REPTILIA: SQUAMATA: SERPENTES: NATRICIDAE Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Dorcas, M.E., J.W. Gibbons, and H.G. Dowling. 1998. Semi- natrix, S. pygaea. Seminatrix Cope Black Swamp Snake Seminatrix Cope 1895:678. Qpe species, Contia pygaea Cope 187 1, by original designation. CONTENT. A single polytypic species, S. pygaea, is recog- nized. DEFINITION. Seminatrix pygaea is a small black North American water snake with a bright red venter. The head is only slightly distinct from thecylindrical body. The eye is mod- erate in size (diameter about equal to eye-nostril distance) and the pupil is round. A maximum SVL length of 485 mm has been reported, but most adults are ~400m m. The tail is rela- tively short, making up 15-25% of TL. Scutellation is relatively unmodified. The head has the nine typical caenophidian crown scutes. The only indication of aquatic adaptation is the slight narrowing of the anterior ends of the internasals. The rostral is rounded, the nasal single, and a loreal is present. The oculars usually are I + 2 and the temporals I 1 1 usually I + 2 or I + I. The supralabials generally number 8, the MAP. Distribution of Seminarrixpygaea;c ircles represent type locali- infralabials 9. Two pairs of subequal genials are present. The ties, dots indicate other records. dorsal scales are smooth, rounded, and without apical pits. The lower rows are widest and they become progressively narrower dorsally. Dorsal scales are smooth and usually in 17 rows at the neck and midbody. but in 15 rows just anterior to the vent, the reduction occurring by loss of the fourth row on either side. A few individuals have 19 rows on the neck (also reduced by loss of the fourth dorsal scale row). Dorsal scales superior to the vent are usually keeled in males. Some scales may appear keeled upon superficial examination due to a pale line running longitu- dinally through the center of the scale. Ventrals range from 1 12-1 34, the anal scute (cloacal scute) is generally divided, and 35-56 paired subcaudals are present, with the males having about 10 more than do females. Teeth are found on all normally dentigerous bones: maxillary teeth number 19-2 1, increasing slightly in length posteriorly; palatine, 1G12; pterygoid, 17-18; dentary, 2&21, all subequal in length (Dowling 1950). The presence of recurved hypapophyses on all body verte- brae, spinose and acalyculate hemipenes with enlarged basal hooks and a simple centripetal sulcus, together with reduction of dorsal scale rows by loss of a mid-lateral row, all serve to clearly identify Senzinatrix pygaea as a member of the Ameri- can subfamily Thamnophiinae (Natricidae) as shown by Rossman and Eberle (1977). This placement has been corrobo- FIGURE 1. An adult Seminatrixpygaea from the Savannah River Site, rated by electrophoretic (Dessauer et al. 1987, Dowling et al. Aiken County, South Carolina. Photograph by David E. Scott (1998). 1996) and immunological (Dowling et al. 1983) studies. DIAGNOSIS. The only other predominately smooth-scaled and the lack of a ventral red and black checkerboard pattern. American natricids are Regina alleni and Vlrginia valeriae. Regi- na alleni possesses a highly modified snout with a single inter- DESCRIPTIONS, DISTRIBUTION, FOSSIL RECORD, nasal and nasals meeting one another dorsally, thereby separat- PERTINENT LITERATURE. See species account. ing the rostral from the internasal. Virginia valeriae lacks a preocular scute, thus allowing the loreal to enter the orbit. Thus, ILLUSTRATIONS. The maxilla, body vertebra, and hemi- the paired internasals distinguish Seminatrix from R. alleni, and penis illustrated here were previously published in Dowling and the presence of both a preocular and a loreal from V valeriae. Duellman (1978). Seminatrix can be distinguished from juvenile Famncia abacura by the presence of a loreal, a divided anal scute (cloacal scute), REMARKS. Seminatrixpygaea was first described by Cope (1871) as a member of the genus Conria, which at that time was acalyculate hemipenis and hypapophyses on the posterior body a nondescript group of small, smooth-scaled ground snakes that vertebrae. Most recent workers have accepted this relationship. also included species now allocated to the Palearctic Eirenis The known morphological features corroborate the placement and the Nearctic Sonorcr. However, when Boulenger (1893) of Serninatris as a natricid, but do not give a clear picture of its assigned this species to the water snake genus Tropidonotus (be- intergeneric relationships. Holman (1962) pointed out that cause of hypapophyses retained on the posterior body verte- Seminatrix agrees with-two European species of Nrrtrix (N. brae), Cope ( 1895) reassessed its relationships and agreed that natrix, N. tessellara) and with American N. [= Regina] seprem- it belonged with the water snakes, but he believed that it dif- virtara and four species of Thamnophis in having moderately fered sufficiently from others to be placed in its own genus. low neural spines (longer than high) on the body vertebrae. Four Boulenger (1 896) obviously did not agree, because he synony- species of American Narrix [= Nerodin] differ in having neural mized Serrrinatrix, along with Regina and Thamnophis, with his spines much higher than long, and two species of Storeria, comprehensive genus Tropidonotus. Dunn (1928) followed Thnmnophis brachystoma, Tropidoclonion linerrtum, and both Cope in placing Seminatrix in the Natricinae on the basis of its species of Haldea [= Virginia] differ in having spines that are much lower. Auffenberg's (1963) placement was generally simi- lar, although differing in detail. Rossman (1963) pointed out that Seminatri.~a grees with Natrix [= Neroclial and some spe- cies of Tharnnop11i.si n the possession of a median ventral keel on the parasphenoid and a ventral process on the basioccipital. Neither scutellation nor osteology provide characters adequate to indicate intergeneric relationships. Not itntil hemipenial and chromosomal data were collated with cranial osteology (Ross- man and Eberle 1977) did the North American natricids become clearly defined as separate from those on other continents and, therefore, were described as the tribe Thamnophiini. Dowling (in press) raised the subfamily Natricinae to familial rank (Natri- cidae) and the tribe to subfamilial rank (Thamnophiinae). The immunological study (Dowling et al. 1983) showed Serninarrix, at 13 AID (Albumin Immunological Distances), to be slightly more distant from Thamnophis sirlalis than any of the ten species of the latter genus tested (1-10 AID). the three species of Nerodin (2-9 AID), and Clonophis (I I AID). How- ever, Seminarri.~p roved to be about the same distance from 7: sir tali.^ as Regina nlleni ( 14 AID) and less distant than the two species of Storeria (19, 23 AID). This study also showed these Nearctic genera to differ strongly from the Oriental natricid Xenochrvphis (39AID) and the Ethiopian Natriciteres (46AID). Snakes representing other families (including the Colubridae, s.s.) ranged 54-1 12 AID from 7: sirtrtlis. An electrophoretic study (Dessauer et al. 1987) showed a "low degree of molecular divergence" among 21 species of Ameri- can natricids, including Serrrinotri,~. This study also showed Storeria to be the most divergent within this group. An electrophoretic study involving four "slow-evolving" genes (Dowling et al. 1996) further corroborated the placement of Seminutrix among North American natricids. The 39 species of natricids examined proved to be distinct from the other 176 species of snakes included in the study. Further, the genetic complement of Serninntri.r (in the four genes utilized) was iden- tical to that of Clonophis, Regina alleni. Storericr occipirorncrcu- Intu, two species of Virginia, eight species of Nerorlia. and 16 species of Tharrrriophis. In contrast. Regina septemvitmta dif- fered from those taxa by one allele and R. rigido by two. These immunological and electrophoretic data show Semi- natrix to be a typical member of a rather recent (Miocene-Plio- cene) radiation of Nearctic natricid snakes, probably derived from a