacsLh e Cso mnptaoeir)n.s int hheo twehle rmeym aetrngarla ndflaitvhOeendre.m onrinIvg e n­ Thubse gamny l onjguo rnetyo warredat critnhgfe o otsotfeo pusr turoeudt btuoys ommee adtum pliantgan s e rabfyo osdt anOdnm .y leirtaprrye d�eocress-rac� hearutc ehmep sw hipcbehrr oduumg ehb ta ctko retuIgr onmt y e arcsa ugihntt h fea st-movingd oroaernv,ido n la ving Shangihn.a 1i19 8I. v�ev� iesdit tj:lceiy t hadlofz etani mseisn acned, panIil co asltml yd umlpigns-subcehi mnygfi resxtp ostuoSr hea nghai eacthi mIwe a ·sp rigev&i·ltnt�eoea tn idn terSvhiZieh we chuinm saetl f moednriyt!T hep attho wamrydr edoivsecroyfS hangshl eairita'rrey­ hihso mea,n da tt hSeh angMhauin icLiipbarlIa w raysa blep ltuom b nowwna psa veindTa iwaann Adm ericai-natenec ltljuuoarln wehy ich threi ch cctioolnolsflte ierjaurory.an lasn odt �rearrc eo llecwthiiocnhs toonke layrt htiyyr ears. arneo fto unandy wheraebrFooiarnd s.t aItn ocoeok,u tc oap oyf Liu . In1 499m yf amimloyv etdoT aiwawnh,e rIge r euwp a nbde came Nao'uD'su sehnjigifng(xSicaeonnfte hse csuirttryie)otp uisdluyir nlgu nch interiensW tesetde lrtine ra.t uArsseo pah omioncr oel lIew gaesi n­ bre(aakns om atewraiasal ll otwole eda tvheleb i raraynh)da d etnhtei re q '· volv.ieped s tablais smhaillnilrgta erjyuo nraMl,o dLeirnt e(rXaitaunrdea i volupmheo tocoaptai ende acrobpysy h btph at haodp ejn-ueasd t wenx)uw,eh iclha uncThaiewda n"'mso dermnoivset."ei nntt h eea rly pecufloiraomrfr eveonngm ey fi asactto h ree voldvoiosnrgo me ttyh ir � 1690sW.h eno ufirr isst sfueea tutrhweeod r kosfF raKnazf kIha a,d no yeaerasr liiIfhe arod:n cleo tshtde u mlpnigsIn, o wh aadc opoyfa r are idewah oh ew asa,n dIp roceetdote rdsa lnaat lee aranretdi ocnl e boo!k xii xiii preface preface Througthh eesaer rleys cehav rentuIbr eecsa ombes eswsietadhn ordteorf ocmuyse nergointe hsme o reu rgtei nssoufec so nteomrapry olSdh angIhh aaird e membaesran e idg htbmuawtrh ei cnho we megred Chinecustleu roev etrh nee xfte ywe aBrustt.h diesl haayas l bseoe inn, ont housuapnodtnsh ousoafnpd rsi nptaegdae ssac itoyfg resaplte n­ schaorlltye rmasb ,l essiindn igsi gsufeo,tr h peu blicaotfoi tohnesr do-rdivee reym boidmeonftC hiensmeo dernDiutryim.ny gr esceha r schowloarrksi onnsg i mitloaprih casvf ee lritiztehdfie e lwdh icohn ce Ia llseoa rtnheandto o tn lhya tdh vee rEyn glwiosrh"d m doerenn"t ered lookseobd a rrwehneI nfi rvsetn tuirnetidotT .h eir hwaoasrl hks eol ped thmeo dne Crhinevsoec abyu alsaa t rrsalnitieornma,dot encgo,in ed of met or ethsionmkoe fm ye arliideearan std o f ormmy o wnf ramrekw.o courisnSe h angbhuati,, immoprtoear nttlhwyeh, o lgea muotfW estern Sitltlh,o rinnytp