1959 T H E B O O K O F Acts ad 30/33~64 THE BOOK OF ACTS has a central role in the NT: It connects Jesus with the emerging Christian community, and the Gospels with the rest of the NT. It frames the proclamation of the Christian message in both Jewish and Gentile settings and underscores the key roles of Peter and Paul in the spread of the Good News throughout the Mediterranean. It is the story of a dynamic message with an outreach to all. THE PENTATEUCH Setting Luke wrote at a time when the Good News about Jesus Christ was ISRAEL’S HISTORY spreading from Jerusalem throughout the Mediterranean world. Luke was probably a Gentile ( non- Jew), and his material on Christian ori- POETRY & WISDOM gins keeps the needs and outlook of the wider world in mind. Luke began his presentation of the message of Christ with an account PROPHETS OF ISRAEL of Jesus’ life (the Gospel of Luke). In the book of Acts, Luke describes how the Christian faith was carried across the Mediterranean world. GOSPELS & ACTS It was important for Luke to show that God’s love and mercy reaches out to all people—“God shows no favoritism,” as Peter told LETTERS OF PAUL Cornelius (10:34). Christ is the only Savior (4:12), so all people can OTHER LETTERS believe in him for salvation and new life (16:31). Despite the ten- dency of Jewish Christians to keep God’s grace to themselves, the church came to the united conclusion that Gentiles are fully included in God’s promises (see 15:1-31). The message of the forgiveness of sins is for all nations. Summary The apostles and other people of God were filled with the Spirit and empowered to carry out the Great Commission (Matt 28:18-20). Acts highlights the ministries of Peter (Acts 1:1–12:25) and Paul (13:1–28:31). NLT_B8.indb 1959 5/14/2015 9:41:48 AM 1960 B l a c k Sea I RomeTA PON T U S L PuteoliY M A C E TDhOesNsPaIlhAoinliipcpai BIT H Y NIA LATIA Berea Troas M Y S IA GA Nicopolis Mitylene ThyatiraAntioch Iconium A S I A Colosse CILICIA SyrRahceugsieum ACHAICAorinAththens MEpilheetususs LyPsetrrgaa DerbeSTealerusucsia Antioch Sparta SY Myra RI MALTA RHODES Patara CYPRUS Salamis A Paphos CRETE MedPihtoeenrixr?anLeasaean Sea PCtoaelesmaSTriaedyiraosen DaAmascus Cyrene Joppa I B Jerusalem A Syrtis Alexandria AR E MemphisG Y 0 300 Mi Roman Empire about AD 50 P 0 400 Km T KEY PLACES IN ACTS (ad 39~ad 62) The Roman empire spanned the entire Mediterranean world, from Syria to Spain and from Egypt to Macedonia. Following the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:1-47), Acts tells the story of how the Good News of salvation through Jesus went out throughout the entire Roman world, from Jerusalem to Rome, through the activities of the apostles and their associates. Antioch of Pisidia  Acts 13:14; 14:19, 21 Ephesus  Acts 18:19-21, 24-27; 19:1-41; 20:1, 16-17 Antioch of Syria  Acts 11:19-30; 13:1; 14:26–15:2; Jerusalem  Acts 1:4–8:1; 9:26-30; 11:2-18; 12:1-25; 15:22-35; 18:22-23 15:3-29; 21:15–23:11 Athens  Acts 17:15–18:1 Philippi  Acts 16:12-40; 20:6 Caesarea  Acts 8:40; 10:1, 24; 21:8; 23:23, 31-33; 25:1-6 Rome  Acts 18:2; 19:21; 23:11; 25:25; 28:14-16, 30 Corinth  Acts 18:1–19:1 Thessalonica  Acts 17:1-13 Derbe, Lystra  Acts 14:6-23; 16:1-2 Acts follows a geographical outline based on 1:8. The Christian message and community of believers spread in Jerusalem (1:1–8:3), in Palestine and Syria (8:4–12:25), and in the Gentile world throughout the Roman empire (13:1–28:31). The closing word in the Greek text of Acts (ako-luto-s, “unhindered,” 28:31) speaks of the unhindered spread of the gospel to Jews (3:1–5:42), Samaritans (6:1–8:40), “ God- fearers” (8:26-40; 9:32–11:18), and Gentiles (11:19-30; 13:1–28:31). Meaning and Message Acts shows that the Christian faith truly fulfills God’s promises in the Hebrew Scriptures (2:16-36; 4:11-12; 10:42-43; 13:16-41; 17:30-31; see Luke 24:25-27, 44-47). Christ brought salvation (Acts 8:35; 10:36; 16:17, 30-31). Prayer advances God’s Kingdom (1:12-15; 2:1-4; 4:24-31; 12:5) while the Holy Spirit energizes and equips God’s people to carry out their mission (1:8; 4:8, 31; 6:3, 5, 10; 7:55; 11:24; 13:9, 52). Acts shows the importance of the individuals that God has chosen to carry his message and testify about Christ. At the beginning the apostles NLT_B8.indb 1960 5/14/2015 9:41:51 AM Gospels & Acts | ACTS 1961 testified about the life and ministry of Jesus (1:22; 10:39-41; see Luke OUTLINE 1:2) and explained Jesus’ significance in God’s plan to redeem human- 1:1‑5 ity (Acts 2:40; 3:15; 4:33; 10:42). Matthias was chosen to replace Judas Prologue: The Promise in the company of the twelve apostles (1:12-26). Later, other Christian of the Holy Spirit leaders shared in the task of testifying for their Lord; Stephen and 1:6–5:42 Philip are two outstanding examples of bold witness to their faith The Church Begins (7:2-53; 8:4-40). Other Christians simply shared their faith as they had in Jerusalem opportunity (e.g., 8:1-4; 11:19-21). Later, God called Paul to participate 6:1–12:25 in this enterprise as his “chosen instrument to take my message to the The Church Grows From Gentiles and to kings, as well as to the people of Israel” (9:15; 22:1-21; Jerusalem to Antioch 26:2-23). Paul, like Peter, occupies a central role in Acts as a major wit- 13:1–21:17 ness for Christ. The Christian Message The apostles proclaimed that the death and resurrection of Jesus was Goes to the Gentiles God’s plan fulfilling Scripture (2:22-36; 3:15; 4:27-28, 33; 7:52; 8:32-35; 10:38-43; 13:26-39). Jesus was the one appointed to redeem humankind, 21:18–26:32 Paul in Jerusalem so the apostles’ message was, “Believe in the Lord Jesus and you will be and Caesarea saved” (16:31). God offers his grace and forgiveness to all. “There is peace with God through Jesus Christ, who is Lord of all” (10:36). 