BOOKS BT Robert A . Divine SECOND CHANCE 1967 THE RELUCTANT BELLIGERENT 1965 THE ILLUSION OF NEUTRALITY 1962 AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY i960 AMERICAN IMMIGRATION POLICY, 1924-I952 1957 SECOND CHANCE Robert A . Divine SECOND CHANCE The Triumph o f Internationalism in America During World War II Atheneum New York 1967 Copyright © 1967 by Robert A. Divine AU right» reteryed Library of Congress catalog card number 67-14101 Published simultaneously in Canada by McClelland and Stewart Ltd. Manufactured in the United States of America by Kingsport Prese, Inc., Kingsport, Tennessee Designed by Harry Ford First Edition To Barb Acknowledgments I am indebted to staff members of the many libraries in which I carried on the research for this book, especially the Hoover Li­ brary on War, Peace and Revolution at Stanford University; die University of Texas Library; the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress; the National Archives; Butler Library at Columbia Univer­ sity; the Harry S. Truman and Franklin D. Roosevelt presidential librar­ ies; and Firestone Library at Princeton University. E. Taylor Parks of the Department of State’s Historical Office helped me secure access to die Department’s files in the National Archives. I wish to thank Chester Kielman, Archivist of the University of Texas, for calling my attention to the David Andrew Simmons Papers. Claire Christman, Anna Tower and Ted Cooper of the staff of die Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences performed many helpful services. Former Senator Joseph H. Ball and Clark M. Eichelberger of the Commission to Study the Organization of Peace generously shared with me their reminiscences of die internationalist movement. I also want to thank James Reston for disclosing the source for his coverage of the Dumbarton Oaks conference and Arthur Krock for permitting me to cite his correspondence with Secretary of State Hull. This book could not have been completed without the generous financial assistance of the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society, which enabled me to visit libraries in other parts of the country, and the Research Institute of the University of Texas, which freed me from teaching duties so that I could carry on research and writing. I am especially grateful to die Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and its director, Ralph Tyler, for giving me the chance to begin this study under ideal conditions. Acknowledgments Finally, I wish to thank Thomas F. McGann for relieving me of administrative chores while I was writing this book and Colleen T. Kain for invaluable secretarial assistance. My wife, Barbara Renick Divine, shared in the fun and drudgery of this project from the beginning, and she made a major contribution with her careful editing of the entire manuscript. Contents Prologue 3 1 Defenders of the Faith 6 a War 29 “The Century of the Common Mari’ 3 47 4 Revolt in t he Senate 75 5 One W orld 98 6 Commitment 136 7 How Brave WUl the New W orld Be? 156 8 “Your Move, Mister President* 184 9 The Bi-Partisan Victory 214 ıo W inter of Discontent 243 11 San Francisco 279 U Vindication 299 Bibliographical Essay 316 List of Sources Cited in Notes 328 Notes 335 Index 361