single Oriental entry. Like Sfilosoma and Regirru nlleni, the geographic distribution of Seminatrir suggests that it be- FIGURE 2. Morphology of Seminatri.rp!:qneo (top to bottom): lateral came separated from its relatives by isolation on the "Florida view of the head (AMNH 68684); right hemipenis (LSUMZ Rt 1980 6 Island," which existed during several periods in the late Ceno- SC); posterior body vertebra (AMNH 63872); left maxilla (AMNH zoic. 63872). The short, slightly bilobed hemipenes (6 subcaudals long). spi- nose with enlarged basal hooks, without calyces. and with a simple cen- ETYMOLOGY. The generic name Seminatrix, as used by tripetal (medially trending) sulcus are typical of natricid snakes, as is Cope (1895). is a combination of the Latin prefix semi, mean- the presence of a hypapophysis on the posterior (as well as anterior) ing "half," and nato, meaning "to swim," from which is derived body vertebrae. The nude apex of the hemipenis is typical of thamnophiines. Note that the maxillary teeth. although relatively uni- the genitive natrix from rratricis, meaning "a water snake," al- form in length. have two (or three) at the posterior end that are longer. luding to its postitlated relationship to water snakes (Nerodia). Drawings by Frances Waite (1 97 1-1 972). The name is of feminine gender. 679.3 Seminatrix pygaea (Cope) and included information on reproductive cycles, brood sizes, Black Swamp Snake offspring sizes, and the effects of drought on reproductive out- put. Descriptions of geographic variation in morphology. sexual Corltiapygaeo Cope 1871 :223. Type locality, "Volusia, [Volusia dimorphism, and reproduction are provided by Loraine ( 1990). Co.,] Florida." Holotype, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia The following represent notes and accounts on the natural (ANSP) 3533, a male collected by Edward Tatnell, date of history of Senrinatri.xpygnea and include field guides and simi- collection unknown (examined by HGD). lar sources: summaries of natural history (Wright and Wright Tropidonotus pygaeus: Boulenger 1893:228 1957. Ernst and Barbour 1989, Palmer and Braswell 1995). less Serninatrixpygaea: Cope 1895:678. Description of new genus. detailed species accounts (Ditmars 1936, 1937, 1939; Carr 1940; Schmidt and Davis 1941; Carr and Goin 1955; Martof CONTENT. Three subspecies are currently recognized: py- 1956: Mount 1975; Stevenson 1976; Behler and King 1979; gnen, paludis, and cyclns. Linzey 1979; Martof et al. 1980; Ashton and Ashton 1981; Collins 1981; Smith and Brodie 1982: Jackson 1983; Merhtens DEFINITION. See generic account. 1987; Obst et al. 1988; Brothers 1992; Tennant 1997: Conant and Collins 1998), morphology and body proportions (Loenn- DIAGNOSIS. See generic account. berg 1894, Clark 1966, Jackson et al. 1976, Fitch 1981, King 1989, Gibbons and Semlitsch 199 I. Palmer and Braswell 1995), DESCRIPTIONS. Descriptions of general morphological details of distribution (Cope 1877, 1888; Briniley 19 10; Wright characters can be found in Cope ( 187 1, I89 1 [I 8921. 1895, 1898 and Bishop 19 15; Deckert 198 R Wright 1926; Corrington 1927. [ 1900]), Garman ( 1884), Boulenger (1 893), Loennberg (1 894). 1929; Stejneger and Barbour 1943; Neill 195 1 ; Penney 1952; Ditmars (1936, 1937, 1939), Schniidt and Davis (1941), Carr Wright and Wright 1952;F reeman 1955; Duellman and Schwartz and Goin (1955), Wright and Wright (1957), Duellman and 1958; Palmer and Whitehead 1960; Palmer 1963; Horton 1968; Schwartz ( 1958). Palmer ( 1963), Clark (1966). Mount ( 1975). Mount 1975; Williamson and Moulis 1979. 1994a. b, c; Ashton Gibbons (1977). Martof et al. (1980), Ernst and Barbour (1989). and Ashton 198 1: Braswell 1988: Palmer and Braswell 1995), and Palmer and Braswell (1995). Blaney (1977) described the habitat use (Loennberg 1894: Deckert 19 18; Ditmars 1937, micodermatoglyphics. Dowling (1950) described in detail varia- 1939; Carr 1940; Jobson 1940; Goin 1943: Neill 1951, 1958, tion among the three subspecies. including descriptions of scu- 1964: Telford 1952; Carr ancl Goin 1955; Duell~nana nd Schwartz tellation, hemipenis. color pattern. and distribution. 