erretpirvoeb lreemmsa,w i hnichha vbee ecno mplicated litemroadreyr nwisamsk n owinnt h1e 390sa1n wda se vemna de quite byt hree ce"ntth eiocratelut"rin nm oderCnh ienslei teratcuurlet uarnadl popublyaa rn umboefrw r tiewrhso p ublitsrnhaselda teisoysnsaas,n, d stiuedisnw, h icthhd esi ploafty e xtsutarlai tevesig,r stour oeiandgasn,d theoiwrn c reawtriiivtneg isns coroefls i tejroanurarylT sh.ew ayisn othfeorr omfis n terivoenansnt sdu bvoenrss-iablalso endr eceWenstt ­ whicthh emya nagteosd t atrhtes imra plulb lisvheinntguh raeds been. ertnh eoriest-ohs aevetema koevne trh tea sokfr easreciht sAellalf . quistiem itlooa urr msa nyy earlsa -tuenrplanhnaepdh azeanrtde r­ schonleaertd osd o, siete mists,o r eaafd e "wp rlieevgdit"e xts! pridsrevise bny i nteecltlcuuairlo saintbdyo nudleesnesr tghyo,u ngoht Ia m bnyo meaavnesr steh etoiorn fy a;-cwte lIc oimates i nteecl­l many fina.rn ecsicoaeulosrn, theo faps amractlo lt eorfyi ouen ngo vices. tuaclh alleThneg weo.r okf Walter Bepnrjoavmeeisdnp echiaasl ly (Foar d etaidleesdci roinsp,et Ceh apt4e.rB) u tth nea meosft hese relevtaomn yte ndveoara,sm yfi narle flectiinCo hnasp t1ec rla erly modnew rrtiewresr eei tchoenrs ciousolrly ag reelrfyao sregdo tten-Shi showB.uI ts till topd rome yfw eorr "kf rtohmge r oduu npb"y e stab- Zhecu(nb1 .09 5)L,iNu a �o(u10 90-1939M)u,S hiy.i1(n9g-112490), v lishfiirnsagct o ntoefxS th anghuarib'acsnu ltbuefroerI ea ttetmop t ShaXou mnei(1 096-1698)Ye,L ingf(e1 n09g4- 1975)E,i leCehna ng recfiognutrhete e xitnst moe-naai ngsfeuotlfr eadiOnwgisnt.got hrei ch (1 290-1995)t,om entitohfnee wwh ow ileln tienrtt ohp er esbeonotk matiearIlh sa vgea the(rbehodw t rtiteann dv isuaanlpd) r esteonm yt asp irmay rprotasgtoBsny.ia h appyc oincidmeyno cwenr, e asrech intenrdeeadd ersa-cboatdhe amnindc osn c-aadem-iIhc asvceh osen projceacmtae pt r ecitshmeeol ym ewnhte anf eCwh niessec haorwlse re tow ritiena ne sslaiysk-tey alneid n al aunaggteh iantso btu rdewnietdh begintnoir neigds cotvheers e wTrhuisItw earassb .lt eoe scappoes sible theoredtei;nictaCyl-o. n trtaort yh ue suparla ctoiflc aey ionugtm y ideoilcocageln s(uofrrde o irnegs cehao rn" bourgdeeociasd eanncde ") theoreatrigcua!ml'�e inn-fitrhsceth ap,t ieInr stleaaoydu Sth anghai's jiont heira rsrlcyah noaklsasp ion.e er urbabna ckgrbo)'ua nm de thtohdac to mbifnaecstd ueaslc riwpittiho n Butth piiso enirensgt aitnut she ea r1l89y0 wsa ss oocnh allenged myo wnn arrat.Ei aocnohf otthhete hrr cehea ptienPr asrIt t a kuepas n bya s paotfre e scehap rublicaaltflio ocnusosn eS dh anghuaribha'nis s ­ areoaf" cultpurroadlu ctionc"u�lptrcuiirnnete, am nad, lijtoeurra­ry torayn