SEXUALITY Theoriesofsexualityanddesirearecommonlyusedinliteraryandcultural studies.InthisilluminatingstudyJosephBristowintroducesreaderstothe fundamental criticaldebatessurroundingthetopic. Thisfullyupdatedsecondeditionincludes: (cid:1) ahistoricalaccount ofsexuality fromtheVictorianstothepresent (cid:1) discussions of the most influential theorists including Freud, Lacan, Bataille,Baudrillard,Cixous,Deleuze,Irigaray andKristeva (cid:1) a new and extended discussion of queer and transgender theory, race, ethnicityanddesire (cid:1) anew prefacesummarizingchanges inthe fieldsince thefirstedition (cid:1) anew glossary,annotatedfurtherreadingsectionandbibliography. Considering all of the major movements in the field, this new edition is theideal guideforstudentsofliteraryandcultural studies. Joseph Bristow is Professor of English at the University of California, Los Angeles. His recent books include Oscar Wilde and Modern Culture: The Making of a Legend (2008) and The Wilde Archive: Traditions, Histories, Resources (2011). He is an editor of the Journal of Victorian Culture (Routledge). THE NEW CRITICAL IDIOM SERIESEDITOR:JOHNDRAKAKIS,UNIVERSITYOFSTIRLING The New Critical Idiom is an invaluable series of introductory guides to today’s criticalterminology.Eachbook: (cid:1) providesahandy,explanatoryguidetotheuse(andabuse)oftheterm (cid:1) offersanoriginalanddistinctiveoverviewbyaleadingliteraryandculturalcritic (cid:1) relatesthetermtothelargerfieldofculturalrepresentation. Withastrongemphasisonclarity,livelydebateandthewidestpossiblebreadthof examples, The New Critical Idiom is an indispensable approach to key topics in literarystudies. Alsoavailableinthisseries: AdaptationandAppropriationbyJulie InterdisciplinaritybyJoeMoran Sanders IntertextualitybyGrahamAllen AllegorybyJeremyTambling IronybyClaireColebrook TheAuthorbyAndrewBennett LiteraturebyPeterWiddowson AutobiographybyLindaAnderson LyricbyScottBrewster ClassbyGaryDay Magic(al)RealismbyMaggieAnnBowers Colonialism/Postcolonialism–Second MemorybyAnneWhitehead editionbyAniaLoomba MetaphorbyDavidPunter ComedybyAndrewStott Metre,RhythmandVerseFormbyPhilip CrimeFictionbyJohnScaggs Hobsbaum MimesisbyMatthewPotolsky Culture/MetaculturebyFrancis Mulhern ModernismbyPeterChilds DifferencebyMarkCurrie MythbyLaurenceCoupe DiscoursebySaraMills NarrativebyPaulCobley Drama/Theatre/Performance by Simon ParodybySimonDentith ShepherdandMickWallis PastoralbyTerryGifford DramaticMonologuebyGlennisByron PerformativitybyJamesLoxley EcocriticismbyGregGarrard ThePostmodernbySimonMalpas ElegybyDavidKennedy RealismbyPamMorris GendersbyDavidGloverandCora RhetoricbyJenniferRichards Kaplan RomancebyBarbaraFuchs GenrebyJohnFrow RomanticismbyAidanDay GothicbyFredBotting ScienceFictionbyAdamRoberts TheHistoricalNovelbyJerome SexualitybyJosephBristow deGroot StylisticsbyRichardBradford HistoricismbyPaulHamilton SubjectivitybyDonaldE.Hall HumanismbyTonyDavies TheSublimebyPhilipShaw IdeologybyDavidHawkes TheUnconsciousbyAntonyEasthope SEXUALITY Second edition Joseph Bristow Firsteditionpublished1997 byRoutledge Thiseditionpublished2011 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 1997, 2011 Joseph Bristow The right of Joseph Bristow to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs andPatentsAct1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Bristow,Joseph. Sexuality/JosephBristow.–2nded. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1.Sex.2.Sexandhistory.3.Sexology.I.Title. HQ12.B682010 306.7–dc22 2010023327 ISBN 0-203-83583-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN13: 978-0-415-29928-2 (hbk) . . ISBN13:978-0-415-29929-9(pbk) ISBN13:978-0-203-83583-8(ebk) C ONTENTS Series editor’s preface vi Preface to the first edition vii Preface to the second edition viii Introduction 1 1 Sexological types 12 Sexual classifications 12 Feminist contentions 43 Consuming passions 52 2 Psychoanalytic drives 57 Freud’s complexes 57 Lacan’s orders 76 Feminist interventions 89 3 Libidinal economies 105 (De)generating pleasures 105 Pornographic materials 133 4 Discursive desires 151 Foucault’s bodies 151 Foucault’s exclusions 169 Foucault’s followers 177 5 Diverse eroticisms 197 Queer (non)identities 197 Global sexualities 215 Glossary 223 Bibliography 233 Further reading 241 Index 243 S E ’ P ERIES DITOR S REFACE The New Critical Idiom is a series of introductory books which seeks to extend the lexicon of literary terms, in order to address the radical changes which have taken place in the study of lit- erature during the last decades of the twentieth century. The aim is to provide clear, well-illustrated accounts of the full range of terminology currently in use, and to evolve histories of its changing usage. The current state of the discipline of literary studies is one where there is considerable debate concerning basic questions of terminology. This involves, among other things, the boundaries which distinguish the literary from the non-literary; the position of literature within the larger sphere of culture; the relationship between literatures of different cultures; and questions concerning the relation of literary to other cultural forms within the context of interdisciplinary studies. It is clear that the field of literary criticism and theory is a dynamic and heterogeneous one. The present need is for indivi- dual volumes on terms which combine clarity of exposition with an adventurousness of perspective and a breadth of application. Each volume will contain as part of its apparatus some indication of the direction in which the definition of particular terms is likely to move, as well as expanding the disciplinary boundaries within which some of these terms have been traditionally con- tained. This will involve some re-situation of terms within the larger field of cultural representation, and will introduce examples from the area of film and the modern media in addition to examples from a variety of literary texts. P F E REFACE TO THE IRST DITION Sexuality aims to provide a clear and concise introduction to the meanings and myths attached to a key critical term. In covering a wide range of theoretical writings, I have tried