1958; Horton 1968; Scudder 1972; Mount 1975; Gibbons 1977: Laerm et al. 1980; Martof et al. 1980; Ashton and Ashton 198 1 ; ILLUSTRATIONS. Photographs of Sen1inatri.r pjlgccecr can Wilson and Porras 1983; Dodd 1992; Smith and Franz 1994; be found in Wright and Wright (1957), Mount (1975). Gibbons Wilson 1995; Tennant 1997; Conant and Collins 1998). activ- n (1977). Martof et al. (1980). Ashton and Ashton ( 1981). and ity and movement (Carr 1940, Cooper 1948, Holman and Hill Tenant (1997). Drawings can be found in Schmidt ant1 Davis 1961, Dodd and Charest 1988, Gibbons and Semlitsch 1991. (1941), Dowling (l950), Wright and Wright (1957). Ernst and Dodd 1992). diet (Ditmars 1936, Ross~nan1 956, Duever 1967, Barbour (1989), Palmer and Braswell (1995), Conant anti Collins Mount 1975, Brown 1979, Martof et al. 1980, Gibbons and (1998). and Powell et al. (1998). See generic account for illus- Semlitsch 1991, Tennant 1997). predation (Kean and Tuberville trations of cephalic scales, hemipenis, vertebrae. ant1 maxilla. 1995,Aycrigge t al. 1996). parasites (Yamaguti 1971. Goodman 1988). mortality due to fire (Vogl 1979, defensive behavior DISTRIBUTION. Senzinntri.rpygaetr occurs throughout pen- (Jackson et al. 1976). tail breakage (Spears 1977), reproduc- insular Florida and the eastern portion of the Florida panhandle, tion (Ditmars 1936, Goin 1943, Dowling 1950, Fitch 1970, the southeastern corner of Alabama. and the Lower Coastal Plain Godley 1982b. lverson 1987, Palmer and Braswell 1995). col- of the Carolinas and Georgia. The deepest known penetrations lecting methods (Goin 1943, Godley 1982~1G, ibbons and inland are by populations in Georgia (Lee County) and South Semlitsch 199 I), size records (Neill 195 1, Kean and Tuberville Carolina (Aiken and Barnwell counties on the Savannah River 1995). captive maintenance (Rotliman 196 1, Mehrtens 1987, Site, and Lexington and Richland counties near Columbia); all Rossi 1995). and management and conservation (Wilson and are approximately 150-180 km from the coast. Porras 1983, Wilson 1995, Tennant 1997). Serninarrix pygaea paludis, the northernmost form. is re- stricted to the Carolinas; S. p. pygccen, the central form, is found ETYMOLOGY. The name pxgaen is from the Greek pyge in Georgia. Alabama, and northern peninsular Florida as far south (rump or buttocks). Dowling (1950) interpreted this as a refer- as Brevard and Pasco counties; S. p. cyclas, the southernmost ence to the apparently abnormal compression of the posterior form, is restricted to the lower half of peninsular Florida. portion of the holotype. The name c~~claiss f rom the Greek (garment ornamented with a border around the bottom) and re- FOSSIL RECORD. No fossils are known. fers to the ventral pattern in which dark markings form a border (Dowling 1950). The nameprrludi.~is from the Latin (swamp). PERTINENT LITERATURE. Major works on Seminc~trix - p.vgaea are limited. Dowling (1950) presented the most com- 1. Seminatrix pygaea pygaea (Cope) prehensive review, his account included the description of the three subspecies, thorough discussions of the snake's origin, sys- Conria p.ygaea Cope 187 1: 223. See species account. tematics, and distribution, and discussions of niorphological Tropidonotns pygaeus: Boulenger 1893:228. variation across the range. Dowling ( 1950) also provided a key Seminatrix pygaea: Cope 18 95:678. to subspecies and information on habitat preferences, move- Seminarrixpygnen pygcrea: Dowling 1950:7. First use of trino- merits, activity, parasites, diet, reproduction, and growth. Dodd mial. (1993) described population structure, activity, and effect of drought on a population from Florida. Likewise, Seigel et al. DEFINITION. This subspecies usually has 1 18-124 ventrals (1995a) reported the effects of drought on movements of S. and a ventral color pattern consisting of long, narrow, curved pygaea on the Savannah River Site near Aiken, South Carolina. black bars on the anterior portion of the ventral scales (or the Reproductive biology was described by Seigel et al. (1995b) venter may be immaculate). 