The Second UNIUYO & GIST Joint Programme Workshop In collaboration with Lancaster�Environment�Centre,�Lancaster�University,�UK WASTE�MANAGEMENT�AND� LAND�CONTAMINATION Centre�for�Energy�and�Environmental�Sustainability�Research� (CEESR),�University�of�Uyo,�Uyo,�Nigeria June�13� �16,�2016 ~ Uyo,�Nigeria BSM RESOURCES LTD 08035110943, 08172072158 The Second UNIUYO & GIST Joint Programme Workshop In collaboration with Lancaster�Environment�Centre,�Lancaster�University,�UK WASTE�MANAGEMENT�AND� LAND�CONTAMINATION Centre�for�Energy�and�Environmental�Sustainability�Research� (CEESR),�University�of�Uyo,�Uyo,�Nigeria June�13� �16,�2016 ~ Uyo,�Nigeria Programme Coordinators Dr. Edu Inam Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (CEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria Dr. Kenneth Widmer International Environmental Research Centre (IERC), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea Dr. Akanimo Odon Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University, United Kingdom PROCEEDINGS FOR THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON WASTE MANAGEMENT AND LAND CONTAMINATION June 13 – 16, 2016 Edited by Edu Inam, Kenneth Widmer and Akanimo Odon Suggested citation of this publication Inam, E., Widmer, K and Odon, A. (eds.), 2016. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Waste Management and Land Contamination – UNIUYO & GIST Joint Programme in Collaboration with Lancaster University, June 13 – 16, 2016, Uyo, Nigeria. Editors: Dr. Edu Inam Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (CEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, 520001, Nigeria Dr. Kenneth Widmer International Environmental Research Centre (IERC), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea Dr. Akanimo Odon Lancaster Environment Centre(LEC) Lancaster University, United Kingdom LA 1 4YQ, UK i WELCOME ADDRESSES Welcome Address by the Director CEESR, UNIUYO I t is with delight and great humility that I welcome you all to the second University of Uyo (UNIUYO) & Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, (GIST) Joint Programme Workshop, hosted in collaboration with Lancaster Environment Centre (LEC), Lancaster University, United Kingdom. I am excited to welcome our international and national delegates to Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, the land of uncommon transformation. The UNIUYO & GIST linkage which commenced on May 6, 2013, has witnessed several activities in the area of researches, trainings and workshops, all geared towards building indigenous capacity in the field of environmental sciences. We, at the Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (CEESR) are appreciative of the opportunity to host this workshop the second time. The theme of the workshop “Waste management and land contamination” is very topical and was conceived as fallout of the previous workshop held in Abuja. In emerging economies like Nigeria and in other African countries, waste management and land contamination remains a fundamental challenge. The plethora of challenges includes weak policy framework and legislation, inadequate funding, lack of political will, insufficient and sometimes lack of waste disposal infrastructures, education and human resources, unsuitable and poor technologies, lack of capacity in research and innovation and an uncooperative public among others. The result is that most countries in Africa still fall below in basic sanitation. The drive for industrialization, population explosion, urbanization, and changing food patterns will further exacerbate the challenges putting more pressure on the environment. In Nigeria, only 29% of the population has access to basic sanitation, 25% still practice open defecation and open waste burning (especially agricultural waste) is still the preferred method of disposal. The consequences are that in Nigeria, 68,000 children under the age of five die annually from diseases caused by poor levels of access to water, sanitation and hygiene (Water Aid Nigeria, 2016). Four of the worst cities in the world impacted by air pollution are in Nigeria (WHO, 2016). Onitsha in Anambra State has the undignified honour of being the world's most polluted city for air quality. Other cities include Kaduna 5th position, Aba 6th position and Umuahia 16th position. These cities are trade centres with huge volumes of municipal solid wastes disposed mainly by open burning. It is well established in the literature that emissions from waste incineration poses serious environmental and human health risks. Medical experts have opined that short term exposures can cause headaches, nausea and rashes with increased risk of severe long term disease over time. Some of the pollutants in incinerated waste emissions include dioxins, furans, arsenic, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mercury, lead, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Exposure to dioxins and furans has been linked to some types of cancer; liver problems; impairment of the immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems among other health effects. Similarly, dioxins and furans produced from open burning of garbage can lead to soil contamination and accumulation by plants which may end up in the food chain. ii In order to achieve the sustainable development goals, (specifically goals 3, 7, 11 and 13 which include good health and wellbeing, affordable and clean energy, sustainable cities and communities and climate action respectively) wastes of all forms must be managed efficiently. It is our hope that this workshop provides a robust platform for exchange of knowledge and research ideas from academia, government organizations, industries and private sectors on issues concerning management of waste and contaminated land in order to ensure environmental sustainability while aggressively pursuing industrialization. We are very grateful to the Management, University of Uyo, Nigeria, the International Environmental Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, United Kingdom, CEESR team, participants, and the press whose efforts have contributed to the success of this workshop. Again, I welcome you all. Thank you. Dr. Edu Inam Director, Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research Ag. Director, Centre for Research and Development University of Uyo, Uyo iii Welcome Address by the Director, IERC R apid urbanization, the management of waste, and anthropogenic environmental issues associated with urban waste are growing challenges that are facing the international community. The UNU & GIST Joint Programme recognizes this timely issue and has placed it to the forefront partnering with the University of Uyo in hosting the workshop, “Waste Management and Land Contamination.” This is the second workshop