Seder Stories – anthology collected by Noam Zion 2014 David Hartman on Liberating the Seder The haggadah was meant to facilitate lively dialogue. Unfortunately seder too often becomes rote reading to "zoom" through, rather than a drama of creative roles. Don't let the printed word paralyze the imagination. Talk. Discuss. You are free. This haggadah invites you to shape your own seder. Beware of Complaining about Boring Seders [In medieval Catholic Europe] religion was not a laughing matter, at least for the officials assigned to enforce orthodoxy. They did not treat even trivial jokes lightly. In France, a villager named Isambard was arrested for having exclaimed, when a friar announced after mass that he would say a few words about God, "The fewer the better." In Spain, a tailor named Garcia Lopez, coming out of church just after the priest had announced the long schedule of services for the coming week, quipped that: "When we were Jews, we were bored stiff by one Passover each year, and now each day seems to be a Passover and feast-day." Garcia Lopez was denounced to the Inquisition. (Steven Greenblatt, The Swerve, 236) I. Choosing a Haggadah and a Coffee Experience: The Maxwell House Haggadah versus the "Starbucks" Haggadah II.Dipping: Matza, Maror, Saltwater and Haroset III.Ha Lahma Anya – This is the bread of affliction IV.Questions – Ma Nishtana V.We were Slaves - Retelling the Exodus Then and Now Ethiopian and Russian Aliyah Stories VI.Profiles in Courage, Empathy, and Resistance: Moses and those who have Followed in His Footsteps – 1 VII.Four Children VIII.Symposium on Slavery and Freedom – My Father was a Wandering Aramean XI.Had Gadya X. Dayenu XII.Next Year in Jerusalem Postscript: After the Seder: A Night at the Movies – American Seder Films Appendix: The Urgency of Storytelling 2 I. Choosing a Haggadah and a Coffee Experience: Maxwell House Haggadah versus the Starbucks Haggadah Maxwell House Hagaddah: Good to the Last Page by Joan Alpert In 1923, when Maxwell House Coffee signed on with the Joseph Jacobs Advertising agency in New York, it was already a legend. Theodore Roosevelt supposedly drank a cup in 1907 at the Nashville hotel for which it was named, proclaiming it “good to the last drop.” Fortune smiled even more on the brand when Jacobs conceived a plan to entice American Jews to serve the coffee at their Seders. First, he lined up a prominent rabbi to assure Jews that coffee beans were not forbidden legumes but fruit. Then he convinced his client to underwrite America’s first mass- marketed Haggadah. When it appeared in 1934, free with the purchase of a can of coffee, the Maxwell House Haggadah swiftly revolutionized how American Jews celebrated Passover. Until the coffee company moved into publishing, Haggadahs were fluid in text and format. “Local custom ruled liturgy,” says Rabbi Burton L. Visotsky, a Jewish Theological Seminary professor. “Maxwell House did more to codify Jewish liturgy than any force in history.” The new Haggadah was widely accepted, in part due to the quality of its Hebrew, says Rabbi Robert Harris, an associate professor at the Seminary. The Hebrew is based on the work of Wolf Heidenheim, famous Hebrew liturgical scholar and author of an acclaimed 1800 Hebrew-German prayerbook. The Haggadah’s English translation was also a draw because second and third-generation American Jews were losing their ability to read Hebrew, says Rabbi Carole Balin, Jewish history professor at Hebrew Union College. The Haggadah’s format, with parallel columns of Hebrew and English, made it easy to follow. Carole Balin points out another reason for its longevity: It’s innocuous without “controversial commentaries,” she says. American consumers also liked the Maxwell House Haggadah because it was readily available at groceries, lightweight and small enough for a child to hold and simple to store. But its popularity was not exclusive to the American market: Copies made their way to secular Israeli kibbutzim and far-flung military bases and were smuggled during the 1970s to Soviet refuseniks, who cherished them, sometimes as their only Jewish possession. Kraft, the most recent in a line of conglomerates to own Maxwell House, continues to publish the Haggadah. Little, other than the graphics, has changed over the decades. In the 1960s, the English translation was modernized and a Hebrew transliteration added. In the 1990s, the words “Next Year in Jerusalem” were moved from before the fourth cup of wine to the end of the Haggadah. 3 Today more than 4,000 different Haggadahs are in print and many more are self-published. Still, one million copies of the Maxwell House version were printed in 2009 for distribution to chains such as Shop Rite in New York, Albertsons on the west coast and Publix in south Florida, according to Elie Rosenfeld, chief operating officer of Joseph Jacobs. Approximately 50 million copies have been printed over the past 75 years, he adds. “It seems a bit odd today that a religious text bears the name of a commercial concern,” says Jenna Weissman Joselit, author of The Wonders of America: Reinventing Jewish Culture, 1880- 1950, but back in the ’30s, it was exciting that a “big corporate entity, not one owned by a Jewish family, literally put its name to a Haggadah.” It affirmed the “possibility of being Jewish in America.”