2. Seminatrix pygaea cyclas Dowling Cope, E.D. 1871. Ninth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 23:200-224. Sen~innrri,r~>ygaceyac lrrs Dowling 1950: 14. Type locality, "In- --.. 11887878.. ORanr eth sen sankaekse fsr oomf F Flolorirdida.a .P Aromce.Ur. .NS.a Nt. a1t l1. :M56u5s. . I1: 381-394 + dian Prairie. two to eight miles northeast of Lakeport, Glades I pl. County, Florida." Holotype, University of Michigan Museum -. 1891 (1 892).A critical review of the characters and variations of the of Zoology (UMMZ) 9630 1, a female collected by E. Ross snakes of North America. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 14:589-694. Allen on I0 September 1947 (examined by HGD). -. 1895. On some new North A~nericans nakes. Amer. Nat. 29:67& 680. DEFINITION. This subspecies usually has <I 19 ventrals -. 1898 (1900). Thecrocodilians. lizards and snakes olNorth America. and a red venter with extensions of the black dorsal pattern form- Rept. U.S. Natl. Mus. (1898):1 53-1294 + 35 pl. ing triangles on the anterolateral edge of each ventral. How- Corrington. J.D. 1927. Seminotrir pygaea in South Carolina. Copeia (161):185-187. ever, the ventral color pattern of S. p. cyclas can occur as a pat- -. 1929. Herpetology of the Columbia, South Carolina. region. Copeia tern variant in the other subspecies. ( 172):58-83. Deckert, R.F. 1918. A list of reptiles from Jacksonville. Florida. Copeia 3. Seminatrix pygaea paludi~ Dowling (54):3&33. Dessauer, H.C.. J.E. Cadle. and R. Lawson. 1987. Patterns of snake Setninnrrix pygrren pal~~diDso wling 1950:1 2. Type locality, evolution suggested by their proteins. Fieldiana. Zool. 34:iii + 34 p. "Camp Davis, near Hollyridge, Onslow County, North Caro- Ditmars, R.L. 1936. The Reptiles of North America. Doubleday & Co., lina." Holotype, University of Michigan Museum of Zool- Inc. Garden City. New York. ogy (UMMZ) 9 1457, an adult female collected by Fred Barka- -. 1937. Reptiles of the World. The Crocodilians. Lizards. Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Mac- low, Jr., on 20 May 1942 (examined by HGD). Millan Co.. New York. -. 1939. A Field Book of North American Snakes. Doubleday, Doran DEFINITION. This subspecies usually has >I26 ventrals. & Co., Garden City. New York. Dodd, C.K., Jr. 1992. Biological diversity of a teniporary pond herpeto- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Marie Fulmer, Sean Poppy, Liz fauna in north Florida sandhills. Biodiv. Conserv. 1: 125-142. Raulerson, and Tracey Ti~bervillea ll helped to compile the lit- -. 1993. Population structure, body mass, activity, and orientation of erature for this account. This research was supported by Finan- an aquatic snake (Seminatrixpygneo) during a drought. Can. J. Zool. 71:1281-1288. cial Assistance Award Number DE-FC09-96SR 18546 from the -and B.G. Cliarest. 1988. The herpetofaunal community of temporary U.S. Department of Energy to the University of Georgia Re- ponds in North Florida sandhills: species composition. temporal use. search Foundation. and management implications. p. 87-97. Irr Management of Amphib- ians. Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North America: Proceedings LITERATURE CITED of the Symposium. Flagstaff, Arizona. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166. Rocky Mt. For. Range Exp. Sta., Ft. Collins. Ashton. R.E.. Jr. and P.S. Ashton. 1981. Handbook of Reptiles and Colorado. Amphibians of Florida. Part One. The Snakes. Windward Publ.. Inc., Dowling, H.G. 1950. Studies of the Black Swamp Snake, Sentinntrir Miami, Florida. pygneo (Cope), with descriptions of two new subspecies. Misc. Publ. Auffenberg, W. 1963. The fossil snakes of Florida. Tulane Stud. Zool. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (76): 1-38. 10:131-216. -. In press. A New Classification of Snakes: A Contribution to the Aycrigg. A.D.. T.M. Farrell, and P.G. May. 1996. Serninorri.~p ygneo Knowledge of Biodiversity. Krieger Publ. Co., Melbourne. Florida. pygoeo. Predation. Herpetol. Rev. 27:84. - and W.E. Duellman. 