db ya r esucregoe fAn merisccahno llyia nrteirnet shtic si ty. nasl-whicihs i ltlruastweidt mho rmea etriaanldsa pproafcrhoemd ' Despiittse earmlyyr essteaanrrotcwm,h a ys eetmo l abge hind and diffeirnetpnertre tainvgel Meysp .up rosiest oc onrsuttca nu rbacnu l- follawo ewll -trotdrdaoeifbnl o ooknsv ariaosupse ocfSt hsa nagih-al­ turcaoln tienwx hti cthhv ea riloiutse treaxdrtiyss cuisnPs aerIdmtI i ght - ' thouIgm ha inttahiant muncohhta s bwerietnto enSn hanghuarbia'ns makmeo rsee nSsien.mc oes otft hetseex tsn oyater tter salnatheedn,c e cultTuhreer .e al rfeotarhs deoe nl ayt hirosefa srecphr ojweacstt h e newa ndu nfamitloWi easrt errena deIhr asv,ie n cluadf eedwl ong criisniT st ananmen inSt qhuseap rreio nf1g 8 99A.s a r esouflt th e paargraopfhm syo wnt rnaslatIinto hnes .pfi anraotlft hbioso Iko ffer massaocfdr eem ornasttoonr sJ 4u,nIa e l blu dte dceidt oa bandioitnn somgee nerreafllie �cntasn adr gumetnhtasstev ret or oudno fmfy p ic- xiv XV preface preface turaen bdr imnygs toirnytt hole a t19e 9 0s-Htoon Kgo nagtt htei me gestiaonnrdse ,s eaarscshi satnatdnhc teew ,oa noynmourse adwehros ofi t"sr ertntu"ot hmeo therIlifact na dbn.e s atihda 1t39 0 Ssh anghai has approtvheids manfuopsruc bralitipictIoa nme. s pecgiaratluelltfy o the beerne incairnnHa ontgeK do nsgi nce19 5t0hIseb , ei levteh aHto ng mangyr adtuesa tudIeh natvhsea tdh geo ofdo rttuotn eea acnhtd o learn Konwgi lilnt urcnon tritbout there e bludiing of iSnhtaaco no gsh­ai froimnt hsee minwaorrsk,s hopcso,u rgasinevdsae tCn h icaUgCoL,A , mopofloitrsh tew entyc-efitnrusrty. and Harivnpa arrdt;i Ich ualvabere ne.gfirtteealdfy rm o three search assstianacnwedr itoifHn egi incrFhr uehCahuefn, )uia,Ra onbheCrhit, Inth leo nagnp dr otracocutreosdfre e seaanrwcdrh ti inIhg a,v ienu crred XincHuunan gM,e ngYu e,M inFge ng-yDianigNs,gy , E manuPeals ­ morien teecltldueablt s Ic tahenav nel rii sntt h ues uaaclk nowledgments treiSchhu,- Smheiia hn,Bd a Wna ngC.h apt3we arsf urtehnerri cbhye d seicotSnt.i Iwl olu,ll dit kote h atnhkfe o llofwoiuanngtd iaonnidsn sut­it thtei mealsyts ainsocfeA ndreFwi eolfCd o lumUbniiav erasnidbty y tiofnotsrh egiern ersouupsp tohrGetu :g gneheFiomu antodint,h Wea ng hadr-otfi-nmda terfiraoPlmos h- esFku a ndS henCgh awnegn.Tw ou n­ AnF ellowisnCh hiipn eSsteu dtiheCeso, m mit-toeSnec hollyEa xr­ dergdurtaaes tudeantHt asra vrdE,z rBal oacnkAd n thoGnrye enberg, change thwPeie tohps Rl eep'lubiocfC hinaas, wevlalr iafocsauu sl ty valilaynt toooknt htea sokfc heckritanhgeo rb sucrWee stesronu rces I reseagrrncathfs r otmh Ue:n iverosfi tCyh icagoa,n dU CHLaAr,v ard. sucahst hset oroifPe asuM lo arnda,tH