27:1–28:31 Paul Goes to Rome BEHIND THE TEXT Purposes of Acts Luke was also apparently the author of the Gospel History. Acts describes people, places, and events that bears his name. The theological viewpoint is con- involved in the early spread of the Good News. sistent throughout both works. Each book highlights the historical reality of God’s action in redemption, the Geography.  Acts shows how the message was taken role of the Holy Spirit, the central place of prayer, the from Jerusalem to Rome (1:8; 9:15). importance of angels, and the fulfillment of OT prom- Biography.  Peter, Stephen, James, and Paul were the ises in the life of Jesus and in the Christian commu- principal figures leading the Christian movement. nity. Luke saw God as governing the course of history for the outworking of the divine purpose. Evangelism. Acts gives clear examples of how Christian As a responsible Hellenistic historian, Luke used leaders proclaimed the Good News to different audi- good historical methods and described his procedures ences (note the speeches of chs 2–5; 7; 10; 13; 22; 26). in detail, writing an accurate and orderly account of Acts shows that the Gospel is open to all— not only to Christian origins (Luke 1:1-4). Where other sources Jews but also to Gentiles (2:8-11; 8:4-25; 10:1–11:18), can verify Luke’s writings, he demonstrates that he was and not only to men but also to women (5:14; 8:12; careful and accurate. Luke was also a literary artist, a 16:13-15; 17:4, 12, 34; 18:26; 21:9). gifted storyteller who perceived and clearly portrayed Politics.  Acts presents a strong defense of the Chris- the hand of God in the development of the Christian tian faith to Jews (4:8-12; 7:2-53) and to Gentiles community. He is one of the most important historical (24:10-21; 26:1-23). Luke argued that Christianity writers between Polybius, “the last of the great Greek was entitled to the same protection Judaism enjoyed historians” (100s bc), and Eusebius, the first major as a “permitted religion” and that it represented no church historian (ad 275–339). danger to Rome (18:15; 19:37; 23:29; 25:25; 26:32). Place and Date of Writing Authorship Acts was probably written in Rome, though Greece Luke was Paul’s traveling companion (see 16:10) and and Asia Minor are possible locations. was with Paul during his later years (2 Tim 4:11). Sev- Acts is generally dated between the early 60s ad and eral passages in Acts appear in the first person (“we”; the end of the expected life span of Paul’s co- workers Acts 16:10-18; 20:5-15; 21:1-18; 27:1–28:16), which and traveling companions ( mid-80s ad). Many schol- suggests that Luke was with Paul for those parts of his ars have opted for a date after ad 70, arguing that Luke journeys. Paul calls Luke the “beloved doctor” in con- used Mark as one of his sources and dating Mark in the nection with other non- J ews who were working with late 60s. However, Acts makes no mention of the out- Paul (Col 4:11, 14; see Phlm 1:24). Paul was grateful come of Paul’s trial (about ad 62); the death of James, for Luke as a faithful co- worker and friend. the Lord’s brother (early 60s ad); the persecution of NLT_B8.indb 1961 5/14/2015 9:41:51 AM 1962 Christians carried out by Nero been affirmed by archaeology, geography, and related The Book of following the fire of Rome studies. Luke has combined historical accuracy and in ad 64; the deaths of Peter detail with a gift for vivid and dramatic descriptions Acts is . . . a and Paul (about ad 64~65) (e.g., 5:17‑32; 12:1‑17; 14:8‑20; 16:11‑40; 27:1‑44). narrative about and Nero (ad 68); the Jewish Acts is punctuated by powerful speeches of Peter, revolt (ad 66); or the destruc‑ Stephen, James, and Paul (2:14‑40; 7:2‑53; 15:13‑21; the Triune tion of Jerusalem (ad 70). Acts 22:3‑21). The varied literary styles in Acts fit the cul‑ ends with Paul under house tural settings in a remarkable way. Peter’s sermon on God on an arrest (ad 60–62). Therefore, the day of Pentecost has a strongly Jewish character unstoppable it seems more likely that Luke (2:14‑40), while Paul’s preaching before the cultured wrote Acts before ad 64. Those Greek philosophers in Athens uses the forms of Greek mission to the who date Acts after ad 70 oratory (17:22‑31). These characteristics all support would answer that Luke omits the historical authenticity of the book. ends of the these events because they were not pertinent to his purpose Chronology of the Apostolic Age earth. (see 1:8; 9:15; 28:31). Events in the apostolic age are difficult to date because few precise statements are made about time. WILLIAM J. LARKIN Recipients Many events, however, can be correlated with known Acts in Cornerstone The prime recipient of Luke’s dates in the Roman world. Biblical Commentary, Gospel and the book of vol. 12 Acts was Theophilus (Acts Events from ad 30 to 50.  