ttaatt7788113355__ffmm__ii--xxxx..iinndddd PPaaggee ii 1122//1155//0077 1100::0099::5577 PPMM eeppgg //UUsseerrss//eeppgg//DDeesskkttoopp Principles of Seeley’s Anatomy & Physiology Philip Tate Phoenix College ttaatt7788113355__ffmm__ii--xxxx..iinndddd PPaaggee iiii 1122//1188//0077 44::5544::3355 AAMM eeppgg //VVoolluummeess//vvee440011//MMHHIIAA004444//mmhhttaatt11%%00//ttaatt11ffmm SEELEY'S PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QPD/QPD 0 9 8 ISBN 978–0–07—337813—8 MHID 0–07—337813—5 Publisher: Michelle Watnick Senior Sponsoring Editor: James F. Connely Vice-President New Product Launches: Michael Lange Senior Developmental Editor: Kathleen R. Loewenberg Marketing Manager: Lynn M. Breithaupt Lead Project Manager: Mary E. Powers Senior Production Supervisor: Laura Fuller Senior Freelance Design Coordinator: Michelle D. Whitaker Cover Designer: Christopher Reese (USE) Cover Image: © Corey Rich/Getty Images Cover image: An aerial dancer performs in a high angle environment while dangling from ropes. Senior Photo Research Coordinator: John C. Leland Photo Research: Jerry Marshall/pictureresearching.com Supplement Producer: Mary Jane Lampe Compositor: Aptara Typeface: 10.5/12 Minion Printer: Quebecor World Dubuque, IA The credits section for this book begins on page C-1 and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tate, Philip. Seeley’s principles of anatomy & physiology / Philip Tate. -- 1st ed. p. cm. “The hallmarks of Seeley, Stephens and Tate’s Anatomy and Physiology are retained in this first edition, but the material has been made more efficient and succinct.”--Preface. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–07–337813–8 — ISBN 0–07–337813–5 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology. 2. Human anatomy. I. Seeley, Rod R. Anatomy & physiology. II. Title. III. Title: Seeley’s principles of anatomy and physiology. IV. Title: Principles of anatomy & physiology. QP34.5.T378 2009 612--dc22 2007049854 www.mhhe.com ttaatt7788113355__ffmm__ii--xxxx..iinndddd PPaaggee iiiiii 1122//1188//0077 11::5566::1155 AAMM eeppgg //VVoolluummeess//vvee440011//MMHHIIAA004444//mmhhttaatt11%%00//ttaatt11ffmm Brief Contents 1 The Human Organism 1 20 Respiratory System 601 2 The Chemical Basis of Life 21 21 Digestive System 639 3 Cell Structures and Their Functions 45 22 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation 685 4 Tissues, Glands, and Membranes 77 23 Urinary System and Body Fluids 717 5 Integumentary System 105 24 Reproductive System 765 6 Histology and Physiology of Bones 123 25 Development and Genetics 805 7 Anatomy of Bones and Joints 147 8 Histology and Physiology of Muscles 195 Appendices 9 Gross Anatomy and Functions of Skeletal A Periodic Table of the Elements A-1 Muscles 227 B Scientific Notation A-2 10 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue 265 C Solution Concentrations A-3 11 Central and Peripheral Nervous System 297 D pH A-4 12 Integration of Nervous System Functions 341 E Answers to Review and Comprehension 13 The Special Senses 367 Questions A-5 14 Autonomic Nervous System 405 F Answers to Critical Thinking Questions A-6 15 Endocrine System 423 G Answers to Predict Questions A-18 16 Blood 463 Glossary G-1 17 Heart 487 Credits C-1 18 Blood Vessels and Circulation 519 Index I-1 19 Lymphatic System and Immunity 565 iii ttaatt7788113355__ffmm__ii--xxxx..iinndddd PPaaggee iivv 1122//1155//0077 1100::0099::5599 PPMM eeppgg //UUsseerrss//eeppgg//DDeesskkttoopp Contents Preface viii Chapter 1 Muscle Tissue 94 Axial Skeleton 149 The Human Organism Nervous Tissue 96 Appendicular Skeleton 165 Introduction 1 Membranes 97 Articulations 177 Anatomy and Physiology 2 Inflammation 97 Classes of Joints 177 Structural and Functional Tissue Repair 98 Types of Movement 182 Organization 2 Tissues and Aging 101 Description of Selected Joints 185 Characteristics of Life 4 Effects of Aging on the Joints 190 Chapter 5 Homeostasis 7 Integumentary System Chapter 8 Terminology and the Body Plan 10 Introduction 105 Histology and Physiology of Muscles Functions of the Integumentary Introduction 195 Chapter 2 System 106 Functions of the Muscular System 196 The Chemical Basis of Life Skin 106 General Functional Characteristics of Introduction 21 Subcutaneous Tissue 111 Muscle 196 Basic Chemistry 22 Accessory Skin Structures 112 Skeletal Muscle Structure 197 Chemical Reactions 28 Summary of Integumentary System Sliding Filament Model 200 Functions 116 Acids and Bases 31 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle The Integumentary System as a Fibers 202 Inorganic Chemistry 32 Diagnostic Aid 118 