Agrifood Research Reports 69 6 Agrifood Research Reports 69 9 P r o c e e d i n g s – Proceedings T w e n t y Twenty Years of Selenium Fertilization Y e a r s September 8-9, 2005, Helsinki, Finland o f S e l e n i u m Merja Eurola (ed.) F e r t i l i z a t i o n Agrifood Research Reports 69 108 p. Proceedings Twenty Years of Selenium Fertilization September 8-9, 2005, Helsinki, Finland Merja Eurola (ed.) Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus ISBN 951-729-965-6 (Printed version) ISBN 951-729-966-4 (Electronic version) ISSN 1458-5073(Printed version) ISSN 1458-5081 (Electronic version) www.mtt.fi/pdf/met/met69.pdf Copyright MTT Agrifood Research Finland Authors MTT Agrifood Research Finland, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland Distribution and sale MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Data and Information Services, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland Phone + 358 3 4188 2327, Fax + 358 3 4188 2339 e-mail [email protected] Published in 2005 Cover pictures Marjo Ruusiala/Benjamin Pöntinen/Tapio Tuomela/Yrjö Tuunanen Copyright: MTT Printing house Strålfors Information Logistics Oy Summary Merja Eurola, Veli Hietaniemi Agrifood Research Finland, Research Services, Chemistry Laboratory, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland, [email protected] With the workshop theme “Twenty years of selenium fertilization” the or- zanizers wanted to summarize the 20-year research period of Finnish sele- nium supplemented fertilization and bring together people interested in sele- nium. The main areas of the program and proceedings are: selenium fertiliza- tion, selenium in foods and diets and selenium and health. The proceedings include 13 short papers written by the speakers, and 26 abstracts of poster presentations. Key words: selenium, fertilization, food, feed, soil, nutrition 3 Organizers and sponsors Agrifood Research Finland National Public Health Institute University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology Plant Production Inspection Centre Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry National Veterinary and Food Research Institute Kemira GrowHow, Finland Raisio Oyj Fazer Bakeries Ltd 4 Contents History of selenium supplemented fertilization in Finland, Pentti Aspila......8 Increasing the selenium content of agricultural crops: decisions and monitoring, Pirjo Salminen...........................................................................14 Technical solution adding selenium to fertilizers, Heikki Hero....................16 Occurrence and chemistry of selenium in Finnish soils, Helinä Hartikainen…....................................................................................18 Influence of selenium fertilization on soil selenium status, Markku Yli-Halla…...................................................................................... 25 Environmental effects of selenium fertilization - Is there a potential risk?, Georg Alfthan, Antti Aro...............................................................................33 Selenium requirements and recommendations, Raymond F.Burk.................36 Selenium content of foods and diets in Finland, Päivi Ekholm, Merja Eurola, Eija-Riitta Venäläinen...................................................................................39 Selenium in animal feeds and nutrition, Tarja Root.....................................46 Selenium and animal health, Kristina Dredge……………………………..50 Selenium in plant nutrition, Marja Turakainen, Helinä Hartikainen, Mervi Seppänen.............................................................................................53 Importance of selenium in human nutrition, Gerald F. Combs, Jr...............60 Trends in blood and tissue selenium levels in Finland 1984-2004, Georg Alfthan................................................................................................71 Posters: Investigation of selenium using soil and plant samples from a long-term field experiment, Béla Kovács, Imre Kádár, Éva Széles, Józef Prokisch, Zoltán Györi, László Simon...........................................................................79 Increasing the selenium (Se) content of UK crop plants for human consumption, Sarah E. Johnson, Helen C. Bowen, Martin R. Broadley, Rosie J. Bryson, Miles Harriman, Mark C. Meacham, Mark Tucker, Philip J. White...............................................................................................80 5 Can cereals be bred for increased selenium and iodine concentration in grain?, G. Lyons, I. Ortiz-Monasterio, Y. Genc, J. Stangoulis, R. Graham.82 Selenium increased growth and fertility in higher plants, G. Lyons, J. Stangoulis, Y. Genc, R. Graham...............................................................83 Selenium uptake and species