1978. Systematic Herpetology: A Synopsis of Behler. J.L. and F.W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society Field Guide to Families and Higher Categories. HISS Publ., New York. North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New -, C.A. Hass, S.B. Hedges. and R. Highton. 1996. Snake relationships York. revealed by slow-evolving proteins: a preliminary study. J. Zool. (Lon- Blaney, P.K. 1977. A survey of the microornamentation of snake scales. don) 240: 1-28. M.S. Thesis. Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge. -, R. Highton, G.C. Maha, and L.R. Maxson. 1983. Biochemical evalu- Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum ation of colubrid snake phylogeny. J. 2001. (London) 201:309-329. (Natural History). Vol. 1. Trustees Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). London. Duellman, W.E. and A. Schwartz. 1958. Amphibians and reptiles of -. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural His- southern Florida. Bull. Florida St. Mus. 3: 181-1124, tory). Vol. 3. Trustees Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). London. Duever, A.J. 1967. Trophic dynamics of reptiles in terms of the com- Braswell, A.L. 1988. A survey of the amphibians and reptiles of Nags munity food web and energy intake. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Georgia, Ath- Head Woods Ecological Preserve. Assoc. Southeast. Biol. Bull. 35: ens. 199-217. Dunn, E.R. 1928. A tentative key and arrangement of the American Brimley. C.S. 1910. Records of some reptiles and batrachians from the genera of Colubridae. Bull. Antivenin Inst. America 2: 18-24. southeastern United States. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 23:9-18. Ernst. C.H. and R.W. Barbour. 1989. Snakes of Eastern North America. Brothers. D.R. 1992. An Introduction to Snakes of the Dismal Swamp George Mason Univ. Press.. Fairfax, Virginia. Region of North Carolina and Virginia. Edgewood Probes. Inc., Fitch, H.S. 1970. Reproductivecycles in lizards and snakes. Univ. Kan- Boise, Idaho. sas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. (52): 1-247. Brown. E.E. 1979. Some snake food records From the Carolinas. Brim- -. 1981. Sexual size differences in reptiles. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. leyana 1: 113 -1 24. Hist. Misc. Publ. (70):l-72. Carr, A.F.. Jr. 1940. A contribution to the herpetology of Florida. Univ. Freeman, H.W. 1955.T he amphibians and reptiles of the Savannah River Florida Publ. Biol. Sci. 3: 1-1 18. Project Area, Crocodilia, Sauria, and Serpentes. Pan 3. Univ. South Cam, A. and C.J. Goin. 1955. Guide to the Reptiles. Amphibians and Carolina Publ. Ser. 111, 1:275-291. Fresh-water Fishes of Florida. Univ. Florida Press, Gainesville. Garman, S. 1884. The reptiles and batrachians of North America. Part I. Clark, D.R., Jr. 1966. Notes on sexual dimorphism in tail-length in Ophidia. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zed. 8:xxxiv + 185 p. + 9 pl. American snakes. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 69:22&232. Gibbons, J.W. 1977. Snakes of the Savannah River Plant with Infornia- Collins. H.H.. Jr. 1981. Harper & Row's Complete Field Guide to North tion about Snakebite Prevention and Treatment. ERDA Savannah American Wildlife. Harper & Row, New York. River Environ. Res. Park. SRO-NERP-I. Conant, R. and J.T. Collins. 1998. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Am- -and R.D. Semlitsch. 1991. Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of phibians of Eastern and Central North America. 3rd ed., exp. Hough- the Savannah River Site. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens and London. ton MiMin Co.. Boston, Massachusetts. Godley. J.S. 1982a. Aquatic snakes in water hyacinth communities, p. Cooper. B. W. 1948. An erythristic Liorlytes olleni. Copeia 1948:304. 281-282. In D.E. Davis (ed.). CRC Handbook of Census Methods for Terrestrial Vertebrates. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida. Mus. Zool., Louisiana St. Univ., Baton Rouge (29): 1-29. -. 