We know from Roman 1:1; Luke 1:3), whose name sources that Herod Agrippa I died in ad 44 (12:23), so his execution of the apostle James and imprison‑ means “one who loves God.” Theophilus is described ment of Peter (12:2‑17) must have happened before by the title, “most honorable” (Luke 1:3), which is that date. used elsewhere for Roman governors such as Felix The famine prophesied by Agabus befell Judea dur‑ and Festus (Acts 23:26; 24:2‑3; 26:25). Theophilus ing the reign of Emperor Claudius (11:28‑29). When may have been Luke’s patron and benefactor. He was the church in Antioch sent famine relief to the church a Gentile who had received Christian instruction in Jerusalem, Barnabas and Paul were appointed to (Luke 1:4). Luke wanted him and others to have an carry the money (11:29‑30). It was Paul’s second trip accurate understanding of the Christian faith and of to Jerusalem after his conversion. The Jewish historian its spread into the Mediterranean world so they could be “certain of the truth” concerning Christianity Josephus dates the famine between ad 46 and 48. While Paul was in Corinth on his second mission‑ (Luke 1:4). ary journey, Gallio was governor of Achaia (18:12). An Literary Characteristics inscription discovered at nearby Delphi indicates that The material of Acts is presented carefully and accu‑ Gallio’s term was ad 51–52. The incident in 18:12‑17 rately (e.g., Acts 11:28; 18:2); this precision has often probably occurred at the beginning of Gallio’s term. AD 35 AD 40 AD 45 AD 50 about AD 34 about AD 47 AD 49 AD 50 Passover, AD 30 or 33 Saul’s conversion Barnabas and Paul travel to Emperor Paul meets Jesus’ crucifixion and near Damascus Jerusalem (Acts 12:25) Claudius Priscilla resurrection (Acts 9:1-19) expels Jews and Aquila from Rome Pentecost, AD 30 or 33 about AD 50 The birth of the church AD 37~38 AD 47~48 Paul writes in Jerusalem Barnabas and Barnabas and Paul’s first 1 Thessalonians (Acts 2:1-47) Paul’s first trip missionary journey from Corinth to Jerusalem (Acts 13:4–14:28) AD 33~34 (Acts 11:27-30) AD 48~49 Saul persecutes Paul writes the church of Judea Galatians (Acts 8:1-3) about AD 51 Paul writes 2 Thessalonians AD 37–44 Spring AD 44 AD 46~48 AD 49~50 Herod Agrippa I Death of Famine in The council rules Palestine Herod Agrippa I Judea in Jerusalem (Acts 12:20-30) (Acts 15:1-29) 44-acts_nltsb_4c.indd 1962 5/19/2015 10:10:44 AM Gospels & Acts | ACTS 1963 Paul then left Corinth not long afterward, probably Events from ad 70 to 100. The NT and early Chris- in the summer or autumn of ad 52. Paul had spent tians left few records of the period following the eighteen months in Corinth (18:11), so he probably destruction of Jerusalem. It is possible that both arrived in early ad 50. That arrival date is confirmed Matthew and Luke wrote after ad 70, but they did by 18:2. When Paul came to Corinth, Aquila and Pris- not write about the developments after ad 70. Simi- cilla had recently been exiled from Rome. Claudius larly, the apostle John probably wrote his Gospel expelled Jews from Rome in ad 49. and three letters during the period before ad 90, but we learn few specifics about the late- f irst- c entury Events from ad 50 to 70. Festus replaced Felix as gover- church from those writings. If Revelation was writ- nor of Judea during Paul’s imprisonment in Caesarea ten in the early 90s ad, then it gives us a glimpse of (24:27), probably in the summer of ad 59. This event what the churches in Asia Minor were facing during helps us date events in the rest of the book of Acts. that time (see Revelation Introduction, “Date of Paul’s arrest (21:33) was about two years beforehand Writing”). (ad 57). Earlier that spring, Paul had celebrated Pass- As the apostolic age came to a close, the church over in Philippi (20:6; April ad 57). Paul had just spent around the Mediterranean grew and developed, as three months in Greece (20:3), probably the winter of it would continue to do after the last of the apostles ad 56–57 (see 1 Cor 16:6). Previously Paul had spent had died and the leadership of the church passed on three years in Ephesus (Acts 20:31; ad 53~56). to the following generations (see “After the Apostles,” After Festus arrived in the summer of ad 59, Paul p. 2378). quickly stood trial and appealed to Caesar (25:1-12). The voyage to Rome most likely began in the fall of ad 59 (27:2) and ended early in ad 60 (28:11-16). Paul FURTHER READING stayed in Rome “for the next two years” (28:30). The DARRELL BOCK, Acts (2007) NT does not report the outcome of Paul’s trial, but he F. F. BRUCE, The Book of the Acts (1988) was probably released and then recaptured and mar- tyred in Rome along with Peter and many others dur- CRAIG S. KEENER, Acts: An Exegetical Commentary (2012) ing Nero’s persecution (about ad 64~65). WILLIAM J. LARKIN, Acts in Cornerstone Biblical In Jerusalem, James the brother of Jesus was stoned Commentary, vol. 12 (2006) to death by the Jewish authorities in ad 62 (Josephus, I. HOWARD MARSHALL, Acts (1980) Antiquities 20.9.1). Not long afterward, the church in I. HOWARD MARSHALL AND DAVID PETERSON, eds., Jerusalem left that doomed city and settled in Pella, Witness to the Gospel: The Theology of Acts (1998) one of the cities of the Decapolis east of the Jordan. DAVID G. PETERSON, The Acts of the Apostles (2009) Thus, when war broke out between the Jews and the Romans in ad 66, the Christians for the most part JOHN STOTT, The Spirit, the Church, and the World escaped its fury. That war ended in ad 70, when Jeru- (1990) salem and the Temple were destroyed. BEN WITHERINGTON III, The Acts of the Apostles (1998) AD 55 AD 60 AD 65 AD 70 AD 57 about AD 62 AD 64~65 Paul travels to Jerusalem James the brother July AD 64 Peter is crucified in Rome (Acts 21:1-17) of Jesus is stoned to Fire destroys about AD 64~65? death in Jerusalem Rome Paul is imprisoned in AD 53–57 Rome, writes 2 Timothy, AD 50–52 Paul’s third AD 57–59 AD 60–62 is martyred Paul is Paul’s second missionary Paul in prison in Rome, imprisoned missionary journey journey Peter writes 1 Peter in Caesarea (Acts 15:36–18:22) (Acts 18:23–21:17) AD 53~56 AD 59–60 AD 62–64 Paul writes Paul’s journey to Rome Paul is released, 1 Corinthians (Acts 27:1–28:16) travels freely about AD 56 about AD 57 about AD 63 before AD 64 Paul writes Paul writes Paul writes Peter writes 2 Corinthians Romans 1 Timothy, Titus 2 Peter AD 54–68: Nero as Emperor of Rome AD 50–100 AD 51–52 AD 52–59 about AD 59 Herod Agrippa II rules in Palestine Gallio governs Felix is governor Festus becomes governor Achaia of Judea of Judea (Acts 24:27) NLT_B8.indb 1963 5/14/2015 9:41:51 AM ACTS 1:1 1964 1. PROLOGUE (1:1‑5) upon you. And you will be my witnesses,  1:1 The Promise of the Holy Spirit Acts telling people about me everyw  here—in Je- Luke 1:3 1:2 1 In my first book* I told you, The oph i- ru sa lem, throughout Ju dea, in Sa mar ia, and  Matt 28:19-20 lus, about every thing  Jesus began to do  to the ends of the earth.” Luke 24:49-51 and teach 2until the day he was taken up to  9After saying this, he was taken up into  1:3     Luke 24:33-36 heaven after giving his chosen apostles fur- a cloud while they were watching, and they  John 20:19, 26; 21:1, 14 ther instructions through the Holy Spirit.  could no longer see him. 10As they strained    1:4 3 During the forty days after he suffered and  to see him rising into heaven, two  white-  Luke 24:49 died, he appeared to the apostles from time   robed men suddenly stood among them.  John 14:16-17, 26 Acts 2:33 to time, and he proved to them in many ways  11 “Men of Gal i lee,” they said, “why are you  1:5 that he was actually alive. And he talked to  standing here staring into heaven? J esus has  Luke 3:16 them about the Kingdom of God. been taken from you into heaven, but some- 1:7 Matt 24:36 4Once when he was eating with them, he  day he will return from heaven in the same  1 Thes 5:1-2   commanded them, “Do not leave Je ru sa lem  way you saw him go!” 1:8 Luke 24:48 until the Father sends you the gift he prom- Matthias Replaces Judas John 15:27 ised, as I told you before. 5John baptized  Acts 2:1-4 with* water, but in just a few d ays you will be  ACTS 1:18-19; CP. MATT 27:3-10 1:9 12Then the apostles returned to Je ru sa lem  Mark 16:19 baptized with the Holy Spirit.” fro  m the Mount of Olives, a distance of half a  1:11 Rev 1:7 2. THE CHURCH BEGINS IN JERUSALEM mile.* 13When they arrived, they went to the    1:12 (1:6–5:42) upstairs room of the house where they were  Luke 24:52 The Coming of the Holy Spirit (1:6–2:47) staying. 1:13 Matt 10:2-4 The Ascension of Jesus Here are the names of those who were  Mark 3:16-19 ACTS 1:6-11 // MARK 16:19-20 // LUKE 24:50-53 prese nt: Pe ter, John, James, An drew, Phili p,  Luke 6:14-16 1:14 6 So when the apostles were with  Jesus,  Thom as, Bar thol o mew, Mat thew, James (son  Acts 2:42 they kept asking him, “Lord, has the time  of Al phae us), Si mon (the zealot), and Ju come for you to free Is ra el and restore our  das (son of James). 14They all met together    kingdom?” and were constantly united in prayer, along  7He replied, “The Father alone has the  with Mary the mother of  Jesus, several other    authority to set those dates and times, and  women, and the brothers of  Jesus. they are not for you to know. 8But you will  15During this time, when about 120 be-     receive power when the Holy Spirit comes  lievers* were together in one place, Pet er  1:1 The reference is to the Gospel of Luke.   1:5 Or in; also in 1:5b.   1:12 Greek a Sabbath day’s journey.   1:15 Greek brothers.    