FM.qxd 9/22/05 11:46 AM Page i SEXUAL PARTNERING, SEXUAL PRACTICES, AND HEALTH FM.qxd 9/22/05 11:46 AM Page iii SEXUAL PARTNERING, SEXUAL PRACTICES, AND HEALTH Sana Loue, J.D., Ph.D., M.P.H. Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio FM.qxd 9/22/05 11:46 AM Page iv Sana Loue Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44106-4945 USA [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2005925978 ISBN-10: 0-387-25923-6 ISBN-13: 978-0387-25923-9 eISBN: 0-387-25986-4 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written per- mission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimi- lar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to pro- prietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed in the United States of America. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 SPIN 11396192 springeronline.com FM.qxd 9/22/05 11:46 AM Page v We have been socialized to respect fear more than our own needs for language and definition, and while we wait in silence for that final luxury of fearlessness, the weight of that silence will choke us . . . . The transformation of silence into language and action is an act of self-revelation and that always seems fraught with dan- ger . . . . We fear the very visibility without which we also cannot truly live . . . . And that visibility which makes us most vulnerable is also the source of our greatest triumph. —Audre Lourde, 1977 [T]o speak a true word is to transform the world. —Paolo Freire, 1978 FM.qxd 9/22/05 11:46 AM Page vii Acknowledgements This book would not have been possible without the research assistance of Nancy Mendez and Gary Edmunds. vii FM.qxd 9/22/05 11:46 AM Page ix Contents Preface Chapter 1 Diverse Monogamies 1 Chapter 2 Multi-Bonding: Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyamory 27 Chapter 3 Child “Partnering”: Incest, Pedophilia, and Child Marriage 55 Chapter 4 Commercial Partnering: Sex Work, Trafficking, and Pornography 99 Chapter 5 Object Relations: Fetish and Related Behaviors 153 Chapter 6 Conclusion 179 Index ix FM.qxd 9/22/05 11:46 AM Page xi Listing of Tables Table 1 Sample of Definitions of Incest Used in Research Studies Table 2 International Conventions with Provisions Arguably Limiting Child Marriage Table 3 Definitions of Trafficking Table 4 Factors Influencing the Incidence of Trafficking in Women and Children for Sexual Exploitation Table 5 Stages of Trafficking xi FM.qxd 9/22/05 11:46 AM Page xiii Listing of Figures Figure 1 Dimensions of Partnered Relationships Figure 2 Relationship of Factors Utilized to Define Incest Figure 3 Relationship between Commercial Sex Work, Trafficking, and Immigration Figure 4 Relationship between Fetish Behavior, Submission- Dominance Behavior, and Transvestic Behavior xiii FM.qxd 9/22/05 11:46 AM Page xv Preface Research tells us that sex is often “unsafe.” A survey of sexual behav- ior reported that only 40% of 16 to 45 year olds in the U.K. con- sistently use a condom with a casual sex partner. This compares with 69% in France, 56% in the U.S., 48% in Italy, 36% in Spain, 32% in Germany, 28% in Russia, 25% in Canada, and 20% in Poland (Durex, 1996). Large proportions of individuals in the same age range say that they have been unfaithful in their relationships: 50% of Americans surveyed, 42% of British, 40% of Germans and Mexicans, 36% of French, and 22% of Spaniards (Durex, 1998). These figures portend the transmission of sexually transmitted infections, the possibility of pregnancy in the absence of contracep- tion, and the physical and mental health consequences that may accompany chronic infection and/or unwanted or unplanned preg- nancy. Monogamy has been touted as the proactive remedy for these unwanted consequences. Yet, it is assumed, first, that we all mean the same thing when we speak of monogamy and, second, that the structure of the relationship is determinative of both its quality and safety. However, sex may be unsafe for other reasons as well. “Partnering” may be accomplished through force, coercion, or outright violence. In such circumstances, the term “partnering” is a misnomer; there is no negotiation or mutuality in such situations. Similarly, it has been asserted that two-parent households are more likely to have a positive effect on children than are other part- nering arrangements. Such statements have ignored the context and quality of the partnering relationships to which the children may be exposed. It has been alleged that exposure to pornography will lead xv