1982b. Predation and defensive behavior of the Striped Swamp Snake -and W.G. Eberle. 1977. Partition of the genus Nafrix, with prelimi- [Regina nlleni). Florida Fld. Nat. 10:31 -36. nary observations on evolutionary trends in natricine snakes. Herpe- Goin, C.J. 1943. The lower vertebrate fauna of the water hyacinth com- tologica 33:34-43. munity in northern Florida. Proc. Florida Acad. Sci. 6:143-153. Rothman, N. 1961. Mud, Rainbow and Black Swamp snakes in captiv- Goodman, J.D. 1988. New auriculate telorchiid trematodes, including ity. Bull. Philadelphia Herpetol. Soc. 9: 17-20. two new species of Aurirelorchis, and erection of Allorelorchis n. Schmidt, K.P. and D.D. Davis. 194 1. Field Book of Snakes of the United gen. and Allotelorchiinae n. subf. (Trematoda: Telorchiidae).T rans. States and Canada. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York. Amer. Microscop. Soc. 107:362-368. Scudder, S. and K. Bourgeois. 1972. Observationso n snakes in the bur- Holman, J.A. 1962.ATexas Pleistocene herpetofauna.C opeia 1962:255- rows of mole crickets. Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 8:95. 261. Seigel, R.A., J.W. Gibbons, and T.K. Lynch. 1995a. Temporal changes - and W.H. Hill. 1961. A mass unidirectional movement of Narrix in reptile populations: effects of a severe drought on aquatic snakes. sipedon picrivenrris. Copeia 196 1: 498-499. Herpetologica 5 1 :424-434. Horton, R.T. 1968. Seminarrixpygaea in Alabama. J. Herpetol. 1:94- -, R.K. Loraine, and J.W. Gibbons. 1995b. Reproductive cycles and 95. temporal variation in fecundity in the Black Swamp Snake, Seminarrix Iverson, J.B. 1987. Patterns of relative fecundity in snakes. Florida Sci. pygaea. Amer. Midl. Nat. 13437 1-377. 50:223-233. Smith, H.M. and E.D. Brodie, Jr. 1982. AGuide to Field Identification: Jackson, J.F., I. Ingram, and H.W. Campbell. 1976. The dorsal pigmen- Reptiles of North America. Golden Press, New York. tation pattern of snakes as an antipredator strategy: a multivariate Smith, L.L. and R. Franz. 1994. Use of Florida round-tailed muskrat approach. Amer. Nat. 110: 1029-1053. houses by amphibians and reptiles. Florida Fld. Nat. 22:69-74. Jackson, J.J. 1983. Snakes of the Southeastern United States. Coop. Spears, G. 1977. Predation on colubrid snakes. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ext. Serv., Univ. Georgia Coll. Agric.. Athens. Florida, Gainesville. Jobson, H.G.M. 1940. Reptiles and amphibians from Georgetown Stejneger, L. and T. Barbour. 1943. A check list of North American + County, South Carolina. Herpetologica 23943. amphibians and reptiles. 5th ed. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 93:xix Kean, C.A. andT.D.Tuberville. 1995. Serninarri~pygaeaS. ize. Herpetol. 260 p. Rev. 26: 103. Stevenson. H.M. 1976. Vertebrates of Florida: Identification and Dis- King, R.B. 1989. Sexual dimorphism in snake tail length: sexual selec- tribution. Univ. Presses Florida, Gainesville. tion. natural selection, or morphological constraint? Biol. J. Linnean Telford, S.R., Jr. 1952. A herpetological survey in the vicinity of Lake SOC3. 8: 133-154. Shipp, Polk County, Florida. Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 15:175- Laerm, J., B.J. Freeman, L.J. Vitt, J.M. Meyers, and L. Logan. 1980. 185. Vertebrates of the Okefenokee Swamp. Brimleyana 4:47-73. Tennant, A. 1997. A Field Guide to Snakes of Florida. Gulf Publ. Co., Linzey. D.W. 1979. Snakes of Alabama. Strode Publ., Inc. Huntsville, Houston, Texas. Alabama. Vogl, R.J. 1973. Effects of fire on the plants and animals of a Florida Loennberg, E. 1894. Notes on reptiles and batrachians collected in wetland. Amer. Midl. Nat. 89:334-347. Florida in 1892 and 1893. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.17:317-339. Williamson, G.K. and R.A. Moulis. 1979. Distribution of Georgia am- /- Loraine, R.K. 1990. A geographic analysis of sexual dimorphism and phibians and reptiles in the Savannah Science Museum Collection. morphological variation in Seminntrix pjgaea (Cope). M.S. Thesis, Savannah Sci. Mus. Inc. Spec. Publ. (I), Savannah, Georgia. Univ. South Florida. Tampa. -and -. 