1:1-3 Here Luke summarizes his first 1:5 baptized: See “Baptism,” 2:38, 41. to heaven to prepare the place for his book, the Gospel of Luke, which Luke followers (John 12:26; 14:1-4; 2 Cor 5:4; 1:6-11 Jesus’ ascent into heaven (see also had previously written to Theophilus Luke 24:50-53) took place on the Mount Phil 3:21; Heb 6:20). (Luke 1:3). Theophilus is elsewhere of Olives (Acts 1:12; Luke 24:50). It was 1:12 The witnesses of the ascension called “most honorable” (Luke 1:3)— Jesus’ last physical appearance— he was returned to Jerusalem with joy, worship, the title indicates that he was a person taken into heaven, where he will remain exhilaration, and praise to God (Luke of very high social standing (cp. Acts “until the time for the final restoration of 24:52), and with their doubts assuaged 23:26; 24:2; 26:25). He was probably all things” (Acts 3:21). (see note on Acts 1:3). a benefactor or patron who assisted Luke with the expenses of publication 1:8 This key verse outlines the geograph- 1:13-26 While the apostles waited for the or distribution of his work (see note on ical extension of the Good News from its promised gift of the Holy Spirit (1:4-5), Luke 1:3). Jewish starting point in Jerusalem and the whole company of 120 disciples in Judea (1:6–8:1), out to Samaria (8:4-25), Jerusalem engaged in earnest prayer 1:3 he proved to them in many ways Antioch in Syria (11:19-30), and eventu- (1:13-14), and then appointed an apostle that he was actually alive: The Gos- ally throughout the Mediterranean world to replace Judas Iscariot (1:15-26). pels describe the evidence for Christ’s to Rome (13:1–28:31). Christ later gave 1:13 All eleven of the remaining apostles resurrection: Jesus’ tomb was empty a similar call to be his witnesses . . . to were present (cp. Matt 10:2-4; Mark (Luke 24:3-4), his grave clothes were the ends of the earth to Saul of Tarsus 3:16-19; Luke 6:13-16). Judas Iscariot is undisturbed (John 20:3-9), and many (9:15), who had persecuted the Jewish omitted from this list on account of his people saw him (see Matt 28; Mark Christians and then became the primary betrayal and death (Acts 1:18-19). 16:1-8; Luke 24:1-53; John 20:11– instrument for taking the Good News to 21:23; 1 Cor 15:3-8). Jesus appeared to the Gentiles. • The Holy Spirit was the 1:14 The first disciples were united in the apostles in part to overcome their source of power for all this evangelistic worship, fellowship, and prayer (see doubt (Matt 28:17; Luke 24:17-24, 38, and missionary effort (see “The Holy also 2:42, 46-47; 4:24-31; 5:12; 12:5; 41; John 20:27; see Mark 16:14) • The Spirit’s Presence,” 1:8). 13:1-3). The faithful women who had Kingdom of God was the central theme been witnesses of Jesus’ crucifixion and of Jesus’ teaching (see Acts 1:6-8; Matt 1:10 Christ’s rising into heaven indicates resurrection were present (Luke 23:49, 4:17; Mark 1:14-15; Luke 4:43). his elevation to a place of ultimate 54-56; 24:1-10, 22). • The brothers of authority (see Eph 1:19-23; Phil 2:9-11). Jesus had not believed in him during his 1:4 until the Father sends you the 1:11 Jesus promised to return from ministry (John 7:3-5; cp. Matt 12:46-49), gift he promised: See 2:1-13; cp. John heaven in the same way (see Matt 24:30; but became his disciples after his resur- 14:15-17. Mark 13:26; John 14:3). Jesus has gone rection (see “James,” Acts 15:13-21). THE PENTATEUCH ISRAEL’S HISTORY POETRY & WISDOM NLT_B8.indb 1964 5/14/2015 9:41:52 AM 1965 ACTS 1:24 1:16 stood up and addressed them. 16“Brothers,”  the book of Psalms, where it says, ‘Let his  Ps 41:9 he said, “the Scriptures had to b e fulfilled  home become desolate, with no one living  1:17 John 6:70-71 concerning Ju das, who guided those who  in it.’ It also says, ‘Let someone else take his  Acts 1:24-25 arrested J esus. This was predicted long ago  position.’* 1:18 by the Holy Spirit, speaking through King  21“So now we must choose a replacement  Matt 27:3-8   1:20 Da vid. 17 Ju das was one of us and shared in  for Ju das from among the men who were  *Pss 69:25; 109:8 the ministry with us.” with us the entire time we were traveling  1:21-22 18(Ju das had bought a field with the  with the Lord  Jesus—22from the time he was  Mark 1:9-11     money he received for his treachery. Falling  baptized by John until the day he was taken  1:22 aanastasis (0386) headfirst there, his body split open, spill- from us. Whoever is chosen will join us as a  Acts 2:31 ing out all his intestines. 19The news of his  witness of  Jesus’ aresurrection.” 1:24   Acts 6:6 death spread to all the people of Je ru sa lem,  23So they nominated two men: Jo seph    and they gave the place the Ar a mai c name  called Bar sab bas (also known as Jus tus) and  Akel da ma, which means “Field of Blood.”) Mat thi as. 24Then they all prayed, “O Lord,    20Pe ter continued, “This was written in  you know every heart. Show us which of    1:20 Pss 69:25; 109:8.  Jesus’ Ascension Jesus’ ascension into heaven was a final commissioning service for the apostles (1:6-11; Luke 24:45-53). The ascension marks the beginning of the powerful ministry of the Holy Acts 1:6-11 Spirit through the church (Luke 24:49). Christ’s ascension to heaven indicates his elevation to ultimate power and authority (Eph Matt 24:30 Mark 13:26 1:19-23; Phil 2:9-11). That Jesus was going to the Father is noted in other places (John 3:13; Luke 24:45-53 6:62; 13:1-3; 14:3, 28; 16:10, 16, 28; 20:17; Eph 4:8-10). It occurred at the last of Jesus’ John 6:62; 13:1-3; physical appearances; after this he would remain in heaven until the “times of refreshment” 14:1-4, 27-28; 16:10, 16, 28; 20:17 (Acts 3:20). Acts 3:20; 7:54-56 The ascension reminds believers of Jesus’ promised return (1:11; see Matt 24:30; Mark 2 Cor 5:4 Eph 1:19-23; 4:8-10 13:26; John 13:3). The witnesses of the ascension went back to Jerusalem with joy