THESECONDCENTURYOFSETTLEMENT INSPANISHST.AUGUSTINE,1670-1763 By SUSANR.PARKER ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHE REQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOFDOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 1999 Thisdissertationisdedicatedtomychildren: Christopher,Amanda,Robert ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Aswithmanyareasoflife,adissertationistheproductoftheefforts andconcernofmanypersons.Iamindebtedtoearlierarchivalresearchers, abstractors,andindexerswhoseworkandpainstal<ingdetailfacilitatedmy researchefforts.ProfessorMichaelGannon,whosupervisedthis dissertation,guidedandvastlyimprovedmyproject.Heenduredthetedium ofreadingevery\Nordofseveraldraftsandcommentedinbothbreadthand detail.ProfessorsMurdoMacLeod,KathleenDeagan,andAnthonyOliver- Smithhelpedshapemywort<withtheirspecificremarl<sandsuggestionsas v(«llastheirwealthofresearchandpublications. Iwasfortunatethatfor severalyearsaconsultationwithProfessorEugeneLyonwasonlyafewold- St.Augustine-sizedblocksfrommyoffice.Meetingswithhimwrerealways bothpleasurableandenlightening. Manyothershelpedwiththeirinterest,knowledge,expertise,and creativesuggestionsandideas:BruceChappellandJamesCusickatthe P.K.YongeLibraryofFloridaHistory,UniversityofFlorida;CharlesTingley, MaryHerron,DorothyLyonandLeslieWilsonattheSt.AugustineHistorical SocietyLibrary;DavidColesattheDivisionofArchives,FloridaDepartment ofState;JoeKnetschattheBureauofStateLands,FloridaDepartmentof EnvironmentalProtection.LuisArana,BrucePiatel<,andStanleyBond providedtheirl<nowledgeandencouragement.AnAlbertW.BeveridgeGrant fromtheAmericanHistoricalAssociationassistedinmyresearch. Twocolleaguesandverydearfriends,JaneLandersandPatricia Griffin,offeredscholarlyinsight,suggestionsandaffectionateconcern.My friends,NancyHamiltonandGraceAnnaPaaso,performedwellassounding boardsandsympathizers.Along-timeco-workerandgoodfriend,Betty Galipeau,generouslyproofreadthemanuscript.MydearMaiHaughton volunteeredfortedioustasksinordertofreeupmytimeandgentlyurgedme onwhenIsagged.And,thereislong-sufferingRobert,myyoungestchild, w/hoselotitwastolivewflthmethroughouttheentireproject. Iappreciateyouall. TABLEOFCONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i" ABSTRACT vii CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Periodization 5 RegionalCultures 8 DocumentarySources 14 Notes 23 2 "LAFLORIDA'S"FIRSTCENTURY 29 Notes 36 3 ASSIMILATEDNATIVEAMERICANS: FLORIDA'S"URBANINDIANS" 38 RetreatandRelocations 47 FromVillagetoTown;fromWardtoCitizen 51 SocialAlliances 61 FlexibleRacialClassification 64 Conclusions 67 Notes 70 4 ARCHITECTURE 77 NewMen,NewIberianRegionalTraditions 80 BuildingsasDetailedByTiioseWhoKnewThemBest 87 Conclusions 98 Notes 104 5 PROVIDINGAHOME 109 Conclusions 128 Notes 130 6 PERSONALPOSSESSIONS 137 Furnishings 139 ImplementsandContainers 144 TextilesandClothing 147 Jewelry 149 BuildingMaterials 150 Slaves 152 Livestock 156 Transportation 157 Conclusions 159 Notes 168 7 FOOD 173 TheFoodSupply 176 Conclusions 182 Notes 183 8 RETAILINGANDPERSONALFINANCE 186 DebtsandDebtors 189 Retailing 194 StoresandShops 204 Conclusions 206 Notes 211 9 CONFRATERNITIESINSPANISHFLORIDA 216 FunctionsandCeremonies 224 ChaptersandTheirMembers 225 FinancialandPerformanceObligations 231 MaterialWealthoftheConfraternities 239 Conclusions 245 Notes 247 10 CONCLUSIONS 253 BIBLIOGRAPHY 266 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 280 AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateScliool oRfeqtiunierUenmiveenrtssitfyorofthFeloDreigdareienPoafrtDioacltFourlfoifllPmheinltoosfopthhye THESECONDCENTURYOFSETTLEMENT INSPANISHST.AUGUSTINE,1670-1763 By SusanR.Parker August1999 Chairman;MichaelV.Gannon MajorDepartment:History ResidentsofSpanishFloridaanditscapital,St,Augustine, conductedtheirlivesguidedandconstrainedbythestrongsocialinstitutions oftheRomanCatholicChurchandthearmy.Theprimacyofchurchand statehasovershadowedtheprivatelivesoftheresidentsinthehistorical literatureofcolonialFloridaasitdidinthecolonialeraitself.Thisstudy