1994a. Herpetological Specimens in the Savannah Science Martof, B.S. 1956. Amphibians and Reptiles of Georgia: AGuide. Univ. Museum Collection. Vol. 2. Reptiles. Savannah Sci. Mus. Inc. Spec. Gwrgia Press, Athens. Publ. (2). Savannah, Georgia. -. -, W.M. Palmer, J.R. Bailey, J.R. Harrison, In, and J. Dermid. 1980. -and 1994b. Distribution of Amphibians and Reptiles in Georgia. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. Univ. North Vol. I. Maps. Savannah Sci. Mus. Inc. Spec. Publ. (3). Inc. Savan- Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. nah, Georgia. Mehrtens. J.M. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. Sterling -and -. 1994~D. istribution of Amphibians and Reptiles in Georgia. Publ. Co., Inc. New York. Vol. 2. Locality Data. Savannah Sci. Mus. Inc. Spec. Publ. (3), Sa- Mount, R.H. 1975. The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama. Auburn vannah, Georgia. Univ. Agric.Exp. Sta., Auburn, Alabama. Wilson, L.A. 1995. Land Manager's Guide to the Amphibians and Rep- Neill. W.T. 1951. Notes on the natural history of certain North Ameri- tiles of the South. Nature Conserv. and U.S. For. Serv., S. Reg., Chapel can snakes. Publ. Res. Div. Ross Allen's Rept. Inst. 1:47-60. Hill, North Carolina, and Atlanta, Georgia. -. 1958. The occurrence of amphibians and reptiles in saltwater areas, Wilson. L.D. and L. Porras. 1983. The Ecological Impact of Man on the and a bibliography. Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf Carib. 8: 1-97. South Florida Herpetofauna. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. -. 1964. Viviparity in snakes: some ecological and zoogeographical (9):vi + 89 p. considerations. Amer. Nat. 98:35-55. Wright, A.H. 1926. The vertebrate life of Okefeenokee Swamp in rela- Obst, F.J., K. Richter, and U. Jacob. 1988. The Completely Illustrated tion to the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Ecology 7:77-95. Atlas of Reptiles and Amphibians for the Terrarium. T.F.H. Publ., - and S.C. Bishop. 1915. A biological reconnaissance of the Okeefe- Inc., Neptune City, New Jersey. nokee Swamp in Georgia: snakes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Palmer, W.M. and A.L. Braswell. 1995. Reptiles of North Carolina. Univ. 67:139-192+3 pl. North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. -and A.A. Wright. 1952. List of the snakes of the United States and - and J.R. Paul. 1963. The Black Swamp Snake, Seminarrix pygaea Canada by states and provinces. Amer. Midl. Nat. 48574403. -. paludis Dowling, in North Carolina. Herpetologica 19:219-221. -and 1957. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. -and D.E. Whitehead. 1960. A range extension of the Swamp Snake, Vol. 2. Comstock Publ. Assoc.. Ithaca, New York. Seminarri.~p ygnen paludir Dowling. Herpetologica 16201 . Yamaguti, S. 1971. Synopsis of Digenetic Trematodes of Vertebrates. Penney, J.T. 1952. Distribution and bibliography of the amphibians and Vol. I. Keigaku Publ. Co., Tokyo. reptiles of South Carolina. Univ. South Carolina Publ. Ser. In. Biol. 1:l-28. MICHAEL E. DORCAS, J. WHITFIELD GIBBONS, Sa- Powell, R., J.T. Collins, and E.D. Hooper, Jr. 1998. A Key to Amphib- ians and Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada. Univ. vannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, Kansas Press, Lawrence. and HERNDON G. DOWLING, 181 1 Rendalia Motonvay, Rossi, J.V. and R. Rossi. 1995. Snakes of the United States and Canada: Talladega, AL 35 160. r' Keeping Them Healthy in Captivity. 2 vol. Krieger Publ. Co., Mala- bar, Florida. Primary editor for this account, Larry David Wilson. Rossman, D.A. 1956. Notes on food of a captive Black Swamp Snake, Sen1inarri.r pygaen pjlgaea (Cope). Herpetologica 12: 154-1 55. Published 30 November 1998 and Copyright 0 1998 by the -. 1963. Relationships and taxonomic smtus of the North American Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. natricine snake genera Liodyres, Regina, and Clonophis. Occ. Pap.