SSeexxuuaall AAssssaauulltt AAddvvooccaattee TTrraaiinniinngg MMaannuuaall Revised November 2008 SEXUAL ASSAULT ADVOCATE TRAINING MANUAL Texas Association Against Sexual Assault PO Box 684813 • Austin, TX 78768 Phone 512-474-7190 • Fax 512-474-6490 www.taasa.org TTaabbllee ooff CCoonntteennttss CONTRIBUTORS......................................i People of Color........................................124 (cid:3)(cid:3) People with Disabilities...........................127 (cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:3)SSEECCTTIIOONN 11 .............................................1 Gay/Lesbian Survivors...........................135 BACKGROUND Historical Perspective.................................1 (cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:3)SSEECCTTIIOONN 77..........................................139 Mythology.....................................................3 CATEGORIES OF SEXUAL ABUSE Socialization.................................................8 Acquaintance/Date Rape.......................139 Marital Rape..............................................145 (cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:3)SSEECCTTIIOONN 22............................................12 Sexual Harassment...................................148 SURVIVOR PROFILES Stalking......................................................150 Survivor Stories.........................................14 Substance-Related Sexual Abuse...........153 Ritual Abuse.............................................156 (cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:3)SSEECCTTIIOONN 33 ...........................................21 Sexual Exploitation by Helping SEX OFFENDERS Professionals.............................................159 General Information and Facts...............21 Treatment...................................................28 (cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:3)SSEECCTTIIOONN 88..........................................163 Recidivism..................................................31 CATEGORIES OF SEXUAL ABUSE Spiritual Issues for Survivors.................163 (cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:3)SSEECCTTIIOONN 44............................................36 Dangers of Confrontational ADVOCACY Advice........................................................165 Ethics..........................................................36 Polygraph as a Supervision Tool...........172 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder .............41 Civil Suit Remedies..................................173 Rape Trauma Syndrome...........................45 STIs/Hepatitis..........................................175 Crisis Intervention.....................................46 HIV/AIDS...............................................181 Suicide.........................................................57 Significant Others......................................64 (cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:3)SSEECCTTIIOONN 99..........................................185 THE ADVOCATE (cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:3)SSEECCTTIIOONN 55............................................67 Secondary Victimization.........................185 SYSTEM RESPONSE Stress & Burnout.....................................188 Medical Protocol.......................................67 Law Enforcement......................................82 (cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:3)SSEECCTTIIOONN 1100........................................191 Third Party Reporting...............................84 SELF PROTECTION/RISK REDUCTION Pseudonym.................................................86 Self-Protection.........................................191 Crime Victims’ Compensation................91 Criminal Justice System............................93 (cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:3)SSEECCTTIIOONN 1111........................................213 REFERENCES (cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:3)SSEECCTTIIOONN 66 .........................................103 An Introduction to Role Play................213 SPECIAL POPULATIONS Texas Statues............................................218 Children....................................................103 People of Color........................................252 Adolescents..............................................106 Prostitution and Sex Work.....................268 Adults Molested As Children................109 Pregnancy..................................................275 Seniors.......................................................115 Medical Protocol......................................277 Male Survivors.........................................120 CCoonnttrriibbuuttoorrss The developers of this publication would like to acknowledge all those who have both this and previous versions of this manual including: Board–Texas Association Against Sexual Michelle Nelson Assault, 1979 Tiffany Nunn Houston Area Women’s Center Steven Onken Austin Rape Crisis Center Holly Pitkin Rachel Berry Zoila Rizzo Annette Burrhus-Clay Pam Rodgers Sandy Canfield Marcie Robinson Sue Carve Lacey Sloan Grace Davis Allison Taylor Oralia Diaz Angela Taylor Audra Diers Cassandra Thomas Tonya Edmond Helen Thueson Jamie Ferrell Carol Townsend Nancy Harrington Sonia Wagner Torie Hilton Camp Louise Warren Elizabeth Joblin Diane Williams Cecilia McKenzie Lyndel Williams Elaine Mejia Claudella Wright Allison Morrow Note: This is the Fifth Revision of this manual. In earlier versions, contributors used varied compositional styles (e.g., the use of personal pronouns or the way they cited references). This version preserved some of those differences when they did not interfere with the most important goal clarity. i Section BACKGROUND (cid:25)(cid:25)Historical Perspectives 1 (cid:25)(cid:25)Mythology (cid:25)(cid:25)Socialization BBAACCKKGGRROOUUNNDD Among life's many ironies, one of the most socially damaging is that humankind, with all its so-called intelligence, cannot see the devastating effect rape has on all its members, male and female. Less intelligent life forms are caught up in the wondrous cycles of nature and mate according to its intricate dictates. So, one can only imagine the realizations conceived in the prehistoric minds of the first sexual assault victim and the first rapist. However, after eons, those revelations have not evolved right along with Homo sapiens into knowledge of immense importance and subsequent enlightenment. But based upon the rape statistics of today, the old adage “the only thing you can count on is change” is laughable. The sexual assault survivor of today very likely feels no different than her prehistoric sister; the prehistoric rapist and today’s rapist share the same motive: power. Historical Perspectives of Rape Our prehistoric sisters learned early on that they could not protect themselves or each other from many dangers. So they sought male protection. Though crucial to survival, the idea of the male protector also may have sprouted the concept that this powerful man could own the women and children. That bent seedling of an idea flourished into a strong tree through the centuries. This great tree has far-reaching limbs under which the societal acceptance of rape has remained protected to this day. Ancient Babylonian and Mosaic law was codified on tablets centuries after the rise of formal tribal hierarchies and the permanent settlements known as city-states. Slavery, private pro- perty and the subjugation of women were facts of life, and the earliest written law that has come down to us reflects this stratified life. The capture of females by force remained per- fectly acceptable outside the tribe or city as one of the ready fruits of warfare, but clearly within the social order, such happenstance would lead to chaos. A payment of money to the father of the house was a much more civilized and less dangerous way of acquiring a wife. And so the bride price was codified, at fifty pieces of silver. It was here that the first concept of criminal rape sneaked its tortuous way into man’s definition of law. Criminal rape…was a violation of the new way of doing business. It was, in a phrase, the theft of virginity, an emb- ezzlement of a daughter’s fair price on the market. (Brownmiller, Against Our Will, p. 8–9) The Hammurabi Code, established 4,000 years ago, made it a crime to rape a virgin, thus legitimizing the unstated fact that is was the unruptured hymen that was being sold, a piece of property wholly owned and controlled by the male head of the household. Rape was a property crime between men. It was the theft of the hymen and bride price. Perhaps in these ancient times, the myth began of rape being the fault of the survivor. These men of property and unruptured hymens saw it this way: if the virgin was raped within the city walls, 1 SEXUAL ASSAULT ADVOCATE TRAINING MANUAL she was considered to be as equally guilty as the rapist. After all, they were inside the city walls, and if she had screamed she would have been heard and rescued. If, on the other hand, she was raped outside the city walls, the woman was not punished. She had only to marry the rapist after he had paid full bride price to gain ownership of the damaged goods. The rape of a married woman was considered a crime committed by both the woman and the rapist. The punishment required throwing both into a river, although the husband could save his wife if he so desired. The king, if he wished, could set the rapist free. It took until 13th century England before it was finally considered a crime to rape a sexually experienced woman. However, it only applied to non-virgins of noble birth. It was legal for a nobleman to rape a “common” woman. The myth held today, that a prostitute or promiscuous woman cannot be raped, had its start here. RAPE AND WAR “In modern times, rape is outlawed as a criminal act under the international rules of war.” (Brownmiller, p. 24) Specific prohibition arose because the concept of women and children as property makes them a prime target in disputes among men. “To the victor belong the spoils,” has applied to women since Helen of Troy, but the sheer property worth of women was replaced in time by a far more subtle system of values. Thr- ough the ages, triumph over women by rape became a way to measure victory, part of a soldier’s proof of masculinity and success, a tangible reward for services rendered. Stemming from the days when women were property, access to a woman’s body has been considered an actual reward of war.” (Brownmiller, p. 28) Brownmiller further expounds upon this point. “Defense of women has long been a hallmark of masculine pride, as possession of women has been a hallmark of masculine success. Rape by a conquering soldier destroys all remaining illusions of power and property for men of the defeated side. The body of a raped woman becomes a ceremonial battlefield, a parade ground for the victor’s trooping of the colors. The act that is played out upon her is a message passed between men—vivid proof of victory for one and loss and defeat for the other.” (Brownmiller, p. 31) RAPE TODAY “You’ve come a long way, baby,” quips a popular advertising slogan referring to the advan- cement of women. There can be no doubt that women have made significant progress over the years. There also can be no doubt that there is still a long way to go. “The more things change, the more they stay the same,” applies well to the issue of rape. Rape is a consum- mate example of the lack of value and respect allotted to the women of our society. It is the only crime where society judges the offense not by the perpetrator, but by the victim. Rapists are practically given permission by