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle 209 Organic Chemistry 33 Skin Cancer 118 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 216 Effects of Aging on the Integumentary Chapter 3 Muscular Hypertrophy and System 120 Atrophy 218 Cell Structures and Their Functions Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle 219 Introduction 45 Chapter 6 Smooth Muscle 219 Cell Organization and Functions 46 Histology and Physiology of Bones Cardiac Muscle 222 Plasma Membrane 48 Introduction 123 Movement Through the Plasma Functions of the Skeletal System 124 Chapter 9 Membrane 49 Cartilage 124 Gross Anatomy and Functions of Cytoplasm 58 Bone Histology 125 Skeletal Muscles The Nucleus and Cytoplasmic Bone Anatomy 128 Introduction 227 Organelles 59 Bone Development 130 General Principles 228 Protein Synthesis 65 Bone Growth 132 Head and Neck Muscles 232 Cell Division 69 Bone Remodeling 136 Trunk Muscles 239 Differentiation 72 Bone Repair 139 Scapular and Upper Limb Muscles 244 Calcium Homeostasis 140 Hip and Lower Limb Muscles 253 Chapter 4 Effects of Aging on the Skeletal Bodybuilding 261 Tissues, Glands, and Membranes System 141 Introduction 77 Chapter 10 Tissues and Histology 78 Chapter 7 Functional Organization of Embryonic Tissue 78 Anatomy of Bones and Joints Nervous Tissue Epithelial Tissue 78 Introduction 147 Introduction 265 Connective Tissue 86 General Considerations of Bones 148 Functions of the Nervous System 266 iv ttaatt7788113355__ffmm__ii--xxxx..iinndddd PPaaggee vv 1122//1188//0077 11::5566::1166 AAMM eeppgg //VVoolluummeess//vvee440011//MMHHIIAA004444//mmhhttaatt11%%00//ttaatt11ffmm Contents v Parts of the Nervous System 266 Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous The Heart and Homeostasis 510 System 411 Cells of the Nervous System 267 Effects of Aging on the Heart 513 Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous Organization of Nervous Tissue 271 System 416 Chapter 18 Electric Signals 271 Functional Generalizations About the Blood Vessels and Circulation The Synapse 283 Autonomic Nervous System 418 Introduction 519 Neuronal Pathways and Circuits 292 Functions of the Peripheral Chapter 15 Chapter 11 Circulation 520 Endocrine System Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems General Features of Blood Vessel Introduction 423 Structure 520 Introduction 297 Overview of the Endocrine Pulmonary Circulation 525 Spinal Cord 298 System 424 Systemic Circulation: Arteries 525 Reflexes 302 Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus 433 Systemic Circulation: Veins 535 Nerves 306 Thyroid Gland 439 Physiology of Circulation 544 Brainstem 314 Parathyroid Glands 444 Control of Blood Flow 549 Cerebellum 316 Adrenal Glands 445 Regulation of Mean Arterial Diencephalon 317 Pancreas 450 Pressure 551 Cerebrum 319 Hormonal Regulation of Nutrients 453 Examples of Cardiovascular Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Testes and Ovaries 454 Regulation 557 Fluid 322 Pineal Body 454 Blood Supply to the Brain 327 Chapter 19 Other Endocrine Organs 455 Cranial Nerves 327 Lymphatic System and Immunity Hormonelike Substances 457 Introduction 565 Chapter 12 Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System 457 Lymphatic System 566 Integration of Nervous System Functions Immunity 572 Chapter 16 Innate Immunity 574 Introduction 341 Blood Adaptive Immunity 578 Sensation 342 Introduction 463 Immune Interactions 589 Control of Skeletal Muscles 350 Functions and Composition of Immunotherapy 589 Other Brain Functions 356 Blood 464 Acquired Immunity 591 Effects of Aging of the Nervous Plasma 465 System 361 Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic Formed Elements 465 System and Immunity 596 Chapter 13 Preventing Blood Loss 470 Special Senses Chapter 20 Blood Grouping 475 Respiratory System Introduction 367 Diagnostic Blood Tests 479 Olfaction 368 Introduction 601 Taste 369 Chapter 17 Functions of the Respiratory System 602 Visual System 370 The Heart Anatomy and Histology of the Hearing and Balance 387 Introduction 487 Respiratory System 602 Effects of Aging on the Special Functions of the Heart 488 Ventilation 613 Senses 399 Location, Shape, and Size of the Measurement of Lung Function 617 Heart 488 Chapter 14 Gas Exchange in the Lungs 619 Anatomy of the Heart 489 Autonomic Nervous System Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in Histology of the Heart 497 the Blood 620 Introduction 405 Electrical Activity of the Heart 498 Regulation of Ventilation 626 Contrasting the Somatic and Autonomic Cardiac Cycle 503 Nervous Systems 406 Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise 631 Mean Arterial Blood Pressure 508 Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System 406 Regulation of the Heart 509 System 631 ttaatt7788113355__ffmm__ii--xxxx..iinndddd PPaaggee vvii 1122//1188//0077 22::3388::5577 AAMM eeppgg //VVoolluummeess//vvee440011//MMHHIIAA004444//mmhhttaatt11%%00//ttaatt11ffmm vi Contents Chapter 21 Metabolic Rate 707 Physiology of the Female Reproductive Digestive System Body Temperature Regulation 710 System 790 Effects of Aging on the Reproductive Introduction 639 Chapter 23 System 799 Functions of the Digestive System 640 Urinary System and Body Fluids Histology of the Digestive Tract 640 Chapter 25 Introduction 717 Peritoneum 641 Development and Genetics Functions of the Urinary System 718 Oral Cavity 643 Introduction 805 Kidney Anatomy and Histology 718 Pharynx 647 Prenatal Development 806 Urine Production 723 Esophagus 648 Labor 826 Hormonal Regulation of Urine Swallowing 648 The Newborn 828 Concentration and Volume 734 Stomach 650 Lactation 831 Urine Movement 739 Small Intestine 656 Genetics 832 Effects of Aging on the Kidneys 742 Liver and Gallbladder 659 Body Fluids 743 Pancreas 664 Regulation of Intracellular Fluid Appendices Large Intestine 667 Composition 744 Digestion, Absorption, and Regulation of Body Fluid Concentration A Periodic Table of the Transport 671 and Volume 745 Elements A-1 Effects of Aging on the Digestive Regulation of Specific Electrolytes in the B Scientific Notation A-2 System 676 Extracellular Fluid 747 C Solution Concentrations A-3 Regulation of Acid–Base Balance 752 Chapter 22 D pH A-4 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Chapter 24 Regulation E Answers to Review and Reproductive System Comprehension Questions A-5 Introduction 685 Introduction 765 F Answers to Critical Thinking Nutrition 686 Functions of the Reproductive Questions A-6 Metabolism 695 System 766 Carbohydrate Metabolism 696 Meiosis 766 G Answers to Predict Questions A-18 Lipid Metabolism 703 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System 767 Protein Metabolism 704 Physiology of the Male Reproductive Interconversion of Nutrient Glossary G-1 System 776 Molecules 705 Credits C-1 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive Metabolic States 707 System 781 Index I-1 ttaatt7788113355__ffmm__ii--xxxx..iinndddd PPaaggee vviiii 1122//1155//0077 1100::1100::0000 PPMM eeppgg //UUsseerrss//eeppgg//DDeesskkttoopp About the Author Philip Tate earned a B.S. in zoology, a B.S. in mathematics, and an M.S. in ecology at San Diego State University; and a Doctor of Arts (D.A.) in biological education from Idaho State University. He is an award-winning instructor who has taught a wide spectrum of students at the four-year and community college levels. Phil has served as the annual conference coordinator, president-elect, president, and past president of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS). He presently teaches anatomy and physiology at Phoenix College in Phoenix, Arizona. D E D I C A T I O N To those who study, teach, and use the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. vii ttaatt7788113355__ffmm__ii--xxxx..iinndddd PPaaggee vviiiiii 1122//1188//0077 11::5566::1188 AAMM eeppgg //VVoolluummeess//vvee440011//MMHHIIAA004444//mmhhttaatt11%%00//ttaatt11ffmm Preface For Whom Is This Book Written? “I really enjoyed the book. It was well written and I think students will like it. In this chapter, there was actually a lot Principles of Anatomy and Physiology is written for the two- semester more covered than I thought would be for a ‘shorter’ text.” anatomy and physiology course. The writing is comprehensive enough to provide the background necessary for those courses not —Teresa Alvarez, St. Louis Community College requiring prerequisites, and yet is concise so as not to confuse and —Forest Park overwhelm the reader. Clear descriptions and exceptional illustra- tions combine with ample clinical information to help students How Will This Book’s Features develop a solid understanding of the concepts of anatomy and Benefit Me? physiology and how that knowledge relates to the medical world. Relevant clinical coverage means your Why a “Streamlined” Text? students will “get” the connection to their Instructors: how often have you tried to cover all of the material in future careers. your current textbook, but in the end, had to skip a section or chap- ter? And students: are you struggling with knowing what parts of Examples of diseases, responses to exercise, clinical case studies, the book are necessary to retain and understand, and what is just aging, and