Selected Papers With Commentary World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Published Vol. 1 Gauge Theories - Past and Future edited by R. Akhoury, B. de Wit, and P. van Nieuwenhuizen VOl. 2 Scientific Highlights in Memory of Leon Van Hove edited by F. Nicoderni VOl. 3 Selected Papers, with Commentary, of T. H. R. Skyrme edited by G. E. Brown Vol. 4 Salamfestschrift edited by A. Ali, J. Ellis and S. Randjbar-Daerni Vol. 5 Selected Papers of Abdus Salam (with Commentary) edited by A. Ali, C. Isharn, T. Kibble and Riazuddin Vol. 6 Research on Particle Imaging Detectors edited by G. Charpak VOl. 7 A Career in Theoretical Physics edited by P. W. Anderson Vol. 8 Lepton Physics at CERN and Frascati edited by N. Cabibbo Vol. 9 Quantum Mechanics, High Energy Physics and Accelerators - Selected Papers of J. S. Bell (with Commentary) edited by M. Bell, K. Gottfried and M. Veltrnan Vol. 10 How We Learn; How We Remember: Toward an Understanding of Brain and Neural Systems - Selected Papers of Leon N. Cooper edited by L. N. Cooper Vol. 11 30 Years of the Landau Institute - Selected Papers edited by 1. M. Khalatnikov and V. P. Mineev Vol. 12 Sir Nevill Mott - 65 Years in Physics edited by N. Mott and A. S. Alexandrov Vol. 13 Broken Symmetry - Selected Papers of Y. Nambu edited by T. Eguchi and K. Nishijirna Vol. 14 Reflections on Experimental Science edited by M. L. Per/ Vol. 15 Encounters in Magnetic Resonances - Selected Papers of Nicolaas Bloembergen (with Commentary) edited by N. Bloernbergen Vol. 16 Encounters in Nonlinear Optics - Selected Papers of Nicolaas Bloembergen (with Commentary) edited by N. Bloembergen Vol. 17 The Collected Works of Lars Onsager (with Commentary) edited by P. C. Hemmer, H. Holden and S. K. Ratkje Vol. 18 Selected Works of Hans A. Bethe (with Commentary) edited by Hans A. Bethe Vol. 19 Selected Scientific Papers of Sir Rudolf Peierls (with Commentary) edited by R. H. Dalitz and R. Peierls Vol. 20 The Origin of the Third Family edited by 0. Barnabei, L. Maiani, R. A. Ricci and F. R. Monaco Vol. 21 Spectroscopy with Coherent Radiation - Selected Papers of Norman F. Ramsey (with commentary) edited by N. F. Ramsey Vol. 22 A Quest for Symmetry - Selected Works of Bunji Sakita edited by K. Kikkawa, M. Virasoro and S. R. Wadia Vol. 23 Selected Papers of Kun Huang (with commentary) edited by 6.-F. Zhu Vol. 24 Subnuclear Physics - The First 50 Years: Highlights from Erice to ELN A. Zichichi; edited by 0. Barnabei, P. Pupillo and F. Roversi Monaco Vol. 25 The Creation of Quantum Chromodynamics and the Effective Energy V. N. Gribov, G. 't Hooft, G. Veneziano and V. F. Weisskopf; edited by L. N. Lipatov Vol. 26 A Quantum Legacy - Seminal Papers of Julian Schwinger edited by K. A. Milton Forthcoming The Legacy of Leon Van Hove edited by A. Giovannini In Conclusion - A Collection of Summary Talks in High Energy Physics edited by J. D. Bjorken Selected Papers of Kenneth G. Wilson edited by M. E. Peskin and B. Baaquie Selected Works of Emil Wolf (with Commentary) edited by E. Wolf - World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 27 Selected Papers With Commentary Editor Laurie M. Brown Northwestern University, USA World Scientific Singapore New Jersey. London Hong Kong Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA ofice: Suite 202, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK ojjice: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-PublicationD ata A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The editor and the publisher would like to thank the following for their assistance and their permission to reproduce the articles found in this volume: Academic Press (Ann. Phys.),A mericanPhysical Society (Phys. Rev.,P hys. Rev. Lett., Rev. Mod. Phys.),E lsevier Science Publishers B. V. (Nucl.P hys.),G ordon and Breach, Kluwer AcademicPlenum Publisher (Found. Phys.), Polish Academy of Sciences (Acta Phys. Pol.), W. H. Freeman & Co. First published 2000 Reprinted 2003 SELECTED PAPERS OF RICHARD FEYNMAN Copyright 0 2000 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, orparts thereoJ may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permissionfi-om the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01 923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 981-02-4130-5 ISBN 981-02-4131-3 (pbk) Printed in Singapore by World Scientific Printers Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA ofice: Suite 202, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK ojjice: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-PublicationD ata A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The editor and the publisher would like to thank the following for their assistance and their permission to reproduce the articles found in this volume: Academic Press (Ann. Phys.),A mericanPhysical Society (Phys. Rev.,P hys. Rev. Lett., Rev. Mod. Phys.),E lsevier Science Publishers B. V. (Nucl.P hys.),G ordon and Breach, Kluwer AcademicPlenum Publisher (Found. Phys.), Polish Academy of Sciences (Acta Phys. Pol.), W. H. Freeman & Co. First published 2000 Reprinted 2003 SELECTED PAPERS OF RICHARD FEYNMAN Copyright 0 2000 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, orparts thereoJ may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permissionfi-om the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01 923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 981-02-4130-5 ISBN 981-02-4131-3 (pbk) Printed in Singapore by World Scientific Printers vii CONTENTS Preface ....................................................................... ix Richard Phillips Feynman ....................................................... xi 1. Quantum Chemistry ....................................................... 1 I1. Classical and Quantum Electrodynamics ..................................... 7 1I.A Classical and Quantum Electrodynamics - The Space-Time View .......... 7 1I.B Action-at-a-Distance Classical Electrodynamics ........................... 33 1I.C Quantum Electrodynamics ............................................. 77 I11 . Path Integrals and Operator Calculus: QED and Other Applications ............. 173 IV . Liquid Helium ............................................................ 313 V . Physics of Elementary Particles ............................................. 415 V.A Weak Interactions (V-A Theory) ....................................... 415 V.B Partons - Quarks and Gluons ......................................... 487 VI . Quantum Gravity ......................................................... 839 VII . Computer Theory ......................................................... 921 Bibliography .................................................................. 993