01_097588 ffirs.qxp 1/4/08 8:45 AM Page i 01_097588 ffirs.qxp 1/4/08 8:45 AM Page ii 01_097588 ffirs.qxp 1/4/08 8:45 AM Page iii Adam Sexton • Yali Lin 01_097588 ffirs.qxp 1/4/08 8:45 AM Page iv Copyright © 2008 by Adam Sexton, and Yali Lin. All rights reserved. Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. 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Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley prod- ucts, please visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Control Number: 2007940644 ISBN: 978-0-470-09758-8 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Book design by Elizabeth Brooks Book production by Wiley Publishing, Inc. Composition Services 02_097588 ftoc.qxp 1/4/08 8:46 AM Page v Suiting the Action to the Word: Shakespeare and Manga 1 Act I 5 Act II 41 Act III 71 Act IV 113 Act V 139 03_097588 flast.qxp 1/4/08 8:46 AM Page vi Adam Sextonis author of Master Class in Fiction Writingand edi- tor of the anthologies Love Stories, Rap on Rap, and Desperately Seeking Madonna. He has written on art and entertainment for The New York Times and The Village Voice, and he teaches fiction writing and literature at New York University and critical read- ing and writing at Parsons School of Design. A graduate of Columbia University and the University of Pennsylvania, he lives in Brooklyn with his wife and son. Yali Lin works in an animal shelter by day and draws comics by night. She lives in New York City with her roommate, two cats, and two rabbits. This is her first published work and you can e-mail her about it or anything else at [email protected]. To see more of her comics and illustrations please visit www. bloodandtheartofbaking.com. 04_097588 intro.qxp 1/4/08 8:46 AM Page 1 Suiting the Action to the Word: Shakespeare and Manga by Adam Sexton Suit the action to the word, the word to the action... —Hamlet(Act III, Scene 2) Four hundred years after the writing of William Shakespeare’s plays, it is clear that they are timeless. This is due in part to their infinite adaptability. The plays have been translated into dozens of languages and performed all over the world. Famously cre- ative stage productions have included a version of Julius Caesar set in fascist Europe during the 1930s and a so-called “voodoo Macbeth.” Nor have gender and age proved barriers to casting Shakespeare’s characters. The role of Hamlet is occasionally played by a woman—an appropriate reversal, considering that boys acted all the female roles in Shakespeare’s day—while the teenaged Romeo and Juliet have been portrayed by couples in their forties and fifties. It is common knowledge that the plays of Shakespeare transfer especially well to the movie screen. Such has been the case since Thomas Edison made one of the first sound films ever using a scene from As You Like It. Recent cinema standouts include William Shakespeare’s Romeo + Juliet, directed by Baz Luhrmann, and Michael Almereyda’s Hamlet. Both take place in the present day or near future: Leonardo DiCaprio’s Romeo wears a Hawaiian shirt—and Julia Stiles’ Ophelia wears a wire, so Claudius and Polonius can eavesdrop on her conversation with Hamlet. Otherwise, these adaptations remain surprisingly faithful to Shakespeare’s texts. And both hit the audience as hard as conventional stage productions in which the actors are 1 04_097588 intro.qxp 1/4/08 8:46 AM Page 2 outfitted with doublets and hose, crossed swords, and what Hamlet calls “a bare bodkin”—his unsheathed dagger (replaced in Almereyda’s movie by a gun). Shakespeare’s plays have been set to music as well, in operas and ballets by composers such as Verdi, Tchaikovsky, and Prokofiev. The early comedy Two Gentlemen of Verona was adapted for Broadway by the composer of Hair, and it won the Tony award for Best Musical the same year that Grease was nominated. In the words of theater critic Jan Kott, Shakespeare is indeed “our contemporary.” In short, though some consider the plays of William Shakespeare to be sacrosanct, they have been cut, expanded (it was common in the Victorian era to add songs and even happy endings to the tragedies), and adapted to multiple media, emerg- ing none the worse for wear. Although we cannot be sure of this, it seems likely that the writer, who was a popular artist and a savvy businessman as well as an incomparable poet, would approve. The graphic novels known as manga(Japanese for “whimsi- cal pictures”) are a natural medium for Shakespeare’s work. Like his tragedies, comedies, histories, and romances, which are thrillingly dynamic if properly staged, manga are of course visual. In fact, a manga is potentially more visual than a stage production of one of the plays of Shakespeare. Unbound by the physical realities of the theater, the graphic novel can depict any situation, no matter how fantastical or violent, that its creators are able to pencil, ink, and shade. Take Romeo and Juliet’s famous Queen Mab speech. Even the most creative stage director cannot faithfully present the minus- cule fairy described by Mercutio. Manga artists can. The same is true of the drowning of Ophelia in Hamlet. It is precisely because these vignettes are unstageable that Shakespeare has his charac- ters describe Queen Mab and the death of Ophelia in such great detail—they must help us imagine them. In its unlimited ability to dramatize, the graphic novel more closely resembles a 2 04_097588 intro.qxp 1/4/08 8:46 AM Page 3 contemporary film with a colossal special-effects budget than anything produced onstage in the Elizabethan era or since. At the same time, manga are potentially no less verbal than Shakespeare’s spectacularly wordy plays, with this crucial dif- ference: in a production of one of the plays onstage or onscreen, we can hear the words but can’t see them. Though Shakespeare is never easy, reading helps. And that is precisely what manga adaptations of the plays allow. Perusing a Shakespeare manga, the reader can linger over speeches, rereading them in part or altogether. Especially in the long and intricate soliloquies typical of Shakespearean tragedy, this allows for an appreciation of the playwright’s craft that is difficult if not impossible as those solil- oquies move past us during a performance. Overall, turning the pages of a manga version of one of Shakespeare’s plays is something like reading the text of that play while attending a performance, but at one’s own pace. Manga is not merely a new medium for the plays of William Shakespeare, but one that is distinctly different from anything to have come before. A note on authenticity: In order to fit our adaptations into books of less than 200 pages, the writers and editors of The Manga Editions have cut words, lines, speeches, even entire scenes from Shakespeare’s plays, a practice almost universal among stage and film directors. We have never paraphrased the playwright’s language, however, nor have we summarized action. Everything you read in The Manga Editions was written by William Shakespeare himself. Finally, footnotes don’t inter- rupt the characters’ speeches here, any more than they would in a production of one of Shakespeare’s plays onstage or on film. If the plays of Shakespeare are cinematic, then Romeo and Juliet might be the most cinematic Shakespeare play of all. The screen adaptations of this tragedy directed by Luhrmann and 3