ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME BOO B.C. 500 B.C. 300 B.C. HOMER HIPPOCRATES AESCHYLUS PLATO Roman aqueduct completed SOPHOCLES ARISTOTLE HERODOTUS Venus de Mild EURIPIDES EUCLID created THUCYDIDES ARCHIMEDES Rome declared ARISTOPHANES a republic Peloponnesian War THE MIDDLE AGES THROUGH THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 1300 1400 THOMAS AQUINAS DANTE Reformation begin CHAUCER in Germany ERASMUS Magna Carta signed Joan of Arc at OIrrlleeaa ns MACHIAVELLI COPERNICUS The Black Death RABELAIS CALV J Gutenbergs Bible Great Books of THE Western World Columbus reaches A Chronology of the America Great Authors 1800 DESCARTES MONTESQUIEU MILTON VOLTAIRE MOLlfeRE HUME French Revolution PASCAL ROUSSEAU HUYGENS DIDEROT ADAM SMITH KANT Church bans Galileo’s teaching of Copernican doctrine GIBBON LOCKE JTAIGNE BOSWELL SPINOZA LBERT JEFFERSON RACINE CERVANTES LAVOISIER NEWTON BACON JOHN JAY SWIFT GALILEO GOETHE BERKELEY SHAKESPEARE MADISON KEPLER HAMILTON HARVEY Industrial Revolution begins HOBBES Great Books of THE Western World Mortimer J. Adler Editor in Chief 60 IMAGINATIVE LITERATURE: Selections from the Twentieth Century Clifton Fadiman, Philip W. Goetz, Associate Editors Members of the Advisory Board: Douglas Allanbrook, Jacques Barzun, Norman Cousins, John Kenneth Galbraith, Heinz Pagels, Anthony Quinton Virginia Woolf ■ Franz Kafka D. H. Lawrence ■ T. S. Eliot Eugene O’Neill ■ F. Scott Fitzgerald William Faulkner ■ Bertolt Brecht Ernest Hemingway George Orwell ■ Samuel Beckett Robert R Gwinn, Publisher, Chairman, Board of Directors Peter B. Norton, President Philip W. Goetz, Editor in Chief ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, INC. CHICAGO AUCKLAND GENEVA LONDON MADRID MANILA PARIS ROME SEOUL SYDNEY TOKYO TORONTO Virginia Woolf: To the Lighthouse first published in Great Britain in 1927 by Chatto and Windus and the Hogarth Press. Copyright © 1927 by Angelica Garnett, Virginia Bell, and Cressida Bell. Copyright 1927 by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Copyright renewed r955 by Leonard Woolf. Published by arrangement with Chatto and Windus/The Hogarth Press, Publishers, and by arrangement with Harcourt Bracejovanovich, Inc. Franz Kafka: “The Metamorphosis” from The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, translated by Willa and Edwin Muir. Copyright 1935 by Schocken Verlag, Berlin. Copyright 1946, 1948 by Schocken Books, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Schocken Books, published by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc. and by permission of Martin Seeker &c Warburg Limited. D. H. Lawrence: “The Prussian Officer” published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. This, the Cambridge Edition of the text of The Prussian Officer and Other Stories now correctly established from the original sources and first published in 1983, © the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli 1983. Permission to reproduce this text entire or in pan, or to quote from it, can be granted only by the Literary Executor of the Estate, Laurence Pollinger Ltd., 18 Maddox Street, Mayfair, London WtR oEU. Acknowledgement is made to William Heinemann Ltd. in the UK and the Viking Press in the USA, who hold the exclusive book publication rights for the work as published (copyright 1914, 1916, 1944) in their respective territories, for the authorisation granted to Cambridge University Press through the Frieda Lawrence Ravagli Estate for use of the work as published in preparing the new scholarly text. Printed in Great Britain by the University Press, Cambridge. Reprinted by arrangement with Viking Penguin, a division of Penguin Books USA Inc. T. S. Eliot: “The Waste Land” reprinted from Collected Poems 1909-1962 by T. S. Eliot, copyright 1936 by Harcourt Bracejovanovich, Inc.; copyright © 1963, 1964 by T. S. Eliot. Reprinted by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York and Faber and Faber Ltd., London. The Norton Notes to “The Waste Land” by T. S. Eliot are reprinted from The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Fourth Edition, M. H. Abrams, General Editor, by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Copyright © 1979,1974, 1968,1962 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Eugene O’Neill: “Mourning Becomes Electra” first published in Great Britain in 1931 by Jonathan Cape Limited. Copyright © 1931 by Eugene O’Neill. Copyright 1931 and renewed 1959 by Carlotta Monterey O’Neill. Reprinted from The Plays of Eugene O’Neill, by permission of Random House, Inc. and Jonathan Cape Limited. F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby. Reprinted with permission of Charles Scribner’s Sons, an imprint of Macmillan Publishing Company, and by permission of the Bodley Head and Harold Ober Associates Incorporated. Copyright 1925 by Charles Scribner’s Sons; renewed 1953 by Frances Scott Fitzgerald Lanahan. First published in 1925. First published in Great Britain in 1958 in The Bodley Head Scott Fitzgerald, Volume I. William Faulkner: “A Rose for Emily” Copyright 1930 and renewed 1958 by William Faulkner. Reprinted from Collected Stories of William Faulkner by permission of Random House, Inc. and by permission of Curtis Brown London, on behalf of Random House, Inc. Bertolt Brecht: “Mother Courage and Her Children” (Original work entitled “Mutter Courage und Ihre Kinder”). Copyright © 1940 by Arvid Englind Teaterforlag, a.b. Renewed June 1967 by Stefan S. Brecht. Copyright 1949 by Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main. Renewal Copyright by Stefan S. Brecht 1977. All Rights Reserved. English language translation by Ralph Manheim copyright © 1972 by Stefan S. Brecht. All Rights Reserved. Ernest Hemingway: “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,” reprinted with permission of Charles Scribner’s Sons, an imprint of Macmillan Publishing Company from The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. Copyright 1936 by Ernest Hemingway, renewed 1964 by Mary Hemingway. Also reprinted with the kind permission of the Trustees of the Hemingway Foreign Rights Trust. George Orwell: Animal Farm Copyright 1946 by Harcourt Bracejovanovich, Inc. Copyright renewed 1974 by Sonia Orwell. Published by arrangement with Harcourt Bracejovanovich, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Martin Seeker & Warburg Limited. Samuel Beckett: Waiting for Godot Copyright © 1954 by Grove Press, Inc., renewed 1982 by Samuel Beckett. Translated from the original French text by the author. Reprinted by special permission from the author. Caution: This play is fully protected in whole, in part, or in any form under the Copyright Laws of the United States of America, the British Empire including the Dominion of Canada, and all other countries of the Copyright Union, and is subject to royalty. 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All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-80213 International Standard Book Number: 0-85229-531-6 Manufactured in the United States of America General Contents VIRGINIA WOOLF To the Lighthouse. i FRANZ KAFKA The Metamorphosis.hi Translated by Willa and Edwin Muir D. H. LAWRENCE The Prussian Officer.147 T. S. ELIOT The Waste Land.167 EUGENE O’NEILL Mourning Becomes Electra.191 F. SCOTT FITZGERALD The Great Gatsby.2-95 WILLIAM FAULKNER A Rose for Emily.387 BERTOLT BRECHT Mother Courage and Her Children .... 397 Translated by Ralph Manheim ERNEST HEMINGWAY The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber . 451 GEORGE ORWELL Animal Farm.477 SAMUEL BECKETT Waiting for Godot.529 VIRGINIA WOOLF To the Lighthouse Biographical Note VIRGINIA WOOLF, 1882-1941 Virginia Woolf, novelist, essayist, and critic, wall. In a diary entry made while working on the is one of the foremost British authors of the book, she noted that she wanted “the sea ... to twentieth century. Along with Marcel Proust be heard all through it,” and most of its scenes and James Joyce she helped to form the con¬ have the sea prominently in view. She fashioned temporary novel. In works such as Mrs. Dal- the characters of Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay after loway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927) she her parents, portraying a wife whose beauty and used the technique of stream-of-consciousness warmth affect all around her but who exhausts to record the “myriad impressions” that the herself trying to take care of a domineering mind receives daily. and self-centered husband, eight children, and Adeline Virginia Stephen was born January many friends. 25, 1882, in Kensington, London, the second Following the death of their father, the Ste¬ daughter of a distinguished man of letters, phen children moved from fashionable Ken¬ Sir Leslie Stephen, and his second wife, Julia sington to bohemian Bloomsbury. There they Prinsep Duckworth, a woman noted for her became the center of what became known as beauty and character. The family included four the “Bloomsbury group,” a brilliant circle of children, Virginia, another daughter, Vanessa, artists and intellectuals, many of whom were and two sons, Thoby and Adrian. Because students Thoby had met at Cambridge Univer¬ Virginia’s health was delicate even as a child, sity. The group included art critics Roger Fry she was educated at home by her father, who (of whom Virginia published a biography in gave her the free run of his large library. The 1940) and Clive Bell (Vanessa’s husband) and Stephen family had produced writers for one the biographer Lytton Strachey. Dedicated to hundred years. free intellectual inquiry, the group discussed Woolf’s childhood and young adulthood the major social and literary ideas of the day, were marked by tragedy. When she was thir¬ among them socialism, homosexuality, and teen her mother died, an event that Woolf later pacifism. Editor Desmond MacCarthy wrote called “the greatest disaster that could happen.” later that the Bloomsbury group was simply a This precipitated the first of several serious number of friends “whose affection and re¬ mental breakdowns followed by a long conva¬ spect for each other ... stood the test of nearly lescence. Her half sister Stella Duckworth, who thirty years and whose intellectual candour cared for her after their mother’s death, died in [made] their company agreeable to each other.” 1897. In 1904 her dominating but well-loved fa¬ In 1912 Virginia Stephen married writer and ther died after a long and painful illness. In 1906 political activist Leonard Woolf, who made it her brother Thoby died. Both deaths caused his business to see that his wife received the Woolf immense grief and instability from which rest and quiet she needed to safeguard her del¬ she was slow to recover. She later recorded that icate health. Their married life included bouts in the writing she did after her father’s death she with her insanity and depression and at least was trying “to prove to myself that there was one attempt at suicide in 1913. Periodically she nothing wrong with me—which I was already entered nursing homes for rest and quiet when beginning to fear there was.” her mental state was especially bad. Because of Family remained important to Woolf her fragile mental health, the couple decided throughout her life. In To the Lighthouse she to remain childless. They usually maintained drew a portrait of her childhood family life at two houses, one in London, another in the the seaside summer home at St. Ives in Corn¬ country. Although finances were often tight, IX