that UNU & GIST Joint Programme has participated in within Nigeria and we are eager to foster the spirit of international collaboration by also welcoming representatives from the Lancaster Environment Centre at Lancaster University, UK. I sincerely hope that the participants embrace this attitude of international cooperation, and have the opportunity to engage in thought-provoking discussion on various scientific topics related to waste management and environmental issues during this symposium. As part of the UNU & GIST Joint Programme's mission, the International Environmental Research Center actively seeks to promote international scientific collaboration, and provide opportunities for scientists in developing nations to have a voice in the dialog of current environmental and sustainable technology research efforts. I wish to recognize the efforts of the University of Uyo for their tireless efforts in promoting and organizing the workshop. I also hope that participants and audience members find this workshop productive and it will help facilitate their future research endeavors. Prof. Heechul Choi Director, UNU & GIST Joint Programme International Environmental Research Center Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea iv PREFACE T he United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) continually works towards achieving the eradication of poverty, and the long-reaching effects of inequalities and exclusion. UNDP works in more than 170 countries and territories by assisting with developing policies, promoting leadership skills and partnering abilities, improving institutional capabilities, and contributing towards sustainable development results. In cooperation with the Korean Government, the Special Unit for South-South Cooperation under the UNDP is able to contribute support to the UNU & GIST Joint Programme. In turn we are able to host this workshop annually with our regional partner, the Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (CEESR), University of Uyo. One of the main functions of this program managed by UNDP is to provide opportunities and resources for local stakeholders, so that they can be active participants in solving issues related to the Sustainable Development Goals. I feel that our outcomes from this workshop will certainly aid in fulfilling the mission goals of UNDP. The topics discussed in this workshop address not only to improving sustainability,but also improving the well-being and public health of the region by tackling thedifficult issues related to waste management and land contamination in Sub-Saharan Africa. I sincerely hope that this workshop allows for an exchange of ideas and solutions, and can build a foundation where regional partners can work with Korea, UNDP, CEESR, and IERC GIST in achieving current and future Sustainable Development Goals. Kenneth Widmer Research Assistant Professor International Environmental Research Center Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Korea v WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CONTAMINATED LAND Workshop Programme Day 1: Monday, June 13, 2016 (Arrival) Day 2: Tuesday, June 14, 2016 Morning Session 08.30 – 9.30 Registration 09.30 – 9.50 Welcome Addresses: (i) Dr. Edu Inam, Director, International Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (CEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; (ii) Prof. Heechul Choi, Director, UNU & GIST Joint Programme 09.50 – 10.10 Overview of the University of Uyo, Uyo – Professor Enefiok E. Essien, Vice Chancellor, University of Uyo. 10.10 – 10.30 Overview of UNU & GIST Joint Programme –Dr. Kenneth Widmer 10.30 – 10.45 Overview of Lancaster Environment Centre (LEC), UK - Prof. Kirk Semple, Director of International Engagement, Lancaster University, UK 10.45 – 10.55 Goodwill message - Ms. Itoro Inoyo, Member CEESR BoT 10.55 – 11.30 Group Photograph / Coffee Break 11.40 – 12.00 Internationalisation and Innovations in Research –the role of academia, government and Industry – Dr. Akanimo Odon, Africa Strategy Adviser, Lancaster University, United Kingdom 12.00 – 12.20 Practical Action Positioning for the Operationalisation of Post-Nip Activities: The Critical Role Of Development Partners - Oluyomi O. Banjo, Environment Expert/National Projects Coordinator, Environment UNIDO Regional Office, Abuja 12.30 – 12.40 Participants Expectations and Feedback –Dr. Edu Inam, Director, ICEESR vi Afternoon Session Session 1: INNOVATIONS IN ASSESSNING AND MANAGING WASTE Chair: Amb. Ayo Olukanni (FADE) Rapporteur: Dr. Valerie Solomon (CEESR) Tim e Topic and Speake r Sub-theme: Advances in Waste Characterization, Resource Recovery and Utilizatio n FromWaste to Wealth with Musa Species (Plantain And Banana) 13.40 – 13.55 Pseudostem: Production of Pulp, Paper and Decorative/Utility Objects- Ukana Akpabio, Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Waste Management:Towards Achieving a Sustainable Practice in Resource 14.00 –14.15 Recovery and Utilisation.- N. V. Anyakora, Research Unit, Federal Capital Territory Water Board, Abuja, Nigeria Microbial Assessment of Sludge Collected from Selected Water Treatment 14.20 –14.35 Plants for use as Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer in Nigeria-Kayode Fatunla, CEESR, University of Uyo Chemical Assessment of Sludge Collected from Selected Water Treatment 14.40 –14.55 Plants for use as Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer in Nigeria– Emmanuel Dan, CEESR, University of Uyo Resource Recovery and Utilization of E-Waste –E. T. Bot, Department of 15.00 –15.15 Geography and Natural Resources, Universit y of Uyo Sub-themes:Future-proofing Waste Management through Integrated Waste Management Plans Key Drivers to Su stainable Waste Management: A Compendium of Academia 15.20 –15.35 and Waste Managers Perspective – B. I. Alo, University of Lagos, Anatomizing the Spatio-Cultural D iscrepancy in Urban and Rural Waste 15.40– 15.55 Management, Lessons For Enhancing Environmental Quality Sustainability In Abak, Akwa Ibom State -Nyeti-obong William, Department of Geography, University of Uyo Sub-themes: Alternative Waste Solutions: Cornerstone of Sustainable Societies and Cities An Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Nigeria, Making a Case for 16.00 –16.15 Alternative Waste Management in aSustainable Society–Opata Obinna Johnpaul, Department of Chemical Engineering, Michael Okpara Universityof Agriculture, Umodike The Application of GIS And Remote Sensing for Site Selection Criteria in 16.20 –16.35 Locating a Suitable Place for a S anitary Landfill System and Its Environmental Impact Assessment: Case Study Abuja, Nigeria –C. O. Agih, KB & C Environmental Services, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State 16.40- 17.00 Discussions and Networking vii