(Joan Alpert) The Starbucks Haggadah The A Different Night is as different from the Maxwell House Haggadah as the Starbucks coffee experience is from the old fashion Maxwell House coffee. Maxwell ouse offers one taste – with or without sugar and cream, but Starbucks offers many options so each visit is a new choice. A Different Night does not prescribe a particular seder in a particular order, but a menu from which one mixes and matches differently each year II. Dipping , Saltwater, Haroset and Matza Kadesh urhatz The rhymed order of ritual activities of the seder may be associated with hand motions. Each one receives a card with on ritual and invents a hand signal, then all sing and make hand motions. Icebreaker: What part of my body do I bring to the seder? I bring my ears to hear Moses’ Let My People Go. I bring my legs to run free. I bring my fingernails caked with clay t recall my enslavement as brickmaker I bring my arms to carry my infant through the desert into freedom etc Back to the Salt Mines: Seder Dipping and the Holocaust Here is something that we do at my Seders every year to bring the reality of my mother's Holocaust experience into the Seder in a tangible way and to emphasize the sense that many 4 tyrants have attempted to destroy us, but that HaShem has saved us repeatedly as a people. Here is the story they goes along with that salt: During the Holocaust one of my mother’s seven camps was Beendorf. This was a salt mine that was 1200 feet below ground and was used to build the guidance systems for the V-1 & V-2 rockets shot over at Britain. By the time my mother was working in this camp, she was suffering from malnutrition. Old wounds on her leg from years before, which had long since scarred over, suddenly reopened due to vitamin deficiency. Walking through the mine, the kicked up salt dust would get into the wounds and sting terribly. Yet, the salt also acted as a disinfectant , keeping the wounds from getting infected. In approximately 1987, before the East Germans flooded that mine with nuclear waste, they invited survivors back for a final visit. My mother went down into the mine and while there, an engineer guide broke off some of the salt crystals for her from the wall of the mine to take as a memento. My mother brought the salt crystals back to the United States. Every Passover we scrape a little bit of that salt (along with a larger amount of table salt) into the bowl for our saltwater - now truly the tears of slavery! Bekhol dor vador l'kahloteinu - (Jonathan Lyon, Berkeley)1 Drinking from the Handwashing Cup Seders have strict and surprising protocols and yet participation in a Passover meal is open to all whether or not they have expertise in the special table manner s of the Seder. Those with less traditional knowledge often make unintentional mistakes and those more knowledgable must find ways to handle such breaches of halakhic etiquette without shaming the guest who errs. Daniel, a psychologist who specializes in trauma treatment in Jerusalem, reports the tale told of his grandfather a modern Orthodox rabbi in Lucern in Switzerland. Once he invites Christian minister to his home. Before dipping karpas in salt water the custom is to pass around at the table a cup of water used as a pitcher to wash one’s hands ceremonially. The pitcher was first offered to the guest who took it in his hands and brought it to his mouth to drink the water instead of washing his hands. The rabbi who was his host refrained from correcting this error lest it embarrass the guest. Instead he too took the cup in his turn and drank from it as did all the Jews at 1 Jonathan's mother could had no sense of smell, as he recalls, and she traced it back to Auschwitz where she puked for three days due to the stench of death. Then she adjusted when she lost her sense of smell. In Auschwitz she worked in Canada where clothes of the dead were sorted until the liquidation of the camp when she was loaded on a truck for the gas chambers. But the Polish driver told her he would leave the backdoor open and so she jumped, hid in a ravine and escaped. Upon her return to Auschwitz 40 years later with her husband, she found the ravine and in it were marigolds. She gathered a bunch and remarked to her husband that there was strange smell. He remarked – it is either my after shave or the flowers. Her sense of smell had returned. 