reliesoninformationwrittenorprovidedbytheindividualsthemselves, ratherthanbyofficialsorchurchmen,todescribethepersonalandprivate aspectsoflife. Asacounterpoisetoscholarlyemphasisuponminorityor peripheralcitizens,thisstudyfocusesprimarilyonordinary,white(Euro- American)colonistsandassimilatednon-whites.Itexaminesthetopicsof assimilation,propertyownership,privatebuildings,personalpossessions. interpersonalfinancialarrangements,andsmall-scalebusinessactivities, food,andparishioners'religiousorganizations. AfteracenturyofpermanentSpanishsettlementinthesoutheast regionofNorthAmerica,EnglishcolonistsestablishedSouthCarolinain 1670.TheSecondCenturyofSettlementbecameaneraofmutualenmity andalertfortheresidentsofthesoutheast.NativeAmericangroups simultaneouslyfacedmorepressuresandalsobenefittedfromnewleverage withtheadventofSouthCarolina.Spaindeliverednewfightingmen,who broughttheirvariousIberianregionalculturesintoFloridaandtoits generationsofAmerican-bornresidents. ThisdissertationaddstothestudyoftheroleofEuropeanregional donorculturesuponthedevelopmentofregionalculturesintheNewWorld. ScholarshavevievredtheculturaldifferenceswflthinSpanishFloridathrough thewider,moreovertlensofrace;thetransplantationofIberiancultural diversityhashardlyplayedaroleinanalysis.Florida'sdifferencefromNorth AmericanAnglocolonieslayaswellinitsservice-based,casheconomyof themilitaryregimeratherthaninanexport-basedagriculturaleconomy. ThisstudypresentsSpanishFloridaasanessentialelementofthe historyofthecolonialsoutheast.Itdepictschangesineverydaylifebrought aboutintheSecondCenturybythepermanentproximityofanenemy,the introductionofnewregionalcultures,andtheexpansionintheAtlanticworld ofgoodsandcommerce. INCTHRAOPDTUECRTI1ON Itwouldbegreatlyinconvenient ifanyoneelsemight-sPeetdtlreoinMeFlnoerniddae.zdeAvites,1565 Thehistoryofthecolonialsoutheastdiffersfromthatoftherestof easternNorthAmerica.' Typically,historiesofthecolonialperiodreducethe Spanishpresenceinthecontinenttomerelyanextensionoftheoriginal conquistadors'adventures.ThepresenceoftheSpanishappearsasa transitoryactivityinthesoutheasternregion,withcolorfulmentionofill-fated explorersfollowedbyasentenceortwonotingthefoundingofSt.Augustine andthecolonyofFloridain1565.Whethersurveytextsormonographs, thesehistoriesgivefewwordsandlittleimportancetoSpanishsettlements thatlastedcontinuouslyfortwoyearsshortoftvwjcenturies,from1565to 1763.Infact,permanentSpanishpresenceinthesoutheasthadachieved thecenturymarkbythedatewhenEnglishsettlersinitiatedtheircolonyof SouthCarolinaintheregionin1670. AdismissiveandoverlysuccincttreatmentoftheSpanishpresence diminishesthecomplexityofrelationshipsintheregion,anddevelopmentsin theEnglishsettlementsthusseemtotakeplaceinasplendidisolationrather 1 2 thanintheinternationalenvironmentwhichwasindeedthecolonialreality.^ NotonlyIsSpanishactivityalmostunseenhistoriographically,butwithout adequateconsiderationofSpanishactivities,theCarolinacolonialexperience isthuslessfilledoutthanitshouldbe,Floridaisoftenportrayedasablockto Englishexpansiontobeovercome,butseldomisFlorida'sexistenceseenas shapingthedevelopmentofCarolinaitself,althoughCarolina'ssettlersdid indeedincorporateadaptivemeasuresbyvirtueoftheSpanishpresence.' HistorianBettyWoodcreditsSpanishFlorida'spresenceasamajor factorinthedebateoverJjseofslavelaboratthetimeoftheestablishmentof BritishGeorgiain1733.Georgia'sfoundingtrusteessawSpanishFloridain the1730sasarunawayslavehavenandasanincendiaryforcetofoment slaverevolts.Woodassertsthatthetrusteesmadethedecisionagainst slaveryasmuchbecauseofapragmaticconcernforthepotentiallossof capitalinvestedinenslavedlaborersandthedangerstosettlersastheydid becauseofanyphilosophicaltenetsaboutlabor. Bythemiddleofthe1740s thetrustees'perceptionofaweakenedFloridaencouragedthemto reconsidertheoriginalprohibitionagainstslavery.'' PermanentFrench settlementsonthecoastoftheGulfofMexico,beginningin1699,addedto thecomplexitiesofcolonialdevelopmentintheentireregion.ExtantSpanish andEnglishsettlementsnowhadtodealwiththeFrenchaswellaseach other.NativeAmericansacquiredanotherelementtoincorporateintheir survivalstrategiesastheyplayedtheEuropeanpov^rsoffagainsteach