to give a fair and balanced representation of contending intellectual positions. Given the strict limits on space, the discussion has been obliged to condense a great many complex points in the most direct manner possible. So that readers may gain further insights into this diverse field, parenthetical references indicate noteworthy secondary sources. Wherever possible, I have explained cultural allusions that might be unfamiliar to some readers. Dates of birth and death have been provided for the large number of historical figures mentioned in the discussion. This book was completed while I held a Senior External Research Fellowship at the Stanford Humanities Center during 1995–96. The Director of the Center, Keith Baker, together with the administrative staff – Sue Dambrau, Gwen Lorraine and Susan Sebbard – made me feel particularly welcome during my stay. Research for this study was assisted by the help I received from the staffs of both the Cecil H. Green Library and the J. Henry Meyer Memorial Library at Stanford. Two fellows at the Center – Eric Oberle and James I. Porter – kindly pointed me in the direction of sources I would not otherwise have found. Richard W. Schoch, a Whiting Fellow at the Center, offered warm and sustaining friendship during the writing process. The Associate Director of the Center, Susan Dunn, showed great generosity in loaning me personal copies of books that were proving hard to obtain while I was drawing this project to a close. Last but by no means least, Talia Rodgers has been an extremely patient and encouraging editor, as has the series editor, John Drakakis. My thanks go to all of these colleagues. Stanford University May 1996 P S E REFACE TO THE ECOND DITION In this second edition of Sexuality, I have taken the opportunity to update references, correct errors and emend several formulations in the original version of this book, which was published in early 1997. What is more, I have added a fifth chapter entitled ‘Diverse eroticisms’ that takes into account noteworthy develop- ments in thinking about the category of sexuality in relation to the emergence of queer theory and the rise of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) studies, especially in connection with challenges to ‘normative’ practices of desire. Since many current discussions of sexuality explore divergent types of embodiment, the fifth chapter looks at several important devel- opments within queer thought, particularly in connection with debates about corporeality, kinship and intimacy. The con- cluding section of this second edition focuses attention on the ways in which scholars have recently approached the inter- connections between sexuality, globalization and neoliberalism in different parts of the world, notably China, Indonesia and the Philippines. In line with more recent titles in the New Critical Idiom series, this second edition contains a fairly comprehensive glossary of more than fifty terms that relate to the debates explored in my five chapters. While some of the terms listed in the glossary may appear self-evident (e.g. heterosexual and homosexual), these have been included so that readers can grasp their emergence, usage and etymology. Moreover, I have explained the specifically sexual use of some of these otherwise well-known terms because they might on occasion be unfamiliar to readers outside the English- speaking world. A list of further reading appears after the bib- liography. The additional titles mentioned here include recent critical studies that address emergent areas of inquiry, deal with broad topics or take largely theoretical approaches to the study of sexuality in the humanities and social sciences. (In the biblio- graphy, I have supplied two dates for some of the titles; the first PREFACES ix date refers to the edition I have used, while the second date identifies the original date of publication.) Some readers of the first edition mentioned that they were surprised to see that Sexuality does not address pressing matters such as sexual harassment and the sexual abuse of children, both of which continue to generate urgent political debate. Such sig- nificant questions relating to public health, public policy and social welfare lie beyond the scope of the present study. Moreover, Sexuality does not engage with scientific inquiries into anatomy, evolutionary theory, genetics, heredity or advances in medical knowledge with regard to the mental and physiological condi- tions in which sexual desire is cognized, embodied or represented. Instead, as a work placed within the New Critical Idiom series, the five chapters set out to trace the historical origins, underlying assumptions and theoretical deployments of sexuality as a critical term that has enjoyed increasing prominence within the humanities and social sciences. The opening chapters consider the emergence of sexuality as a category in the late nineteenth-century field of sexology and the near-contemporary discipline of psychoanalysis. Many of the remaining materials on sexuality discussed in this book relate to widely debated areas of critical, feminist, lesbian and gay, and queer theory that have many of their origins in the 1960s and have gained prominence in the scholarly world since the 1980s and 1990s. These theoretical inquiries, which span the Victorian fin de siècle and the opening decade of the twenty-first century, provide divergent frameworks for imagining what sexuality might be – whether as an unruly set of drives, forces or energies that have been subject to forms of cultural, social and psycholo- gical repression; an array of erotic identifications that involve complex psychical displacements, projections and fetishisms; a set of discursive practices that support and/or subvert dominant cultural and political ideals; a category that draws attention to the ways in which our bodies are erotically orientated in space and time; and a surplus energy that capitalism both produces and seeks to regulate or harness. As a highly manipulated critical term, sexuality can stand for some or all of these things. But regardless of the conclusions that we may draw about the