and exhil- Phil 2:9-11 aration, in praise and worship of Christ (Luke 24:52). They were convinced that their Lord Heb 6:19-20 would return again, physically and personally (1 Thes 4:16; 2 Thes 1:7-10; 2 Pet 3:10). Jesus’ ascension anticipates the believer’s own glorious entrance into the presence of God, where Jesus has gone to prepare the way (John 12:26; 2 Cor 5:4; Phil 3:21; Heb 6:20). Mount of Olives, where Jesus’ ascension occurred 1:16-17 the Scriptures had to be ful- replacement be found for Judas so that his will, the apostles cast lots, using an filled: See 1:20. his position as the twelfth apostle would established method of finding God’s will not remain empty. The new people of (see Lev 16:8; Num 27:21; Deut 33:8; 1:18-19 Matthew’s account (Matt God, like Israel, were to have twelve des- Josh 14:2; 18:3-10; Prov 16:33). Mat- 27:3-10) is somewhat different; the two ignated and appointed leaders (see Matt thias was selected to replace Judas. After can be harmonized by considering the 19:28; Luke 22:29-30). Pentecost, the Holy Spirit guided Jesus’ priests’ purchase of the “Field of Blood” followers through dreams, visions, and as acting in Judas’s name. In addition, 1:21-22 To qualify for nomination as an prophecies instead of through lots (cp. Judas may have committed suicide by apostle, a man had to have been with Acts 2:17-18; 13:2; 16:7-10). • you know hanging, but subsequently he fell head- the other apostles the entire time of every heart: See also 1 Sam 16:6-7; 1 Kgs first and his body split open, perhaps Jesus’ public ministry, from the time he 8:39; 1 Chr 28:9; 2 Chr 6:30; Pss 7:9; when the rope broke. was baptized by John until his ascension. 44:21; Jer 11:20; John 2:24-25; Rev 2:23. 1:20-21 ‘Let someone else take his 1:23-26 With prayer (1:14, 24) and position’: It was imperative that a humble dependence on God to reveal PROPHETS OF ISRAEL GOSPELS & ACTS LETTERS OF PAUL OTHER LETTERS NLT_B8.indb 1965 5/14/2015 9:41:53 AM Acts 1:25 1966 these​men​you​have​chosen​25as​an​bapostle​ heard​the​loud​noise,​every​one​came​run­ 1:25 to​replace​Ju​das​in​this​minis​try,​for​he​has​ ning,​and​they​were​bewildered​to​hear​their​ bapostole- (0651) Acts 2:42 deserted​us​and​gone​where​he​belongs.”​ own​languages​being​spoken​by​the​believers. 1:26 26Then​they​cast​lots,​and​Mat​thi​as​was​se­ 7They​were​completely​amazed.​“How​ Prov 16:33 le​cted​to​become​an​apostle​with​the​other​ can​​this​be?”​they​exclaimed.​“These​people​ 2:1 Lev 23:15‑21 eleven. are​all​from​Gal​i​lee,​8and​yet​we​hear​them​ Deut 16:9‑11 ​ The Holy Spirit Comes speaking​in​our​own​native​languages!​9​Here​ 2A:c2ts 4:31 2 On​the​day​of​Pent​ec​ost*​all​the​believ­ we​​are—​​Par​thi​ans,​Medes,​Elam​ites,​people​ 2:4 ers​were​meeting​together​in​one​place.​ from​ Me​so​po​ta​mia,​ Ju​dea,​ Cap​pa​do​cia,​ Mark 16:17 Acts 4:31; 10:44‑46; 2li​Skue​dthdee​nrloya,​rtihnegr​eo​fw​aa​sm​aig​shotuy​nwdi​nfdrosmto​rhme,a​avnend​​ pPohnyl​t​iuas,​,E​tghyep​ptr,​oavnidn​cthe​eo​fa​Aresaias​,​o10f​​PLhibryyga​i​aar,​oPuamnd­​ 11cg9 Cl:o-o6srs a1 2(1:1100;0 )13:1 it​filled​the​house​where​they​were​sitting.​ Cy​re​ne,​visitors​from​Rome​11(both​Jews​and​ Acts 2:11 ​ 3Then,​what​looked​like​flames​or​tongues​ converts​to​Ju​da​ism),​Cretans,​and​Arabs.​ 2:9 ​ Acts 16:6; 19:10 of​fire​appeared​and​settled​on​each​of​them.​ And​we​all​hear​these​people​speaking​in​our​ 1 Pet 1:1 4And​every​one​pres​ent​was​filled​with​the​ own​dlanguages​about​the​wonderful​things​ 2:10 ​ Matt 27:32 Holy​Spirit​and​began​speaking​in​other​ God​has​done!”​12​They​stood​there​amazed​ Acts 13:13; 16:6 clanguages,*​as​the​Holy​Spirit​gave​them​ and​perplexed.​“What​can​this​mean?”​they​ 2:11 dglo-ssa (1100) this​ability. asked​each​other. Acts 10:46 5​At​that​time​there​were​devout​Jews​from​ 13​But​others​in​the​crowd​ridiculed​them,​ 2:13 every​nation​living​in​Je​ru​sa​lem.​6When​they​ saying,​“They’re​just​drunk,​that’s​all!” 1 Cor 14:23 ​ Eph 5:18 ​2:1​The​Festival​of​Pentecost​came​50​days​after​Passover​(when​Jesus​was​crucified).​ ​2:4​Or​in other tongues.​ Caspi Heneererg, itzhinisg s purpeesrennacteu roafl Ggoifdt ’rse Svpeiarilts athned Black Sea an S iGnoaoudg uNreawtess t toh pe eporpolcel aomf eatvieorny onfa tthioen . e Rome PONTUS a 2:5‑11 Because Pentecost was a pil‑ YGIACAPPADOCIA MEDIA PA R T HIA gJerwims afrgoem fe estvievrayl n(saetei onno twee orne p2r:1e‑s4e)n, t ASIAPHR in Jerusalem at that time and were MeditCeYrRrEaCNRnEEeTaEnL ISBeaYPAAJMePrEuHsYaLJlIUeADmEAARABIA MESROoPmOaTnA MEmIApEiLrPAeeMrsian Gulf tpT(2s2hth:rr:9uoee3‑cst 81cG la‑a1ho3bi im9oPnle)dag.e rtdfNtorh oe ihinmwae nst ath sihr se ce tiafhr oTm eorig ewGar ilnfoslr o oplRdamei nvoN egtpheru lweeea a sgrse ebtgswei.o iannrgd G to India. Medes (now called Kurds) were Parthian Empire 0 500 Mi Y from Media, east of Mesopotamia and P north of the Persian Gulf. Elamites were 0 800 Km T from Elam (now in Iran), north of the Persian Gulf and just east of the Tigris NATIONS AT PENTECOST (Acts 2:9‑11) River. Mesopotamia lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Judea was When the Holy Spirit filled the believers, people from all over the Roman and well known as the Jewish homeland. Parthian empires were in Jerusalem for the celebration of Pentecost. Some of Cappadocia, Pontus, and Asia were those who witnessed the believers “speaking in other languages” (2:4) were Roman provinces in Asia Minor (now in converted, and many of them eventually returned to their homelands, taking Turkey; see 1 Pet 1:1); Paul later taught with them the message of Christ. and preached in some of these areas (see Acts 16:6; 19:10, 26). Phrygia and Pam- 2:1‑4 Jews observed three great annual coming of the Holy Spirit to fill Jesus’ phylia were districts of Asia Minor later pilgrimage festivals, when many would disciples, as he had promised, so that visited by Paul (13:13; 18:23). Egypt had go to the Temple in Jerusalem— they could be powerful witnesses (1:4‑5, a large Jewish population, particularly in U nleavened Bread (which includes Pass‑ 8). The Spirit’s wisdom, energy, and the city of Alexandria (see 18:24). North over), Pentecost (Harvest), and Shelters power were the driving force behind the Africa was also represented by Libya and (see “Israel’s Festivals,” Lev 23:1‑44). On church’s work and witness (e.g., 2:14‑41, Cyrene. Rome was the imperial capital Pentecost, when the Jewish people were 43; 4:31; 9:17, 20; 13:9‑12; see also and the home of thousands of Jews. The gathered in Jerusalem to celebrate the Eph 5:18). • began speaking in other Cretans came from the island of Crete, harvest of God’s blessings, and when languages: The Holy Spirit gave extraor‑ located south‑ southeast of Greece, and the disciples were united and expectant dinary communication that made it pos‑ the Arabs from the area south and east as they gathered for prayer, the Holy sible for people from other countries to of Jerusalem. • The inclusion of all of Spirit came and filled the gathered hear in their own languages about what these nations suggests how the Good believers. God had done (Acts 2:6‑11). This passage News was going to go out to the ends of the earth (1:8). 2:4 everyone present was filled with is one of several references to speaking the Holy Spirit: This event marks the in “other languages” or “tongues” (see 2:11 converts to Judaism: See note on also 10:44‑48; 19:6; 1 Cor 14:2‑28, 39). 13:43. 44-acts_nltsb_4c.indd 1966 6/1/2015 11:22:47 AM 1967 The Holy Spirit’s Presence Acts 1:8 The book of Acts clearly highlights the pres- The Holy Spirit works in many ways. ence and power of the Holy Spirit. Before the He gives and restores life (Gen 2:7; Ps John 14:15-17, 26; 15:26; 16:7-15 coming of the Spirit, Jesus spoke of the Spir- 104:24-30; Ezek 37:1-14; Joel 2:28-32; Rom Acts 1:16; 2:4, it’s influence on the growth of the church 8:9-11). He calls and commissions workers 41-47; 4:31; 5:32; 6:1-7; 8:15, 17, (1:8; see John 14:15-17, 26; 15:26; 16:7-15). for the service of Christ (Acts 13:2; 20:28) 29; 9:15, 17, 31; The Spirit’s guidance was clear in the selec- and guides God’s servants where and when 10:19-20; 11:12; tion of Spirit- filled leaders to care for the he wants, to do as he desires (8:29; 9:15; 13:1-5; 14:3; 15:28; 16:6; 20:28 needs of the Hellenistic widows (Acts 6:1-7) 10:19-20; 11:12; 16:6; 1 Cor 2:13; 1 Pet 1 Cor 2:13; 12:1-11 and in the appointing of Barnabas and Saul 1:12). He inspired the writing of Scripture Eph 1:13-14 2 Tim 3:16-17 for missionary service (13:1-5). When the first (2 Tim 3:16-17; 2 Pet 1:20-21), instructing Heb 2:4; 3:7-11, 15; church council met to consider the member- the church in Christ’s message (John 14:26; 9:8; 10:15-17 1 Pet 1:11-12 ship of Gentiles in the church, those pres- 1 Cor 12:3). He bears witness to the power 2 Pet 1:20-21 ent followed the Spirit’s direction (15:28). of the Good News in signs and wonders (Acts See Also: Christian workers such as Stephen and Philip 14:3; Heb 2:4), and teaches the truths of the “The Holy Spirit’s were filled with the Spirit and preached by Bible to God’s people (Acts 1:16; Heb 9:8; Work,” 1 Cor 12:1-11 his power (6:1–8:40), and Paul’s ministry 10:15-17; 1 Pet 1:11-12). He bears witness was charged with the Spirit’s energy from to Jesus and brings him glory (John 15:26; the beginning (9:17). In Acts, the growth, 16:14). He convicts people of their sinful- development, and expansion of the church ness and need for the Good News (John took place entirely under the guidance and 16:8) and warns people against hardening power of the Spirit (e.g., 2:4, 41-47; 4:31; their hearts (Heb 3:7-11, 15). He bestows 5:32; 8:15, 17, 29; 9:31). Because of the gifts upon God’s people (1 Cor 12:4-11), and prominence of the Spirit’s work in Acts, the he energizes and equips them to share the book has often been called “the Acts of the Good News, serve the Lord, and work for the Holy Spirit.” Kingdom of God. NLT_B8.indb 1967 5/14/2015 9:42:01 AM Acts 2:14 1968 Peter Preaches to the Crowd you​nailed​him​to​a​cross​and​killed​him.​ 2:17‑21 14Then​Pe​ter​stepped​forward​with​the​ 24But​God​released​him​from​the​horrors​of​ *Joel 2:28‑32 ​ ​ 2:18 eleven​other​apostles​and​shouted​to​the​ death​and​raised​him​back​to​life,​for​death​ Num 11:29 crowd,​“Listen​carefully,​all​of​you,​fellow​ could​not​keep​him​in​its​grip.​25King​Da​vid​ 1 Cor 12:10 Jews​and​residents​of​Je​ru​sa​lem!