The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 82 Series Editors: Damià Barceló · Andrey G. Kostianoy Alexander P. Lisitsyn Liudmila L. Demina Editors Sedimentation Processes in the White Sea The White Sea Environment Part II The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Founding Editor: Otto Hutzinger (cid:1) Editors-in-Chief: Damia Barcelo´ (cid:129) Andrey G. Kostianoy Volume 82 Advisory Editors: Jacob de Boer, Philippe Garrigues, Ji-Dong Gu, Kevin C. Jones, Thomas P. Knepper, Alice Newton, Donald L. Sparks Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/698 Sedimentation Processes in the White Sea The White Sea Environment Part II Volume Editors: Alexander P. Lisitsyn (cid:1) Liudmila L. Demina With contributions by T. N. Alexсeeva (cid:1) D. F. Budko (cid:1) O. M. Dara (cid:1) L. L. Demina (cid:1) I.V.Dotsenko(cid:1)Y.A.Fedorov(cid:1)A.A.Klyuvitkin(cid:1)A.I.Kochenkova(cid:1) M. D. Kravchishina (cid:1) A. P. Lisitsyn (cid:1) I. A. Nemirovskaya (cid:1) Y. A. Novichkova (cid:1) A. N. Novigatsky (cid:1) A. E. Ovsepyan (cid:1) N. V. Politova (cid:1) Y. I. Polyakova (cid:1) A. E. Rybalko (cid:1) V. A. Savitskiy (cid:1) L.R.Semyonova (cid:1) V.P.Shevchenko (cid:1) M.Y.Tokarev (cid:1) A.Yu.Lein (cid:1) V. A. Zhuravlyov (cid:1) A. A. Zimovets Editors AlexanderP.Lisitsyn LiudmilaL.Demina ShirshovInst.ofOceanology ShirshovInst.ofOceanology RussianAcademyofSciences RussianAcademyofSciences Moscow,Russia Moscow,Russia ISSN1867-979X ISSN1616-864X (electronic) TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry ISBN978-3-030-05110-5 ISBN978-3-030-05111-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05111-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018964918 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Editors-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Dami(cid:1)a Barcelo´ Prof. Dr. Andrey G. Kostianoy DepartmentofEnvironmentalChemistry ShirshovInstituteofOceanology IDAEA-CSIC RussianAcademyofSciences C/JordiGirona18–26 36,NakhimovskyPr. 08034Barcelona,Spain 117997Moscow,Russia and [email protected] CatalanInstituteforWaterResearch(ICRA) H20Building ScientificandTechnologicalParkofthe UniversityofGirona EmiliGrahit,101 17003Girona,Spain [email protected] Advisory Editors Prof. Dr. Jacob de Boer IVM, VrijeUniversiteit Amsterdam,The Netherlands Prof. Dr. Philippe Garrigues Universityof Bordeaux,France Prof. Dr. Ji-Dong Gu The Universityof HongKong,China Prof. Dr. Kevin C. Jones Universityof Lancaster, UnitedKingdom Prof. Dr. Thomas P. Knepper Universityof AppliedScience, Fresenius,Idstein, Germany Prof. Dr. Alice Newton Universityof Algarve, Faro,Portugal Prof. Dr. Donald L. Sparks Plant and SoilSciences, Universityof Delaware, USA The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry is included in Springer’s eBook packageEarthandEnvironmentalScience. Ifalibrarydoes notoptfor thewhole package,thebookseriesmaybeboughtonasubscriptionbasis. ForallcustomerswhohaveastandingordertotheprintversionofTheHandbook ofEnvironmentalChemistry,weofferfreeaccesstotheelectronicvolumesofthe SeriespublishedinthecurrentyearviaSpringerLink.Ifyoudonothaveaccess,you canstillviewthetableofcontentsofeachvolumeandtheabstractofeacharticleon SpringerLink(www.springerlink.com/content/110354/). Youwillfindinformationaboutthe – EditorialBoard – AimsandScope – InstructionsforAuthors – SampleContribution atspringer.com(www.springer.com/series/698). Allfiguressubmittedincolorarepublishedinfullcolorintheelectronicversionon SpringerLink. Aims and Scope Since 1980, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry has provided sound and solid knowledge about environmental topics from a chemical perspective. Presenting a wide spectrum of viewpoints and approaches, the series now covers topics such as local and global changes of natural environment and climate; anthropogenicimpactontheenvironment;water,airandsoilpollution;remediation and waste characterization; environmental contaminants; biogeochemistry; geo- ecology;chemicalreactionsandprocesses;chemicalandbiologicaltransformations as well as physical transport of chemicals in the environment; or environmental modeling. A particular focus of the series lies on methodological advances in environmentalanalyticalchemistry. vii Series Preface Withremarkablevision,Prof. OttoHutzingerinitiatedTheHandbook ofEnviron- mentalChemistry in1980andbecamethe foundingEditor-in-Chief.Atthattime, environmental chemistry was an emerging field, aiming at a complete description of the Earth’s environment, encompassing the physical, chemical, biological, and geologicaltransformationsofchemicalsubstancesoccurringonalocalaswellasa global scale. Environmental chemistry was intended to provide an account of the impact of man’s activities on the natural environment by describing observed changes. Whileaconsiderableamountofknowledgehasbeenaccumulatedoverthelast three decades, as reflected in the more than 70 volumes of The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, there are still many scientific and policy challenges ahead due to the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the field. The series will therefore continue to provide compilations of current knowledge. Contribu- tions are written by leading experts with practical experience in their fields. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry grows with the increases in our scientific understanding, and provides a valuable source not only for scientists but also for environmental managers and decision-makers. Today, the series covers a broad rangeofenvironmentaltopicsfromachemicalperspective,includingmethodolog- icaladvancesinenvironmentalanalyticalchemistry. Inrecentyears,therehasbeenagrowingtendencytoincludesubjectmatterof societal relevance in the broad view of environmental chemistry. Topics include life cycle analysis, environmental management, sustainable development, and socio-economic, legal and even political problems, among others. While these topics are of great importance for the development and acceptance of The Hand- bookofEnvironmentalChemistry,thepublisherandEditors-in-Chiefhavedecided tokeepthehandbookessentiallyasourceofinformationon“hardsciences”witha particular emphasis on chemistry, but also covering biology, geology, hydrology andengineeringasappliedtoenvironmentalsciences. Thevolumesoftheseriesarewrittenatanadvancedlevel,addressingtheneeds ofbothresearchersandgraduatestudents,aswellasofpeopleoutsidethefieldof ix x SeriesPreface “pure” chemistry, including those in industry, business, government, research establishments, and public interest groups. It would be very satisfying to see these volumes used as a basis for graduate courses in environmental chemistry. Withitshighstandardsofscientificqualityandclarity,TheHandbookofEnviron- mental Chemistry provides a solid basis from which scientists can share their knowledge on the different aspects of environmental problems, presenting a wide spectrumofviewpointsandapproaches. TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistryisavailablebothinprintandonline via www.springerlink.com/content/110354/. Articles are published online as soon as they have been approved for publication. Authors, Volume Editors and Editors-in-Chief are rewarded by the broad acceptance of The Handbook of Envi- ronmentalChemistrybythescientificcommunity,fromwhomsuggestionsfornew topicstotheEditors-in-Chiefarealwaysverywelcome. Dami(cid:1)aBarcelo´ AndreyG.Kostianoy Editors-in-Chief Preface ThebookTheWhiteSeaEnvironmentintheseries“TheHandbookofEnvironment Chemistry” contains the most important results of multiannual investigations conducted by the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences over 2001–2016. Part II of this book aims to join results of the multidisciplinary researches of sedimentation processes in the White Sea. The long-term investigations in a small Arctic sea, as the White Sea is, have revealed new regularities of sedimentation processes which are characteristic of the sub- Arcticzones. InPartII,forthefirsttime,theinsitusedimentationprocessesintheWhiteSea were studied with the automatic deep-water observatories of sedimentation (AGOS).Thisledustoestimatecontributionofsedimentarymatteroverdifferent timescales: months, seasons, and years. The mineral, grain-size, isotopic, and elementalcomposition,includingcertainbiogeochemicalproxies,havebeenstud- ied in both dispersed (suspended particulate matter and vertical fluxes of settling particles) and consolidated (bottom sediments) forms of sedimentary matter. It allowed us to estimate the biogeochemical processes of transformation, which take place within the water column in such key areas of the White Sea as the riverine–seawaterinterface. The development history in Holocene and a three-member structure of the Quaternary cover have been revealed. Environmental conditions versus abundance and species composition of microalgae associations have been studied inbottomsediments,whichimprovedourknowledgeaboutrelationshipsbetween different ecosystem components. The mineral phases of sedimentary matter at different stages of sediment formation have been documented. A specific character of the early diagenesis was revealed, as well as regularities of heavy metal accumulation, including the most toxic mercury, as well as aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bottom sediments of different areas ofthesub-ArcticWhiteSea. This book is addressed to the specialists working in various fields of environ- mentalproblems,especiallyinmarinegeology,ecology,andbiogeochemistry. xi