arvaWridd'esnL eirabr ryC.h en TheE asAts ian Laittb hreUa nriyv erosfi tyC hitchaeHg aor,v ard­ ]ianhmuyc ah,i reefs eaarscshi shtaabsne tei,nn volwviettdhh miasn u­ YenchiLnigabr rtyh,He o ovLeirb raatSr tyaf norUdni veyr,as niadtb ove scraitpe tv esryt eopfi tpsr eaptarioinn,c lutdhiaenr gd uotsuakso f altlh Seh anghai MLuinabirracyni tdph alelbi arriaetEs a sCthi anN or­ copmiltihngegl oasrasyn d lotchapeth iontgao pghrs. maUln vierys,Fi utdaUnnv ierys,ai nttdh Seh angWhriatie Arsss'o ciation A much-osrhtevneeirdos onfC hapt1ea rns9da ppeaarsaep da per havper oviadw eeda lotfmh a terfioaarl l tise rasrcyh owlhaolr o ves to inas peciisasolufP e u bCluil.cAt nue raerlvieseriroo nfC hapt3ae prp ears plaayr chdievtaelc .t niAuv meboefsr c hoalnafdrr si einnCd hsi nhaa ve inC inaenmUdar a bnC ulitnSu hrgaehn a19i2,2- 19(43tS anfUonridv ersity beeens pechieallupllif yn sopfti htceeo nesaribdldei fficuIhl atviee s Pre1s9 s9,)9 e,d itbeyYd in gjiZnh anAg .r seevvdie srioonf Cha2pi tse r invaedrtecnatulstyeh de Smh:Zi h ecufnoh,ri gse nerossiptiayrn idot f incdleudi nac olleocfct oienorfne npcaep etristB leecidon Cmgh iPnaess­e: inteecltlguuaailnd cXeu; C(1h i9- 1194 96)p,o eatn sde ltfy-lmseodd ern­ sagteMoso de�rnnidBty eo yn1d9,0D -19(50U vneirsoifCt aylo irfnPirae ss, isfto,hr i isvn aalbulree minisacnehdni pcsre esc ipohoutsoa gprhWse;i 19 9)9e,d i.t eYbdehy\Y en-hBsoitanhr.u e s ewdi tthhp ee rmisosfti hoen ShaochYainnGggu, o ijnagn,Cd h en aZnif,sol hre admient hgr otuhgeh publishers. matearnihdau lm amna zoefd oing research ini nSthraon­ghai and Tfhoirbs o oiksd e dicattote hdme e moryo ft hlea te Paul Engle duicnogt hyeoru nsgc hotloam resa; n Yda n) iaanyf,o cro pmiltihneg (1 098-1991)A, m eircapno eatn �do undfitanhgeo rft hWer tierWsor'k ­ fircsot lleocfXt iignoaj nnu aexipi aosh(uSoe lxesucttaoenrod ift e hsne e o­ shoaptt hUen ivetYro sfiI owa, tawuhgomh eht o wt or eaEdl iaontd ' sensatisocnhoa)ollp,iu sbtl iisnht eidmt eop rovmiedw ei tahm uch­ openmeyde yetsot rulteie racroys mopoliatnatdon H iuaslmi;Nn ige h needperdi my asrourTchee.n ameasn d woorfnk usm erous other Englheib,se lovwiefdae u dcoo-ufndoefrt hIen ternaWtriitoinnagl . ChinesAem earnaidnsc chaorolsn S hangwhhaoimI h avceo nsuIl ted PrograatIm o waand h ersae� il.sft ingnuoivsehlweihdso tsl,eo vaen d gartefluilislntty h neo tBeusIt.m ussti lneg Sohuetr mCaonc aknrA,r if conchearvnse u asnited tmher oaulgthlh etsyrei nyge ars. DirlPiok-,s FhueB,kr yna GooBdeamnmajinL,ne eL,yd iLai Fur, ederic WakemaWne,n- hsYiehn,a nYdi njgiZnh anfgot rh eciorm menstusg,- xvi xvii SHANGHAI MODERN - p ar t o n e · THEB ACKGROUNDO F URBANC ULTURE