our “system” to perpetrate. Our society sends a message to rapists, loud and clear. Consider this: in 1990, 102,555 rapes were reported. Of those, 18,024 (less than one in five) resulted in convictions. The average time served? Less than three years. Alice Vachss, a former assistant district attorney specializing in sex crimes, spoke to the collaboration of our society with sexual assault offenders: 2 SEXUAL ASSAULT ADVOCATE TRAINING MANUAL Collaboration is a hate crime. When a jury in Florida acquits because the victim was not wearing underpants, when a grand jury in Texas refuses to indict because an AIDS-fearing victim begged the rapist to use a condom, when a judge in Manhattan imposes a lenient sent- ence because the rape of a retarded, previously victimized teenager wasn’t ‘violent,’ when an appellate defense attorney vilifies a young woman on national TV for the ‘crime’ of having successfully prosecuted a rape complaint, when a judge in Wisconsin calls a 5-year-old ‘seductive’—all that is collaboration, and it is antipathy towards victims so virulent that it subjects us all to risk. (Vachss, Sex Crimes) The question is “How do we stop rape?” As long as each of us lets a sexist comment pass, as long as we smile but say nothing when we observe sexist treatment of another human being, as long as we smirk when someone tells a sexist joke, as long as we accept what we know to be morally wrong, we will have a society that accepts rape. We, as individuals, make up the society in which we live, and we have the ability to influence it. Stopping rape means challenging not only our own perceptions but those of the people around us. It requires speaking up and taking a stand when it would be easier to remain sil- ent. For as long as we accept the attitudes and behaviors that promote rape, we will have rape. The answer is simple: do not accept the unacceptable. The important things in life are often simple, but do not ever mistake simple for being easy. REFERENCES Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape, Brownmiller, Susan. Simon and Schuster: October, 1975. "We Need to Go to War," Parade Magazine” June 27, 1993, pp. 4-6-. Excerpt from Sex Crimes, Vachss, Alice. Random House, Inc.: 1993. Mythology It is very important to look at the many myths surrounding sexual assault and to dispel them with factual information in order to work more effectively with the real issues. What is a myth? Relevant definitions for this discussion include: "a usually traditional story of ostensibly historical events that serves to unfold part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. 2.a: a popular belief or tradition that has grown up around something or someone, especially: one embodying the ideals and institutions of a society or segment of society. 2.b: an unfounded or false notion. (Merriam- Webster's Collegiate Dictionary) WHY DO MYTHS ARISE? Most people find it difficult to deal with the intellectual tension of "I don't know" as an answer to important questions. Mythology relieves that tension with anecdotal information meant to illustrate or support a desired belief. These myths and partial truths are a way to make sense out of a question and the discomfort of the unknown. People may even mani- pulate their perceptions to make answers seem more reasonable. They bend perceptions, to fit the circumstances. 3 SEXUAL ASSAULT ADVOCATE TRAINING MANUAL Another way to make sense out of the world, to give it order and stability, is to look for patt- erns in experiences and observations. These narrowed variables keep people from having to view each new event from a totally new perspective. However, when encountering some- thing totally new, people tend to say, "Ah ha! That's the way it always is." For instance, after interviewing a hysterical victim, a patrolman stated he felt more assured about helping other victims. But when she was totally calm and collected, he wondered whether she had been assaulted, and he was at a loss because he had based his assumptions on one event. Assumptions, generalizations, and preconceived notions can severely damage advocates' abilities to provide support to survivors and those who work with survivors. Be very careful about expectations and the "way it is supposed to be." To harbor these myths will support you in spending useless time trying to bend your perceptions to fit the expectation, or by overlooking what is actually happening to the detriment of the survivor with whom you are working and your coworkers. Do you remember the first time you saw a sex offender, drug addict or perhaps a child mole- ster? What happened the first time you observed one such person who did not fit your idea of what he or she was "supposed to look like?” There is an actual account of a child who had been sexually abused by a nice looking man who had picked him up from school. When asked by his mother if she had not told him repeatedly to avoid strangers, the child replied that he had not gone with a stranger. An intuitive crisis advocate then asked the boy to des- cribe what "stranger" means. He said strangers wore "big, black, tall hats and large over- coats…and they looked scary." The child victim had determined this abuser to be non- dangerous because he did not conform to the child's pre-conceived idea of a stranger. HANDLING MYTHS AND FAULTY ASSUMPTIONS Dealing effectively with myths involves putting aside assumptions and being open to learn- ing new information. Particularly when dealing with sexual assault situations, it is imperative to learn the truth about faulty beliefs, avoid pre-conceived notions about people and events, use factual general information and deal with each new situation on its own merit. SEXUAL ASSAULT: MYTHS VS. FACTS Here are examples of myths about sexual assault that may have impeded sexual assault avoidance and intervention. With each myth are the truths refuting it. 4