S E A Ideal for Merchant Navy Officers from Cadet rank to Master Mariner, the fifth M edition of this highly respected book is in full colour, and has been updated to include more information on topics as diverse as electronic navigation and A AIS technology whilst still including essential information on subjects such as N safety at sea, rescue operations, watchkeeping duties and pollution control. S It covers international standards and works well on courses throughout the H world. I P Seamanship Techniques is written for serving mariners and nautical students T from cadet to master level, studying for professional marine qualifications E under the International Maritime Organization as per STCW requirements. C Used by training establishments around the world, this best seller is the only H reference to both shipboard practice and ship operations that seafarers will N need. I Q SEAMANSHIP D.J. House has now written and published eighteen marine titles, many of U which are in multiple editions. After commencing his seagoing career in 1962, E he was initially engaged on general cargo vessels. He later experienced S worldwide trade with passenger, container, ro-ro, reefer ships and bulk TECHNIQUES cargoes. He left the sea in 1978 with a Master Mariner’s qualification and FIFTH EDITION commenced teaching at the Fleetwood Nautical College. He continues to write and research maritime aspects for future works. D SHIPBOARD AND MARINE OPERATIONS . J . H O U S NAUTICAL STUDIES E D.J. HOUSE Cover image: © D.J. House ISBN 978-1-138-67611-4 FIFTH EDITION www.routledge.com 9 781138 676114 Routledge titles are available as eBook editions in a range of digital formats Seamanship Techniques Ideal for Merchant Navy Officers from Cadet rank to Master Mariner, the fifth edition of this highly respected book is in full colour, and has been updated to include more information on topics as diverse as electronic navigation and AIS technology whilst still including essential infor- mation on subjects such as safety at sea, rescue operations, watchkeeping duties and pollution control. It covers international standards and works well on courses throughout the world. Seamanship Techniques is written for serving mariners and nautical students from cadet to master level, studying for professional marine qualifications under the International Maritime Organization as per STCW requirements. Used by training establishments around the world, this best seller is the only reference to both shipboard practice and ship operations that seafarers will need. David House has now written and published eighteen marine titles, many of which are in multi- ple editions. After commencing his seagoing career in 1962, he was initially engaged on general cargo vessels. He later experienced worldwide trade with passenger, container, ro-ro, reefer ships and bulk cargoes. He left the sea in 1978 with a Master Mariner’s qualification and commenced teaching at the Fleetwood Nautical College. He continues to write and research maritime aspects for future works. Other Works Published by David House The Seamanship Examiner (2nd edition) 2016, Routledge An Introduction to Helicopter Operations at Sea: A Guide for Industry (2nd edition) 1998, Witherby Marine Survival (3rd edition) 2011, Witherby Navigation for Masters (4th edition) 2007, Witherby Cargo Work for Maritime Operations (8th edition, revised) 2015, Routledge Anchor Practice: A Guide for Industry, 2001, Witherby Marine Ferry Transports: An Operator’s Guide, 2002, Witherby Dry Docking and Shipboard Maintenance (2nd edition) 2015, Routledge Heavy Lift and Rigging, 2005, Brown Son & Ferguson Ship Handling, 2007, Elsevier The Ice Navigation Manual, 2010, Witherby (Joint Author) Elements of Modern Ship Construction, 2010, Brown Son & Ferguson Seamanship Techniques (Volume III) The Command Companion, 2000, Butterworth/Heinemann Marine Emergencies, for Masters and Mates, 2014, Routledge Also: Marine Technology Reference Book (Safety Chapter) edited by Nina Morgan, Butterworths Seamanship Techniques Shipboard and Marine Operations Fifth Edition David House Fifth edition published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 David House The right of David House to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or here- after invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Butterworth Heinemann 1987 Fourth edition published by Routledge 2014 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: House, D. J., author. Title: Seamanship techniques : shipboard and marine operations / David House. Description: 5th edition. | New York : Routledge, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017057740| ISBN 9781138676107 (hbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138676114 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315560250 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Seamanship. Classification: LCC VK541 .H85 2018 | DDC 623.88–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017057740 ISBN: 978-1-138-67610-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-67611-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-56025-0 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon and Helvetica Neue by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire Contents Preface to the First Edition xv Preface to the Fifth Edition xvii Acknowledgements xix About the Author xxiii Abbreviations xxv 1 The Ship 1 Introduction 1 Terms and Definitions 1 Terms and Definitions Concerning Stability 6 Varieties of Ship Types 9 Plate and Construction Terms 9 Main Structural Members: Compensating Stress Factors Affecting the Vessel 24 Stresses in Ship Structures 26 Loadlines 28 International Safety Management 31 Certificates and Documentation 32 2 Anchor Work (Fundamentals) 35 Introduction 35 Anchors 35 Tests on Anchors 38 Marks on Anchors 40 Anchor Certificate 40 Chain Cable Tests 40 Notes on Cable 41 Kenter Lugless Joining Shackle 42 ‘D’ Lugged Joining Shackle 43 Securing and Stowage of Anchors 44 Securing Anchor and Cable 45 vi CONTENTS Steam Windlass Operation 45 Preparing Anchor for ‘Letting Go’ 46 Disc Brake Systems for Anchor Handling Windlass 47 Cable Holders 48 Procedure for Coming to Anchor 50 Clearing Away Anchors 52 Chain Cable/Stud Link: General Information 53 Anchor Terminology 54 Watch at Anchor 61 Anchoring Facility for High-Speed Craft 65 Mooring Anchors 65 The ‘Flipper Delta’ Anchor 66 3 Ropework 69 Introduction 69 Natural Fibre Ropes 69 Lay of Rope 72 Small Stuff 74 Synthetic Fibre Ropes 75 Bends and Hitches 78 Working Aloft and Overside 83 Seizings 86 Ropework and Cordage Tools 86 Worming, Parcelling and Serving 87 Cordage Splice 88 Whippings 89 Marrying Two Ropes Together 91 To Pass a Stopper 91 Breaking Out New Mooring Ropes 94 4 Wirework and Rigging 97 Introduction 97 Steel Wire Rope 97 Steel Wire Rope Rigging 102 Rigging Fitments 106 Wire Splicing 110 Stowage of Wire Hawsers 111 Safe Handling Procedures for Wire Rope 111 Mousing a Hook or Shackle Pin 112 CONTENTS vii Blocks: Care and Maintenance 113 Blocks and Tackles 116 5 Lifting Gear 123 Introduction 123 Derricks 123 Union Purchase 126 Safe Handling Practice for Derricks 128 Doubling-Up Procedure 130 Yo-Yo Rig 131 Hallen Universal Derrick 131 Velle Shipshape Crane 131 Heavy Lift Procedures 132 Cranes and Derricks: Advantages and Disadvantages 144 Derrick Tests and Surveys 146 Calculating Stresses in Derricks by Empirical Formula 148 Cargo Securing Manual 156 Project Cargoes 157 6 Cargo and Hatchwork 167 Introduction 167 Hatch/Hold Construction 167 General Cargo Terminology 175 Duties of the Junior Cargo Officer 178 Cargo Duties of the Chief Officer 179 Hold Preparation 180 Stowage Methods 182 Cargo Handling 184 Ventilation 187 Refrigerated Cargoes 187 Carriage of Goods in Deep Tanks 191 Dangerous/Hazardous Cargoes 193 Cargo Plans 195 Roll On–Roll Off System 197 List of Relevant Container Definitions and Terms 201 Loading Containers 205 Container Tonnage 206 Loadicators and Loading Plan Computers 210 Bulk Carriers 216 viii CONTENTS 7 Boatwork and Life-Saving Appliances 219 Introduction 219 Selected Terminology and Definitions 219 General Requirements for Lifeboats 222 Parts of the Lifeboat 225 Types of Wood Construction 227 Boat Fitments 227 Totally Enclosed Survival Craft 236 Partially Enclosed Boats (as defined by Chapter 4, Section 4.5 of the Code for International Life-Saving Appliances 2003) 243 Free-Fall Lifeboats 246 Life-Saving Appliances 247 Boat Rigging 251 Launching Procedure 254 Taking the Boat Away from the Ship’s Side 261 Boat Recovery in Heavy Weather 262 Beaching a Lifeboat 263 Boat Handling and Safe Procedures 264 Sail Theory 266 Sail Terminology 267 GRP Fibreglass for Boat Maintenance 270 8 Survival Craft and Practice 271 Introduction 271 Survival Systems International 271 The Inflatable Life Raft 272 Launching the Inflatable Life Raft 279 Boarding the Raft 280 Rigid Life Rafts 280 The Davit-Launched Life Raft 282 Additional Fitments to Raft 291 Abandoning Ship 293 Marine Evacuation System 295 Evacuation-Slide Launching and Embarkation 296 MES Variations 297 Inspection and Maintenance of MES 298 Marine Evacuation Chute System 298 Righting a Capsized Life Raft 299 Beaching a Life Raft 302 CONTENTS ix Ro-Pax Vessels in Coastal Waters 303 Rescue Boats 313 Emergency Equipment Lockers for Ro-Ro Passenger Ships 318 Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) 325 9 Communications 327 Introduction 327 Terminology and Definitions for Communications 327 Methods Employed in the Marine Industry 328 Flag Signalling Terms 337 International Code of Signals 337 Signalling by International Code Flags 339 Important Two-Letter Signals 343 Sample Messages Employing International Code of Signals 344 Flag Maintenance 345 Wearing of Ensigns 346 Morse Code Procedure: Signalling by Flashlight 349 Morse Code Regular Procedural Signals 351 Morse Code Signalling by Hand Flags or Arms 351 10 Watchkeeping Duties 355 Introduction 355 Master’s Responsibilities 355 Master’s Standing Orders 357 The Integrated Bridge 357 Functions of the Integrated Bridge 358 Safety and Redundancy 360 Watchkeeping: General Duties 362 Duties of the Officer of the Watch 362 Duties of the Lookout 364 Duties of the Helmsman 365 Duties of the Standby Man 366 Official Publications 367 Security 374 Rigging Pilot Ladders 376 Ship to Shore Transit 380