MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING C Advances in Materials Science and Engineering h e n Semiconductor Nanocrystals • L Semiconductor i and Metal Nanoparticles u Nanocrystals and Metal Physical Properties and Device Applications S Nanoparticles e a m Semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles are the n building blocks of the next generation of electronic, optoelectronic, di Physical Properties and photonic devices. Covering this rapidly developing and c interdisciplinary field, this book examines in detail the physical o M and Device Applications properties and device applications of semiconductor nanocrystals n and metal nanoparticles. It begins with a review of the synthesis and ed characterization of various semiconductor nanocrystals and metal tu nanoparticles and goes on to discuss in detail their optical, light a c emission, and electrical properties. It then illustrates some exciting l t applications of nanoelectronic devices (memristors and single- No electron devices) and optoelectronic devices (UV detectors, quantum ar dot lasers, and solar cells), as well as other applications (gas sensors and metallic nanopastes for power electronics packaging). nN o a p • F ocuses on a new class of materials that exhibit fascinating n a physical properties and have many exciting device applications. o r • Presents an overview of synthesis strategies and c t characterization techniques for various semiconductor ir c y nanocrystal and metal nanoparticles. l s e • Examines in detail the optical/optoelectronic properties, light t s emission properties, and electrical properties of semiconductor a nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles. l s • Reviews applications in nanoelectronic devices, optoelectronic devices, and photonic devices. Edited by K13633 Tupei Chen • Yang Liu ISBN: 978-1-4398-7830-9 90000 9 781439 878309 www.crcpress.com 9781439878309_cover.indd 1 6/28/16 2:48 PM Semiconductor Nanocrystals and Metal Nanoparticles Physical Properties and Device Applications Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Series Editor Sam Zhang Aerospace Materials Handbook, edited by Sam Zhang and Dongliang Zhao Biological and Biomedical Coatings Handbook: Applications, edited by Sam Zhang Biological and Biomedical Coatings Handbook: Processing and Characterization, edited by Sam Zhang Hierarchical Micro/Nanostructured Materials: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications, Weiping Cai, Guotao Duan, Yue Li Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Biomedical Applications, edited by Sam Zhang Nanobiomaterials: Development and Applications, edited by Dong Kee Yi and Georgia C. Papaefthymiou Nanostructured and Advanced Materials for Fuel Cells, edited by San Ping Jiang and Pei Kang Shen Micro- and Macromechanical Properties of Materials, Yichun Zhou, Li Yang, and Yongli Huang Semiconductor Nanocrystals and Metal Nanoparticles: Physical Properties and Device Applications, edited by Tupei Chen and Yang Liu Thin Films and Coatings: Toughening and Toughness Characterization, edited by Sam Zhang Semiconductor Nanocrystals and Metal Nanoparticles Physical Properties and Device Applications Edited by Tupei Chen • Yang Liu MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not consti- tute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifica- tion and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Chen, Tupei, editor. | Liu, Yang, 1975 September 12- editor. Title: Semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles : physical properties and device applications / editors, Tupei Chen and Yang Liu. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [ 2017] | Series: Advances in materials science and engineering | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016009756 | ISBN 9781439878309 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Nanoelectronics--Materials. | Semiconductor nanocrystals. | Semiconductor nanoparticles. Classification: LCC TK7874.84 .S46 2017 | DDC 621.3815/2--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016009756 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii Editors ...............................................................................................................................................ix Contributors ......................................................................................................................................xi Chapter 1 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystals and Nanoparticles ...........................1 Yang Liu Chapter 2 Size- and Shape-Controlled ZnO Nanostructures for Multifunctional Devices ........39 S.K. Ray, N. Gogurla, and T. Rakshit Chapter 3 From Basic Physical Properties of InAs/InP Quantum Dots to State-of-the-Art Lasers for 1.55 µm Optical Communications: An Overview .....................................95 Jacky Even, Cheng Wang, and Frédéric Grillot Chapter 4 Optical, Photoluminescence, and Vibrational Spectroscopy of Metal Nanoparticles ............................................................................................................127 P. Gangopadhyay Chapter 5 Silicon Nanocrystals: Properties and Potential Applications...................................191 Spiros Gardelis Chapter 6 Electronic and Optical Properties of Si and Ge Nanocrystals .................................215 Tupei Chen Chapter 7 Light Emission Properties of Si Nanocrystals Embedded in a Dielectric Matrix ...255 Tupei Chen Chapter 8 Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nanoparticles in Photoelectrochemical Cells ......................................................................................283 M.H. Buraidah, S.N.F. Yusuf, I.M. Noor, and A.K. Arof Chapter 9 Second-Order Nonlinear Susceptibility in Quantum Dot Structures ......................307 M. Abdullah, Farah T. Mohammed Noori, and Amin H. Al-Khursan Chapter 10 Metallic Nanopastes for Power Electronic Packaging .............................................343 Denzel Bridges, Ruozhou Li, Zhiming Gao, Zhiqiang Wang, Zhiyong Wang, Anming Hu, Zhili Feng, Leon M. Tolbert, and Ning-Cheng Lee v vi Contents Chapter 11 Applications of Metal Nanoparticles and Nanostructures Fabricated Using Ultrafast Laser Ablation in Liquids ..........................................................................367 S. Venugopal Rao, S. Hamad, and G. Krishna Podagatlapalli Chapter 12 Exploring the LaAlO/SrTiO Two-Dimensional Electron Gas: From 3 3 Fundamental to Technical Applications ...................................................................423 Ngai Yui Chan, Fan Zhang, Kit Au, Wing Chong Lo, Helen La Wa Chan, and Jiyan Dai Chapter 13 Novel Nanoelectronic Device Applications of Nanocrystals and Nanoparticles .....461 Z. Liu Index ..............................................................................................................................................501 Preface A material particle or cluster having a size in the range of one to several hundreds of nanometers is often referred to as “nanocrystal” or “nanoparticle.” Nanocrystal is considered as crystalline clus- ters in either a single crystalline or a polycrystalline arrangement, while nanoparticle can represent both crystalline and noncrystalline clusters. Semiconductor nanocrystals with small dimensions are also described as quantum dots. Semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles exhibit fascinating behaviors and unique physical properties as a result of quantum size effect. For example, for a semiconductor nanocrystal whose size is smaller than twice the size of its exciton Bohr radius, the excitons are squeezed, leading to quantum confinement. Quantum confinement will modify the electronic and optical properties of the semiconductor nanocrystal, for example, the bandgap of the nanocrystal increases with the decrease of the nanocrystal size. A direct experimental observation of the quantum confinement effect is that different sized quantum dots emit different color light. A good example of the fascinating behaviors of metal nanoparticles is the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in noble metal (for example, silver and gold) nanoparticles where the conduction electrons oscillate coherently under irradiation by light in the visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelength of excitation of the LSPR shows strong dependence on the size, shape, and dielectric environment of the metal nanoparticles. Semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles are the building blocks of the next gen- eration of electronic, optoelectronic, and photonic devices. For instance, semiconductor quantum dots are particularly significant for optoelectronic/photonic device applications such as photovoltaic devices, light-emitting devices, and photodetector devices due to their tunable absorption spectrum and high extinction coefficient. In electronic applications, semiconductor nanocrystals or metal nanoparticles with sizes smaller than ~5 nm can be used to realize single-electron or few-electron devices (e.g., transistors and memory devices) as such tiny nanostructures exhibit the Coulomb blockade effect at room temperature. This book examines in detail the physical properties and device applications of semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles. It begins by giving a review on the synthesis and characteriza- tion of various semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles and goes on to discuss in detail their electronic, optical, and electrical properties. Based on the knowledge of the physical proper- ties, the book illustrates some exciting applications in nanoelectronic devices (e.g., memristors, single-electron devices), optoelectronic devices (e.g., UV detectors, quantum dot lasers, solar cells), and other applications (e.g., gas sensors, metallic nanopastes for power electronics packaging). This book contains 13 chapters. It covers a rapidly developing, interdisciplinary field, and it is also a compilation of some research efforts in the field. It is intended as a reference book for senior undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in microelectronics/nanoelectronics, opto- electronics, photonics, nanoscience and nanotechnology, physics, and materials science. Tupei Chen Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Yang Liu University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China vii viii Preface MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. For product information, please con- tact the following: The MathWorks, Inc. 3 Apple Hill Drive Natick, MA 01760-2098 USA Tel: 508-647-7000 Fax: 508-647-7001 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.mathworks.com Editors Tupei Chen received his PhD from the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, in 1994. He is currently an associate professor in the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. His research areas include electronic and optoelectronic/photonic applications of nanoscale materials, novel memory devices, memristors and applications in artificial neural networks, Si photonics, and metal oxide thin films and applications in flexible/transparent devices. He is the author or coauthor of more than 250 peer-reviewed journal papers, more than 120 conference presentations, and 6 book chapters. He has filed several U.S. patents. He has supervised more than 20 PhD students and over 10 postdoctoral research staff. Yang Liu received his BSc in microelectronics from Jilin University, China, in 1998 and his PhD from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, in 2005. From May 2005 to July 2006, he was a research fellow at Nanyang Technological University. In 2006, he was awarded the prestigious Singapore Millennium Foundation Fellowship. In 2008, he joined the School of Microelectronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology, China, as a full professor. He is the author or coauthor of over 120 peer-reviewed journal papers and more than 80 confer- ence papers. He has filed one U.S. patent and more than 30 Chinese patents. His current research includes advanced memory devices and their applications in artificial neural networks, radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs), photonic/optoelectronic devices, and integrated circuits (ICs). ix