distribution in peas after foliar treatment with selenate, P. Smrkolj, I. Kreft, V. Stibilj.........................................................84 Interference of sulfur with shoot accumulation and toxic effects of selenium in wheat, A. Yazici, B. Torun, L. Ozturk, I. Cakmak....................................85 Selenium in the food chain of Buriatia, Nadegda Golubkina, Sandigma Mnkueva, Georg Alfthan.............................................................87 Selenium-enriched eggs: from improvement of egg quality to improvement of human diet, Peter F. Surai, Tigran A. Papazyan, Filiz Karadas, Nick H.C. Sparks..........................................................................................88 On selenium supplementation of bread, V.I. Murakh, S.I. Matveyev, E.V. Savin.....................................................................................................89 Selenium and selenoproteins in milk and mammary tissue, Tien Hoac, Jan Stagsted, Jacob H. Nielsen, Björn Åkesson...........................................90 Selenium status in dairy cows and feed samples in Estonia, M. Malbe, N. Oinus, K. Praakle, M. Roasto, A. Vuks, M. Attila, H. Saloniemi.............91 Grass, barley, grass and maize silages produced with or without selenium enriched fertilizers and offered to Belgian Blue suckling cows: a 3 years survey, J.F. Cabaraux, S. Paeffgen, J.L. Hornick, N. Schoonheere, L. Istasse, I. Dufrasne....................................................................................................92 The use of the selenised yeast additive Sel-Plex® in dairy cow diets, Richard Phipps, Andrew Jones, Darren Juniper, Gérard Bertin.................93 Examination of selenium tolerance in dairy cows receiving a selenised yeast supplement – Sel-Plex®, Richard Phipps, Andrew Jones, Darren Juniper, Gérard Bertin...............................................................................................94 Selenium in white clover grass pasture for grazing lambs, Riitta Sormunen-Cristian, Päivi Nykänen-Kurki, Lauri Jauhiainen............95 Effect of organic selenium on goose reproduction, A.A. Tverdohlebov, Tigran A. Papazyan, David A. Davtyan, Peter F. Surai..............................96 6 Analytical approaches for selenium speciation in biological materials, Joanna Szpunar, Ryszard Lobinski.............................................................97 Selenium speciation in edible tissues of animal origin, Véronique Vacchina, Sandra Mounicou, Gérard Bertin, Joanna Szpunar....................................98 Selenium levels of Estonians, Marjatta Kantola, Päivi Rauhamaa, A. Viitak, T. Kaasik, Helena Mussalo-Rauhamaa.......................................................99 The association of Glutathione Peroxidase 1 codon 198 polymorphism with prostate cancer risk and progression, Matthew Cooper, Fiona R. Green, Margaret Rayman.......................................................................................100 Prevention by Se-cysteine precursors of disturbances in glutathione pool in simulating endogenous intoxication, A.G. Moiseenok, G.V. Alfthan, V.S. Slyshenkov, T.A. Pekhovskaya, A.A. Shevalye.....................................101 Changes in glutathione peroxidase activities and glutathione system indices in rat liver and intestine in endogenous intoxication initiation under controlled selenium consumption, T.A. Pekhovskaya, V.S. Slyshenkov, V.A. Gurinovich, N.E. Petushok, A.A. Shevalye, V.A. Zaitsev, L.A. Zubarevich, A.G. Moiseenok...............................................................102 Selenium supplementation and ischemia reperfusion injury in rats, Anthony Perkins, Kylie Venardos, Glenn Harrison, John Headrick...........103 Study of the effect of Sep15 and GPx4 gene polymorphisms on prostate cancer risk, Indira Vishnubhatla, Margaret Rayman, Hans-Olov Adami, Katarina Bälter, Henrik Grönberg, Fiona R. Green...................................104 Selenium and antioxidant enzymes status in HCV/HIV patients supplemented with Antioxidant cocktail, A. Skesters, A. Silova, G. Selga, M. Sauka, N. Rusakova, T. Westermarck, Faik Atroshi...............................................105 The problems of selenium compound (food additive) safety, Sannotskiy Igor............................................................................................106 The selenium content in soil and potato tubers affected by organic fertiliza- tion, K. Borowska, J. Koper……………………..………………………...107 The selenium content and dehydrogenases activity in selected soil types of Central Poland, K. Borowska, J. Koper, H. Kabkowska-Naskret, A. Piotorowska………………………………………….