UPDATED, ENHANCED, and packaged with each new text— with more than 75 new media exercises to help students learn interactively! Virtual Lab CD-ROM By Bruce Goldstein, Colin Ryan, and John Baro The Virtual Lab CD-ROM includes more than 200 demonstrations and activities that help students become more engaged with sensation and perception topics, comprehend concepts through interactive exercises, and get the most out of the course: (cid:129) Media Interactions include drag-and-drop animations, experiments, and interactive exercises that illustrate principles in this book, as well as auditory demonstrations. (cid:129) Media Experiments and Demonstrations are designed so students can practice gathering data, varying many parameters to determine how changes to parameters affect perception, and analyzing the results. The more than 75 new Thomas V. PapaThomas, Rolling Eyes on a Hollow Mask additions include work by researchers from around the globe, and feature many new illusions (visual and auditory), eye movement records, hearing loss demonstrations, and more. Ted Adelson, White’s Illusion Michael Bach, Dalmation Hidden Figure Completely integrated with the text Throughout the text, a Virtual Lab icon directs students to specifi c animations and videos designed to help them visualize the material about which they are reading. The number beside each icon indicates the number of the relevant media element. At the end of each chapter, the titles of related Virtual Lab exercises are listed. Accessible in three convenient ways! Virtual Labs can be accessed via the 1. CD-ROM that is packaged with each new text, through CengageNOW™ for Sensation and Perception, Eighth Edition, and through WebTutor™ on WebCT® or Blackboard®. 2. Instructors: Contact your local Cengage Learning representative to help create the package that’s just right for you and your students. 3. Virtual Lab Manual Accompanied by the Virtual Lab Manual The streamlined Virtual Lab Manual (available digitally on the CD-ROM and in a printed version) includes worksheets for the Virtual Lab experiments to encourage students to take a closer look at the labs and engage in analysis of the results. Instructors—If you would like the printed version of the Virtual Lab Manual to be packaged with each new text, please use these ISBNs when placing your textbook order: E. BRUCE GOLDSTEIN ISBN-10: 0-495-76050-1 (cid:129) ISBN-13: 978-0-495-76050-4. Sensation and Perception This page intentionally left blank Eighth Edition Sensation and Perception E. Bruce Goldstein University of Pittsburgh University of Arizona Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States iii Sensation and Perception, Eighth Edition © 2010, 2007 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning E. Bruce Goldstein ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, Senior Publisher: Linda Schreiber scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information Editors: Jon-David Hague, Jaime A. Perkins storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of Managing Development Editor: Jeremy Judson the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Assistant Editor: Trina Tom Editorial Assistant: Sarah Worrell For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Media Editor: Lauren Keyes Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. Marketing Manager: Elisabeth Rhoden Marketing Assistant: Molly Felz For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Marketing Communications Manager: Talia Wise Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to Project Managers, Editorial Production: Mary Noel, [email protected]. Rita Jaramillo Creative Director: Rob Hugel Library of Congress Control Number: 2008940684 Art Director: Vernon T. Boes Print Buyer: Judy Inouye ISBN-13: 978-0-495-60149-4 ISBN-10: 0-495-60149-7 Permissions Editors: Mandy Groszko, Tim Sisler Production Service: Scratchgravel Publishing Services Wadsworth 10 Davis Drive Text Designer: Lisa Buckley Belmont, CA 94002-3098 Art Editor: Lisa Torri USA Photo Researcher: Laura Cordova Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions Copy Editor: Margaret C. Tropp with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the Cover Designer: Irene Morris United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at www.cengage.com/global. Cover Image: Color Blocks #40 by Nancy Crow photographed by J. Kevin Fitzsimons Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Compositor: Newgen Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com. Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 To my wife, Barbara, more than ever and To all of the students and teachers whose suggestions helped shape this edition About the Author E. Bruce Goldstein is Professor Emeritus of Psy- chology at the University of Pittsburgh and Ad- junct Professor of Psychology at the University of Arizona. He has received the Chancellor’s Distin- guished Teaching Award from the University of Pittsburgh for his classroom teaching and text- book writing. He received his bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from Tufts University and his PhD in experimental psychology from Brown University; he was a postdoctoral fellow in the Biology Department at Harvard University before joining the faculty at the Univer- sity of Pittsburgh. Bruce has published papers on a wide vari- ety of topics, including retinal and cortical physiology, visual attention, and the perception of pictures. He is the author of Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Ex- perience, 2nd Edition (Wadsworth, 2008), and the editor of the Blackwell Handbook of Perception (Blackwell, 2001) and the forth- coming two-volume Sage Encyclopedia of Perception (Sage, 2010). Brief Contents 1 Introduction to Perception 3 12 Sound Localization and the Auditory Scene 291 2 Introduction to the Physiology of Perception 23 13 S peech Perception 311 3 Introduction to Vision 43 14 The Cutaneous Senses 329 4 The Visual Cortex and Beyond 73 15 The Chemical Senses 355 5 Perceiving Objects and Scenes 99 16 P erceptual Development 379 6 V isual Attention 133 Appendix Signal Detection Theory 401 7 T aking Action 155 Glossary 407 8 P erceiving Motion 177 References 425 9 P erceiving Color 201 Name Index 443 10 Perceiving Depth and Size 229 Subject Index 449 11 Sound, the Auditory System, and Pitch Perception 259 vii