environmental conditions are all used to explain how “extra”? Principles of Anatomy and Physiology is designed to help our bodies function and to understand the consequences when students develop a basic understanding of the concepts of anatomy systems do not operate normally. These conditions are also used to and physiology without overwhelming them with chatty anecdotes enhance comprehension of the relationship between structure and or in-depth coverage that may be too detailed for their needs. The function. Brief, real-life Case Studies combined with Clinical hallmarks of Seeley, Stephens and Tate’s Anatomy and Physiology Asides, the more in-depth Clinical Relevance Readings, and the are retained in this first edition, but the material has been made Systems Interactions pages, provide a thorough clinical education more efficient and succinct. For example, coverage of a particular that fully supports the textual material. topic that may span six to nine pages in another text could result in “This is one place where you’ve outdone Tortora. Your clinical only four pages in this book because of combined art, limited boxed material is outstanding, and I like the fact that some of it is readings, and careful scrutiny of necessary detail. illustrated.” “The more chapters I read, the more I like the streamlined —Beverly P. Kirk, Northeast Mississippi Community College approach the author is taking in this text. A frequent comment Integrated critical thinking will help students from our students is that they have trouble wading through the details and figuring out which they are ‘required’ to know, as make progress in comprehension. opposed to being supplementary.” Because instructors realize that recall isn’t enough and that learning —Susan Spencer, Mt. Hood Community College needs to be developed and applied, Tate’s Anatomy and Physiology employs a critical thinking and problem-solving approach throughout What’s Different About This each chapter. No longer just a catch phrase, critical thinking is recog- nized as a necessity for those students entering health-related careers. Anatomy and Physiology Book? At every opportunity, the author encourages students to apply infor- mation they have learned to practical “real life” scenarios. Abundant As mentioned earlier, the same popular features that the anatomy clinical content, step-by-step Process Figures, in-chapter Review and and physiology text by Seeley, Stephens, and Tate is known for can Predict Questions, macro-to-micro art, unique Homeostasis Summary still be found in this “principles” textbook: realistic and beautifully Figures, cadaver images, and Bloom’s Taxonomy based end-of-chapter rendered figures; problem-solving and critical thinking emphasis; questions all combine to make this a textbook that is focused on help- and clear, straight-forward writing. So how is this textbook differ- ing students test their comprehension and learn to solve problems. ent? The explanations have been shortened, examples have been reduced to perhaps just one, multiple figures have been combined “Excellent critical thinking questions in this chapter! I normally into one or two, and many boxed readings have been eliminated. do not assign homework to the students, but I may use some of The result is a shorter, simplified textbook that covers all of the the questions listed as applications during lecture.” major points found in more lengthy texts, but is easier to read —Claudia Stanescu, University of Arizona and is more economical in price. viii ttaatt7788113355__ffmm__ii--xxxx..iinndddd PPaaggee iixx 1122//1188//0077 11::5566::1199 AAMM eeppgg //VVoolluummeess//vvee440011//MMHHIIAA004444//mmhhttaatt11%%00//ttaatt11ffmm Preface ix Exceptional art depicts important structure Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. These books are the founda- and function principles and offers another tion of Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Rod and Trent are much more than colleagues—they are my mentors and my friends. perspective to learning. The encouragement and support of my family has been “Accuracy, Consistency, and Depth of Detail” are the guidelines for essential for the completion of this project. My mother, Billie, every piece of art in this textbook. Attractive and clearly presented, the deserves special thanks and praise. visual program enhances comprehension in a number of ways: tables It is difficult to adequately acknowledge the contributions of are often combined with illustrations, relevant photos are side-by-side all the people who have guided the book through its various stages with