5 the table. As the Rabbis say: “Better to be cast into an oven than to shame one’s fellow in public” (TB Ketubot 67b)2 Jewish Vengeance: Starving the Egyptians Daniel Moses, director of Seeds for Peace, invited his friend Fatima from Egypt to his uncle's religious seder in Jerusalem. He told her that it would be long and she ought to eat before coming but she dismissed his warning. As seder began at 8.00 when it was dark and developed with many discussions she began to get quite hungry and nudged Daniel asking when they would eat. The parsley was no great treat with salt water. Finally, finally they got to the meal and everyone ate matza. Ugh! She was so disappointed and hungry. Later when his uncle learned she was Egyptian he apologized profusely and hoped you would not take personally anything said about the Egyptians at the seder. Shfokh Hamatkha - Pour out Your Wrath The Lord will pour out his vengeance on the oppressors of the poor and needy, that keep back the hire of the labourer by fraud and violence, which (by the by) is entered into the ears of the Lord of the Saboath [armies, hosts], whose voice is, “go to now, ye rich men, howl and weep, for the miseries that shall come upon you. Your riches are corrupted; your gold and silver is cankered; and the rust of them shall be a witness against you, and shall eat your flesh like fire, and be as burning metal in your bowels." The Symbolism of Matza in US Army in World War Two "Matzah" - Across Europe, even in the darkest days of World War II, enlisted men observed Passover and attended Seders. In many ways, the themes of Passover resonated with servicemen of all types, Jew and non-Jew alike. Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, Commander of the United States Fifth Army, addressed Jewish soldiers attending a Seder in Naples, Italy, in April of 1944 with the following message drawn from the festival's Bread of affliction'': “Tonight you are eating unleavened bread just as your forebears ate unleavened bread. Because the Exodus came so quickly the dough had no time to rise. There was a time of unleavened bread in this war. The time when it looked as though we 2 In 2013 the descendants of the Daniel Brom’s grandfather are gathering in Israel for a reunion after 50 years since his death. Over 600 direct descendants will attend many of them anti-modern Orthodox Jews (Haredim). Each branch will be asked to tell stories about the distinguished rabbinic grandfather. However the Haredim have been clear that they will not attend unless there is separate seating for men and women if anyone mentions that the grandfather was a modern Orthodox rabbi who attended the university where he receive a degree in physics or that he invited. Christians to his Seder, because that would set a bad educational example for their children. Avoiding family conflict and embarrassment often involves suppressing the truth for the sake of social peace. 6 might not have time to rise—time to raise an army and equip it, time to stop the onrush of a Germany that has already risen. But the bread has begun to rise. It started at Alamein [a battle fought in the deserts of North Africa, seen as one of the decisive victories of the war]. It was rising higher when the Fifth Army invaded Italy. It is reaching the top of the pan and soon the time will come when it will spread out and into a finished product.” (Carole Balin in My People’s Passover Haggadah edited by Lawrence Hoffman) African American Black-eyed Peas and Pork: “Watch Night Services” and the 100th Day I grew up being served by my mother, every New Year’s Day, “black eyed peas” and “chitterlings” (pork intestines, which I DID NOT eat as a kid and will not eat to this day) only because these dishes were reminders of the brutal slave experience (Now, my kids WILL NOT eat black eyed peas!). I always have been taught as an African American (AA) that “New Year’s Eve” was more than just bringing in a New Year. I was taught that in 1862, AA churches started what is called “Watch Night Services” (Church services that bring in the New Year, still practiced by most AA churches today in US) in anticipation of the President Lincoln signing the Emancipation Proclamation. Some say there was a rumor that President Lincoln was not going to sign it. The AA church responded with watch night services, which were services of prayer, anticipating the historical event and asking God to move the heart of President Lincoln to sign, as he had promised, the Emancipation Proclamation. Of course, he did sign the proclamation on New Year's Day 1.1.1863. which became an amazing “God- move” experience for the AA church and community. That is the gist of the story that has been handed down to me by my forefathers. (Rev. Terrence Autry) Frederick Douglass wrote that December 31, 1862 was “a day for poetry and song, a new song. These cloudless skies, this balmy air, this brilliant sunshine, (making December as pleasant as May), are in harmony with the glorious morning of liberty about to dawn up on us.” President Lincoln had promised a proclamation emancipating slaves in the states in rebellion 99 days earlier; and on “watch night,” Americans of African descent faithfully “watched” for his proclamation to be issued on the 100th day. In Boston, Douglass reported that “a line of messengers was established between the telegraph office and the platform at Tremont Temple,” where Douglass and many others gathered on “watch night.” With great expectations, African Americans looked to January 1, 1863, as the day of jubilee. Many of their faithful elders who had ascended such as Reverend Absalom Jones had admonished those oppressed by the Great Houses of America to believe that God had indeed heard their cries and would deliver them from their taskmasters. The believers congregated in churches in the North and around “praying trees” in secret locations in the South on the evening of December 31, 1862, to “watch” for the coming of the Emancipation Proclamation, evidence that God had heard their cries; thus, the tradition of “watch night” was born. 7 When what Douglass called the “trump of jubilee” was heard, “joy and gladness exhausted all forms of expression,” he wrote, “from shouts of praise to sobs and tears.” African Americans were “watching” for the opportunity to fight for freedom. Later that year, hundreds of AA men joined the Union Army The Day of Jubilee began a journey to freedom in league with the Constitution of the United States, and that beginning is what they were watching for on Watch Night. New Year's is then our Passover Day of Exodus and the night of Seder was the Watch Night (Leil Shimurim) as it says: "it is night of watching for YHWH. A keeping of the watch of all the children of Israel throughout the generations" (Exodus 12:42). For Jews we do eat maror precisely because it reminds us the bitterness and the humiliation of slavery and we too have issues with the next generation and their attitude to the Jewish version of black-eyed peas and pork intestines. Charoset Around the World - Compiled by Susan Klingman There are Many Different Kinds of Charoset - Try a new one this year... Israeli: Finely chop or put into a blender. 1 peeled and cored apple 5 sliced bananas 10 pitted dates 1/2 cup nuts juice and grated rind of 1/2 lemon juice and grated rind of 1/2 orange add 1/2 cup dry red wine and 1 teaspoon cinnamon. Mixture will be loose - add enough matzah meal to achieve desired consistency. Add sugar or honey to taste. Moroccan: 2 cups walnut pieces 1 cup blanched slivered almonds , 25 pitted dates 10 large brown dried figs (calimyra) 20 large apricots 1/2 cup shelled pistachios 1/4 cup sweet red wine ground cinnamon Put nuts and dried fruit in a food processor or blender and finely grind together. Mix in just enough wine to make a soft paste that is malleable. Form into 1 inch balls and sprinkle lightly with cinnamon. Store in refrigerator' for up to two weeks. Serve at room temperature. (Makes 6 dozen balls) Askenazi Eastern European/American: 1/2 cup mixed almonds and walnuts - chopped 8 1 large chopped dessert apple 1 generous teaspoon cinnamon enough wine to bind ingredients mix all together Spicy Charoset 3 stalks celery, diced, 2 large apples, peeled and diced I can crushed pineapple 1 cup walnuts, large chunks 1/2 cup mayonaise 2 tablespoons each lemon juice, sugar 2 tbs white prepared horseradish (or red) Yemenite: 6 large brown (calimyra) figs 6 pitted dates 2 tablespoons sesame seeds 1 teaspoon honey (or to taste) 1/2 teaspoon ginger 1/8 teaspoon ground coriander seeds pinch of cayenne pepper (optional) Finely grind figs and dates in a food processor, blender, or grinder to make a firm, sticky paste. Mix in sesame seeds, honey, and spices to taste. Turkish; Chop 1 jaffa orange and 1/2 pound pitted dates. Add 1/2 cup sugar Cook 20 minutes over a low heat. stirring occasionally. Stir in l/2 teaspoon cinnamon and 2 tablespoons wine or brandy. Refrigerate 4 hours or overnight. Serve at room temperature. Egyptian: 16 ounces raisins 8 ounces pitted dates 1/4 cup granulated sugar 1/4 cup chopped walnuts or pecans Place fruit in a bowl with water to cover. Let stand for 1 hour. Add the sugar and whirl in a blender or processor, a few spoonfuls at a time with a little of the soaking liquid. Transfer to a heavy saucepan and simmer over a low heat until fruits are cooked and liquid absorbed, (about 20 minutes.) Remove from heat. cool and sprinkle with nuts. Spanish or Portugese: 1/2 cup of pitted dates 2 cups sliced apples 1/2 cup dried apricots or raisins 1/2 cup chopped walnuts or almonds 2/3 tablespoon sweet red wine 9 Put apples, dates, and apricots or raisins in a pot with enough water to cover. Cook until tender enough to mash. Mix together until well blended. Add nuts and wine. Refrigerate. Fig: Puree: 1 8 ounce package dried figs 1 8 ounce package dried apricots 1/2 cup brown sugar 1/4 cup water 1 1/2 teaspoons grated orange rind 1/3 cup orange juice Cook over medium-low heat. stirring. until thick Cool. Middle Eastern 1/2 cup pinenuts 2 hard-boiled mashed egg yolks 1/4 cup chopped almonds 1/3 cup sugar 1 apple juice and grated rind of 1 lemon 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon 1/4 teaspoon allspice 1/2 cup raisins sweet wine to moisten Chop fruit together, add seasonings, yolks and wine. This charoset is traditionally shaped into small balls. Add matzah meal to thicken if necessary. Sephardic 5/4 cup dark Muscat raisins 1 pound pitted dates I orange peeled and pitted I apple peeled and cored sweet wine to moisten mix all together Greek Charoset 20 large dates, chopped 3/4 cup walnuts, ground 1 cup raisins, chopped 1/2 cup almonds, chopped trace of grated lemon peel Combine fruit and nuts. Add wine to make desired consistency. mix all together and refrigerate 10