…………………….108 7 History of selenium supplemented fertilization in Finland Pentti Aspila MTT Agrifood Research Finland, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, [email protected] Background History of active research on selenium can be regarded to be started in 1957 when Schwartz and Foltz demonstrated importance of selenium in rats. Coin- ciding with this Mills detected preventing nature of GSH-Px in erythrocytes. Nevertheless, it took years before function of selenium was elucidated. In 1973 Rotruck et al. were able to demonstrate the role of Se in GSH-Px en- zyme and later in 1979 Ladenstein et al. described the structure of GSH-Px. Finnish soils are naturally poor in selenium, even though not exceptionally poor. In addition, availability of selenium from soil to plants is poor due to soil properties, e.g. low soil pH and oxidation-reduction potential of soil. Therefore foods and feeds naturally grown in Finland are extremely low in selenium as was shown by Oksanen and Sandholm in 1970. Low selenium intake in animals results in high incidence of diseases related to selenium deficiency, especially in fast growing and young animals. To overcome this obstacle various treatments against selenium deficiency diseases were experi- enced after the role of selenium in nutrition was demonstrated. Early selenium supplementation in Finland Selenium has been successfully used as a treatment in preventing nutritional muscular degeneration already since early 1960’s. In Finland a decision to allow supplementing of mineral mixtures with inorganic selenium sources for feed purpose was made in 1969. This resulted in supplementing all commer- cial feeds with selenium, mainly sodium selenite, at the maximum allowed level of 0.1 mg Se/kg in total ration. This decreased in animals incidence of diseases related to selenium deficiency. However, in animals not commonly given commercial feed mixtures there were no impact. In human dietary selenium intake inorganic Se supplementation had only minor effect, because transfer of inorganic feed selenium into animal prod- ucts is poor. In 1970’s daily selenium intake of Finnish population was mainly around 30 µg per day per capita, far below recommended safe daily allowance of 50 – 200 µg. Low selenium content in domestic food products also resulted in speculations on healthiness of locally produced food. In the 8 years when grain was imported due to low domestic crop yield, human sele- nium intake increased near to level of recommended daily allowance as Varo and Koivistoinen calculated in 1981. The Finnish authorities also considered the risk that low selenium content in Finnish food products could come as a trade barrier for food exports. Rationale to increase selenium content in Finnish food After the role of selenium in physiology became better understood, several studies in humans, e.g. studies of the group lead by Salonen in 1982 and 1984, were initiated in late 1970’s to study potential health effects of low selenium intake. These studies brought up evidence of increased risk of car- diovascular diseases and cancer at low selenium intake level. This informa- tion resulted in excessive discussions in Finnish media and further to dra- matic increase of sales in selenium tablets and other special selenium prepa- rations. From the point of view of public health this was not a sustainable solution, because selenium intake was distributed extremely unevenly among the different population groups. Those people not taking extra preparations were still subject to selenium deficiency, and on the contrary some of those using these preparations in excess were facing a risk of overdosing, because the margin between the daily need and overdose is exceptionally narrow with selenium. Along with increased awareness of the role of selenium, and as various stud- ies proved necessity of selenium in nutrition, it became obvious that serious actions should be taken to convince the Finnish population of high quality of Finnish food and to remove obvious risks in the public health. There were naturally several paths to take to conclude the solution. The basic principle in defining the solution was to make it as comprehensive and safe as possible so that the whole population would have sufficient selenium intake and there would not be any risks of overdosing. Research activities for selenium fortification in fertilizers As the result of careful analysis, professor Koivistoinen being the key driving person, fortification of fertilizers used in food production chain was chosen in 1984 as the most reliable mean to raise selenium intake to sufficient and safe level for the whole population of Finland. Before this decision could be made, an extensive programme was launched to find proper means and levels for selenium fortification. This programme consisted mainly of two parts. In one part Yläranta (1985) investigated selenium transfer to plants through various means of selenium application in his extensive experiments carried 9