Self-Organising Maps Applications in Geographic Information Science Editors PRAGYAAGARWAL DepartmentofGeomaticEngineering,UniversityCollege,London,UK ANDRÉSKUPIN DepartmentofGeography,SanDiegoStateUniversity,USA (cid:84)(cid:104)(cid:105)(cid:115)(cid:32)(cid:112)(cid:97)(cid:103)(cid:101)(cid:32)(cid:105)(cid:110)(cid:116)(cid:101)(cid:110)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:97)(cid:108)(cid:108)(cid:121)(cid:32)(cid:108)(cid:101)(cid:102)(cid:116)(cid:32)(cid:98)(cid:108)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:107) Self-Organising Maps (cid:84)(cid:104)(cid:105)(cid:115)(cid:32)(cid:112)(cid:97)(cid:103)(cid:101)(cid:32)(cid:105)(cid:110)(cid:116)(cid:101)(cid:110)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:97)(cid:108)(cid:108)(cid:121)(cid:32)(cid:108)(cid:101)(cid:102)(cid:116)(cid:32)(cid:98)(cid:108)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:107) Self-Organising Maps Applications in Geographic Information Science Editors PRAGYAAGARWAL DepartmentofGeomaticEngineering,UniversityCollege,London,UK ANDRÉSKUPIN DepartmentofGeography,SanDiegoStateUniversity,USA Copyright©2008 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England Telephone (cid:2)+44(cid:3)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptunderthe termsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyright LicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingofthe Publisher.RequeststothePublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd, TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,[email protected],or faxedto(+44)1243770620. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesand productnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir respectiveowners.ThePublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook. Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered. ItissoldontheunderstandingthatthePublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessional adviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. ThePublisherandtheAuthormakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessof thecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarranties offitnessforaparticularpurpose.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforeverysituation. Inviewofongoingresearch,equipmentmodifications,changesingovernmentalregulations,andtheconstantflowof informationrelatingtotheuseofexperimentalreagents,equipment,anddevices,thereaderisurgedtoreviewand evaluatetheinformationprovidedinthepackageinsertorinstructionsforeachchemical,pieceofequipment, reagent,ordevicefor,amongotherthings,anychangesintheinstructionsorindicationofusageandforadded warningsandprecautions.ThefactthatanorganizationorWebsiteisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/ora potentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthattheauthororthepublisherendorsestheinformationthe organizationorWebsitemayprovideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Further,readersshouldbeawarethat InternetWebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenand whenitisread.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbyanypromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Neitherthe PublishernortheAuthorshallbeliableforanydamagesarisingherefrom. OtherWileyEditorialOffices JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,42McDougallStreet,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,6045FreemontBlvd,Mississauga,Ontario,L5R4J3,Canada Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Self-organisingmaps:applicationsingeographicinformationscience/editors,PragyaAgarwal, AndreSkupin. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-02167-5(cloth) 1. Geographicinformationsystems—Mathematicalmodels. 2. Self-organizingmaps. I. Agarwal,Pragya. II. Skupin,Andre. G70.212.S452008 910.285—dc22 2007039305 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-470-02167-5 Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd,Pondicherry,India PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestry inwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction. Contents List of Contributors vii 1 Introduction: What is a Self-Organizing Map? 1 André Skupin and Pragya Agarwal 2 Applications of Different Self-Organizing Map Variants to Geographical Information Science Problems 21 Fernando Bação, Victor Lobo and Marco Painho 3 An Integrated Exploratory Geovisualization Environment Based on Self-Organizing Map 45 Etien L. Koua and Menno-Jan Kraak 4 VisualExplorationofSpatialInteractionDatawithSelf-OrganizingMaps 67 Jun Yan and Jean-Claude Thill 5 Detecting Geographic Associations in English Dialect Features in North America within a Visual Data Mining Environment Integrating Self-Organizing Maps 87 Jean-Claude Thill, William A. Kretzschmar Jr, Irene Casas and Xiaobai Yao 6 Self-Organizing Maps for Density-Preserving Reduction of Objects in Cartographic Generalization 107 Monika Sester 7 Visualizing Human Movement in Attribute Space 121 André Skupin vi Contents 8 Climate Analysis, Modelling, and Regional Downscaling Using Self-Organizing Maps 137 Bruce C. Hewitson 9 Prototyping Broad-Scale Climate and Ecosystem Classes by Means of Self-Organising Maps 155 Jürgen P. Kropp and Hans Joachim Schellnhuber 10 Self-Organising Map Principles Applied Towards Automating Road Extraction from Remotely Sensed Imagery 177 Pete Doucette, Peggy Agouris and Anthony Stefanidis 11 Epilogue: Intelligent Systems for GIScience: Where Next? A GIScience Perspective 195 Michael Goodchild Index 199 List of Contributors Pragya Agarwal Department of Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK Peggy Agouris Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA Fernando Bação ISEGI/UNL, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312 Lisboa, Portugal IreneCasas DepartmentofGeographyandNationalCenterforGeographicInformation and Analysis, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14261, USA Pete Doucette Principal Scientist, ITT Corporation, Advanced Engineering and Sciences, Alexandria, VA 22303 USA Michael Goodchild National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA Bruce C. Hewitson Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa Etien L. Koua International Institute for Geoinformation Science and Earth Obser- vation (ITC), PO Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands Menno-JanKraak InternationalInstituteforGeoinformationScienceandEarthObser- vation(ITC),DepartmentofGeo-InformationProcessing,POBox6,7500AAEnschede, Hengelosestraatgg, The Netherlands viii ListofContributors William A. Kretzschmar Department of English, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Jürgen P. Kropp Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PO Box 601203, 14412 Potsdam, Germany Victor Lobo ISEGI/UNL, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312 Lisboa, Portugal and Portuguese Naval Academy, Alfeite, 2810-001 Almada, Portugal Marco Painho ISEGI/UNL, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312 Lisboa, Portugal Monika Sester Institute for Cartography and Geoinformatics, Leibniz University of Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany Hans-Joachim Schellnhuber Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14412 Potsdam, PO Box 601203, Germany AndréSkupin DepartmentofGeography,SanDiegoStateUniversity,SanDiego,CA 92182-4493, USA Anthony Stefanidis Department of Earth Systems and Geoinformation Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA Jean-Claude Thill Department of Geography and Earth Sciences and Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA Jun Yan Department of Geography and Geology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA Xiaobai Yao Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA