Secondary Predication and Adverbial Modification This page intentionally left blank Secondary Predication and Adverbial Modification The Typology of Depictives Edited by NIKOLAUS P. HIMMELMANN AND EVA SCHULTZE-BERNDT AC AC GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #editorialmatterandorganizationNikolausP.Himmelmannand EvaSchultze-Berndt2005 #thechapterstheirauthors2005 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2005 Firstpublishedinpaperback2006 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Secondarypredicationandadverbialmodification: thetypologyofdepictives/editedby NikolausP.HimmelmannandEvaSchultze-Berndt. p.cm. Summary:‘‘Thisbookapproachesdepictivesecondarypredictionfromacrosslinguistic perspective.Itmapsoutallthephenomenaandbringstogethercriticalsurveysandnew contributionsontheirmorphosyntacticandsemanticproperties’’---Providedbypublisher. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1. Grammar,Comparativeandgeneral---Syntax. 2. Grammar,Comparativeandgeneral--- Verb phrase. 3. Grammar, Comparative and general---Adverbials. 4. Semantics. 5. Typology(Linguistics)I.Himmelmann,Nikolaus.II.Schultze-Berndt,Eva. P295.S4132005 415---dc22 2004024152 TypesetbyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd.,Chennai,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby BiddlesLtd,King’sLynn ISBN0--19--927226--3 978--0--19--927226--6 ISBN0--19--920434--9(Pbk.) 978--0--19--920434--2(Pbk.) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface and chapter summaries vii Acknowledgements xv The contributors xvi Abbreviations and glossing conventions xx 1 Issues in the syntax and semantics of participant-oriented adjuncts: an introduction 1 Nikolaus P. Himmelmann and Eva Schultze-Berndt 2 Depictives in English and Warlpiri 69 Jane Simpson 3 Adverbials and depictives as restrictors 107 Thomas Mu¨ller-Bardey 4 Depictive agreement and the development of a depictive marker in Swiss German dialects 141 Claudia Bucheli Berger 5 Quantifying depictive secondary predicates in Australian languages 173 William B. McGregor 6 Depictives in Kartvelian 201 Winfried Boeder 7 On depictive secondary predicates in Laz 237 Silvia Kutscher and N. Sevim Gen¸c 8 Participant agreement in Panoan 259 Pilar M. Valenzuela 9 Secondary predicates and adverbials in Nilotic and Omotic: a typological comparison 299 Azeb Amha and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal 10 Asyndetic subordination and deverbal depictive expressions in Shona 323 Tom Gu¨ldemann 11 Forms of secondary predication in serializing languages: on depictives in Ewe 355 Felix K. Ameka vi Contents 12 Depictive and other secondary predication in Lao 379 Nicholas J. Enfield 13 A semantic map for depictive adjectivals 393 Johan van der Auwera and Andrej Malchukov References 423 Index of languages 441 Index of terms 443 Preface and Chapter Summaries This book is concerned with depictive secondary predicates such as fresh in George bought the carrots fresh and related constructions in crosslinguistic perspective. These constructions have special semantic and syntactic properties and therefore have played a major role in modern theories of the syntax and semanticsofnaturallanguages.Thisbookprovidesfornewperspectivesonthese constructions in two ways. First, it considerably expands the database for them by showing that, inadditiontothewell-studiedadjectivaldepictivessuchasfresh,awiderangeof otherexpressiontypeswarrantananalysisasdepictives,including,forexample, sometypesofsubordinateclause.Thisbecomesapparentwhenconsideringdata from a much wider range of languages than those which usually feature in the literature on this topic, especially since many of these languages have specific morphosyntactic means of marking depictives. Second, the book brings together different research strands which have tended largely to ignore each other because they diverge considerably both in terms of topic area (syntax vs. semantics) and in terms of their basic theor- etical persuasions (cognitive linguistics, typology, lexical-functional grammar, neo-Davidsoniansemantics,etc.).Thecontributionsthuspointtotheneedfora new, considerably richer and more complex systematics for the grammatical domain of participant-oriented adjunct constructions. Participant-oriented adjunctconstructions differ from other typesofadjunct construction (most importantly event-oriented adjunct constructions) in that theyprimarilyconveyadditionalinformationregardingoneoftheparticipantsin theeventualityexpressedbythemainpredicate(freshintheexampleabovetellsus primarily something about the carrots and not about George or the manner of buyingcarrots).Althoughsecondarypredicatesareperhapsprototypicalexamples ofparticipant-orientedadjuncts,ithasbeennotedthatothertypesofadjunctsmay alsoshowparticipantorientation,andthereforeexhibitastrongsemanticaffinity todepictives.Theseinclude,forexample,certainsubject-orientedadverbialssuchas enthusiasticallyinJohnopenedthedoorenthusiastically.Moreover,acrosslanguages we frequently find that the same construction may render both participant- and event-orientedcontent,evenbeyondthoseadverbialsthataretypicallyregardedas subject-oriented.Forthisreason,thepresentvolumealsoexplorescommonalities and differences between adverbials and depictives, based on the hypothesis that depictiveandadverbialconstructionscoveracommonsemanticspace. With regard to the more ambitious goal of presenting a comprehensive typologyoftheparticipant-orientedadjunctconstructionsattestedintheworld’s viii Preface and chapter summaries languages,thisbookisclearlypremature,inthatverylittleisinfactknownabout depictive secondary predicates and related constructions in most of the world’s languages.Thatis,thisisnotatopicwhichisregularlystudiedinworkonlesser- knownlanguages,andthereareonlyfewgrammarsofsuchlanguageswherethe topic is mentioned at all (and none where it is extensively dealt with). This deplorable state of affairs is not going to change as long as adjuncts in general, and participant-oriented adjuncts in particular, do not make their way into the regular work package of fieldworkers and descriptive linguists (along with standard topics such as grammatical relations and relative clauses). Thus, this book also has the purpose of contributing to this expansion of the standard set of descriptive topics by offering ideas and research strategies for tackling the language-specific intricacies of depictive secondary predicates and other participant-oriented adjuncts. Regarding the genesis of the volume, it may be useful to take note of the following. With the exception of the chapter by Valenzuela, the chapters appearinginthiscollectionwerefirstpreparedfortheWorkshoponDepictivesin Crosslinguistic Perspective at the Ruhr-Universita¨t Bochum (7–9 June 2001), which was organized by the editors. All of these contributions were based on a positionpaperbytheeditors.Thecontributorsconsiderablyrevisedtheirpapers aftertheworkshop,takingintoaccountfeedbackduringtheworkshopaswellas further comments by the editors. The introductory chapter was drafted after the workshop, when editing the individual chapters. Although it includes some aspects of the original position paper, it offers a different approach to the whole subject matter, reflecting a numberofchangesinourthinkingwhichevolvedduringandintheaftermathof theworkshop.Italsocontextualizestheothercontributionswithregardtoaset of general themes.(Major partsof theoriginal position paperhavesince—with considerable delay not attributable to the authors—appeared in Linguistic Typology, as Schultze-Berndt and Himmelmann 2004.) The current ordering of the chapters is motivated by the breadth of their approach, their theoretical orientation and the languages they deal with. Each chapter exhibits particularly close ties with the one preceding and the one following it. ThechaptersbySimpson andMu¨ller-Bardeycomplementandexpandmajor themesoftheintroductorychapter,whichimmediatelyprecedesthem.Simpson provides further details regarding syntactic issues in the analysis of depictives, and contrasts a language with clearly identifiable depictives (English) with a language where depictives appear to convey a broader range of meanings and functions(Warlpiri).Mu¨ller-Bardeyoffersamoredetaileddiscussionofsomeof the core semantic issues, focusing on the distinction between depictives and manner adverbs, based on English and German data. The following three chapters share a focus on depictive constructions marked by agreement and other unambiguous markers of depictive status. Preface and chapter summaries ix Bucheli Berger complements the discussion of English and German in Simpson and Mu¨ller-Bardey by providing data from non-standard varieties of German which exhibit interesting similarities to the Australian data discussed in the editors’ introduction, as well as in Simpson’s and McGregor’s contributions. McGregorelaboratesonsomeoftheintricaciesinvolvedintheinterpretationof the Australian data, focusing on a subtype of depictives which to date has been largely ignoredintheliterature (quantifyingdepictives). Whilestillfocusingonagreementmarkingofdepictives,Boeder’schapteron Georgianisthefirstinaseriesofchapterswhichtakeintoviewamuchbroader range of expression types than those usually considered in the literature on depictives, and which also discuss problems of delimitation between depictives and adverbials. All but the last of the remaining chapters share this common focus, which in turn is based on the semantic space for participant-oriented adjunctsestablishedintheeditors’introduction.Apartfromthiscommonfocus these chapters are interconnected by various areal, typological and topical links (see the short chapter summaries below). Thefinalchapter,byvanderAuweraandMalchukov,putsthesemanticspace for participant-oriented adjuncts into a larger perspective by showing various links to neighbouring semantic spaces such as the ones for predicative comple- ments, appositive attributes or pure manner adverbials. This chapter, which presents data from a worldwide sample of languages, heavily draws on the data presented in the preceding chapters. Chapter summaries Nikolaus P. Himmelmann and Eva Schultze-Berndt, ‘Issues in the syntax and semantics of participant-oriented adjuncts: an introduction’ Theeditors’introductionbeginswithacriticalsurveyofpreviousclassifications of adverbials and secondary predicates. It is argued that there exist significant overlaps between participant-oriented manner adverbials (John angrily read the review), depictive secondary predicates, and so-called weak free adjuncts (Standing on a chair, John can touch the ceiling). Thus, from a crosslinguistic pointofview,itisnecessarytomakeuseofanoverarchingcategory,participant- oriented adjunct, which subsumes all of these construction types. Having established this category, the introduction then presents the range of semantic expressions which may show formal correlates of participant-orientation, and the morphosyntactic features typically associated with participant-oriented adjuncts crosslinguistically. Jane Simpson, ‘Depictives in English and Warlpiri’ Simpson compares depictive secondary predicates in English and Warlpiri. In English, there are heavy constraints on depictives in terms of their