​Make​no​ said​this​about​him: ​ 2:20 Matt 24:29 mistake​about​this.​15These​people​are​not​ ​ ‘I​gsee​that​the​Lord​is​always​with​me. 2:21 drunk,​as​some​of​you​are​assuming.​Nine​ *Joel 2:32 I​will​not​be​shaken,​for​he​is​right​ Rom 10:13 o’clock​in​the​morning​is​much​too​early​for​ eso-zo- (4982) that.​16No,​what​you​see​was​predicted​long​ beside​me. Acts 2:47 ​ 26​No​wonder​my​heart​is​glad, 2:22 ago​by​the​prophet​Jo​el: and​my​tongue​shouts​his​praises! John 3:2 17​‘In​the​last​days,’​God​says, My​body​rests​in​hope. 2:23 1 Pet 1:20 ‘I​will​pour​out​my​Spirit​upon​all​ 27​For​you​will​not​leave​my​soul​among​ fprogno-sis (4268) Acts 2:25 people. the​dead* 2:24 Your​sons​and​daughters​will​prophesy. or​allow​your​Holy​One​to​rot​in​the​ Acts 3:15 Your​young​men​will​see​visions, hgrave. 2:25‑28 *Ps 16:8‑11 and​your​old​men​will​dream​dreams. 28​You​have​shown​me​the​way​of​life, Acts 13:30‑35 18​In​those​days​I​will​pour​out​my​Spirit and​you​will​fill​me​with​the​joy​​ 2:25 even​on​my​s​ervants—​​men​and​ of​your​presence.’* gproorao- (4308) Acts 2:31 andw​othmeeyn​w​​aillli​kper—ophesy. 29​“Dear​brothers,​think​about​this!​You​ 2hh:2a7de-s (0086) can​be​sure​that​the​patriarch​Da​vid​wasn’t​ Acts 2:31 19​And​I​will​cause​wonders​in​the​heavens​ referring​to​himself,​for​he​died​and​was​ 2:29 above 1 Kgs 2:10 buried,​and​his​tomb​is​still​here​among​ Acts 13:36 and​signs​on​the​earth​b​elow— us.​30But​he​was​a​prophet,​and​he​knew​ 2:30 blood​and​fire​and​clouds​of​smoke. ​ 2 Sam 7:12‑14 20​The​sun​will​become​dark, God​had​promised​with​an​oath​that​one​of​ *Pss 89:4; 132:11 Da​vid’s​own​descendants​would​sit​on​his​ 2:31 abnedfo​trhee​t​hmaot​ognre​wati​lal​ntudr​gnl​obrliooouds​​rdeady​ throne.​31​Da​vid​was​ilooking​into​the​future​ *ipPrso o1r6a:1o- 0(4308) and​speaking​of​the​jMessiah’s​kresurrection.​ Rom 8:29 of​the​Lord​arrives. jchristos (5547) 21​But​everyone​who​calls​on​the​name​ Hame​ownags​​tshayei​ndge​atdh​aotr​G​aoldlo​wwo​huilsd​b​noodty​l​etaov​ero​ht​iimn​​ kanAacsttsa 5si:s4 2(0386) of​the​Lord Acts 17:32 the​lgrave. lhade-s (0086) will​be​esaved.’* 32“God​raised​​Jesus​from​the​dead,​and​we​ Jas 3:6 ​ 2:33 22​“People​of​Is​ra​el,​listen!​God​publicly​ are​all​witnesses​of​this.​33​Now​he​is​exalted​ John 14:26 endorsed​​Jesus​the​Naz​a​rene*​by​doing​ to​the​place​of​highest​honor​in​heaven,​at​ Acts 1:4, 8 Eph 4:8 powerful​ miracles,​ wonders,​ and​ signs​ God’s​right​hand.​And​the​Father,​as​he​had​ Phil 2:9 Heb 1:3 through​him,​as​you​well​know.​23But​God​ promised,​gave​him​the​Holy​Spirit​to​pour​ ​ 2:34‑35 knew​what​would​happen,​and​his​fprear‑ out​upon​us,​just​as​you​see​and​hear​today.​ *Ps 110:1 ranged​plan​was​carried​out​when​​Jesus​was​ 34For​Da​vid​himself​never​ascended​into​ ​ betrayed.​With​the​help​of​lawless​Gentiles,​ heaven,​yet​he​said, ​2:17‑21​Joel​2:28‑32.​ ​2:22​Or​Jesus of Nazareth.​ ​2:27​Greek​in Hades;​also​in​2:31.​ ​2:25‑28​Ps​16:8‑11​(Greek​version).​ ​ 2:14‑36 This is the first of about thirty chs 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, and 13. The same prearranged plan for salvation. In fact, speeches in Acts and one of the most themes characterized Paul’s preaching God raised him back to life, which David important, standing as it does at the (see 1 Cor 15:3‑9). This message was had foretold (2:25‑28). very inception of the church. It is a repeatedly preached to both Jews and 2:27 among the dead: See note on Matt typical example of the preaching of the Gentiles throughout the Mediterranean 11:23. apostles, who proclaimed (1) that the OT world; all people are summoned to promises had been fulfilled in the life, repent of their sins and turn to God 2:32‑36 God raised Jesus from the death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, through faith in Jesus Christ. dead, and we are all witnesses of this: who is the promised Messiah; (2) that 2:17‑21 This passage quotes Joel The witness theme is often repeated in the apostles themselves were eye‑ 2:28‑32. The prophet Joel predicted a Acts (e.g., 3:15; 4:33; 5:32; 10:39‑43). witnesses of Jesus’ entire public ministry wider exercise of the gifts of prophecy, The capstone of this message is that and were his chosen representatives; including visions and dreams by both God the Father, as he had promised, (3) that people are called to repent of young and old, both men and women in was now pouring out his Holy Spirit their sins and have faith in God through the last days (Joel 2:28‑29). In Acts, on on the church through the risen Jesus. Christ; and (4) that salvation and the the day of Pentecost, Peter declared that All Israel was called upon to recognize presence of the Holy Spirit are promised Joel’s prophecy was being fulfilled, sig‑ that God had acted decisively to make to those who respond affirmatively to naling that “the last days” had arrived. the crucified Jesus both Lord and this message of Good News. This basic See also “The Gift of Prophecy,” Acts Messiah! message is echoed in the sermons of 21:9‑11. 2:34‑35 This passage quotes Ps 110:1, 2:23‑28 While cruel men had crucified which Jesus fulfilled when he ascended Jesus, this action had not defeated God’s into heaven (Acts 1:9). 44-acts_nltsb_4c.indd 1968 6/1/2015 11:22:26 AM