drawings, cadaver photos are included where appropriate, step- of development. I wish to express my gratitude to the staff of by-step Process Figures explain physiological processes, and the McGraw-Hill for their assistance, especially Publisher Michelle distinctive Homeostasis Summary Figures include explanations that Watnick and Senior Sponsoring Editor Jim Connely for encourag- are necessary to understand mechanisms and their roles in the main- ing me to undertake this project, and Senior Developmental Editor tenance of homeostasis. Images are rendered in a contemporary style Kathy Loewenberg for her suggestions and help. and are coordinated so that colors and styles of structures in multiple The efforts of many people are required to produce a mod- figures are consistent with one another throughout the book. ern textbook. The dedicated work of the entire project team is greatly appreciated. Thanks to Managing Editor Mary Powers, “The artwork is excellent. Several key processes (and a few Senior Project Manager Brenda Trone, and Project Manager Carole anatomical features) are presented in more detail via figures, with Kuhn. Their efficiency and professionalism has lightened my load. brief discussions in the actual text. I prefer this since it allows the Thanks are gratefully offered to Copy Editor Debra DeBord students to view the process as they follow along with the written for carefully polishing my words. steps. The number and placement of figures were great.” I also thank the illustrators who worked on the development and execution of the illustration program. I appreciate their contri- —Paul Florence, Jefferson Community and Technical College bution to the overall appearance and pedagogical value of the illustrations. Clear and concise writing results in to-the- Finally, I sincerely thank the reviewers and the instructors point language, helping students determine who have provided me with excellent constructive criticism. The remuneration they received represents only a token payment for priority of importance. their efforts. To conscientiously review a textbook requires a true Perhaps the central difference between this textbook and all other commitment and dedication to excellence in teaching. Their helpful two-semester anatomy and physiology textbooks is its advantage of criticisms and suggestions for improvement were significant contri- being briefer and less expensive while keeping all of the necessary butions that I greatly appreciate. I acknowledge them by name in the content students need. How was this done? The text was rewritten next section. Special thanks to Angela Mick at Glendale Community to cover all essential learning objectives needed for clear and com- College in Arizona, for her help in organizing the reviews. plete explanations, while reducing or eliminating additional in- —Philip Tate depth coverage. This has been accomplished by the author being more efficient and simplifying where possible. All of the major Reviewers concepts found in more lengthy texts have been made, but they are easier to absorb because they’re shorter and more to the point. Teresa Alvarez Glenn M. Fox St. Louis Community College Jackson Community College “The discussion of osmosis is one of the best I’ve read Forest Park Chaya Gopalan in a long time. Since this concept is important in the Jerry D. Barton II St. Louis Community College understanding of many other concepts (respiration, renal, Tarrant County College–South Virginia Irintcheva capillary dynamics), I feel it should be well understood.” Campus Black Hawk College —Lois Brewer Borek, Georgia State University J. Gordon Betts Beverly P. Kirk Tyler Junior College Northeast Mississippi “This chapter does a very good job tackling several very Lois Brewer Borek Community College difficult topics including resting membrane potential and the Georgia State University Paul Luyster acting potential. It does so directly and with minimal jargon. Danielle Desroches Tarrant County College District The text does an excellent job of meeting our student needs.” William Paterson University W. J. McCracken —William Stewart, Middle Tennessee State University of New Jersey Tallahassee Community College Martha R. Eshleman Robert W. McMullen Acknowledgments Pulaski Technical College Pikes Peak Community College First and foremost, it is my pleasure to acknowledge Rod Seeley and Paul Florence Scott Murdoch Trent Stephens. For over a quarter of a century we have collaborated Jefferson Community & Moraine Valley Community to write eight editions of Anatomy and Physiology and six editions of Technical College College