mebooksfree.com Scott-Brown’s Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery EIGHTH EDITION K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 1 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com VOLUME 1 Basic Sciences, Head and Neck Endocrine Surgery, Rhinology VOLUME 2 Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base VOLUME 3 Head and Neck Surgery, Plastic Surgery K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 2 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com Scott-Brown’s Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery VOLUME 3 Editors John C Watkinson MSc (Nuclear Medicine; London) MS (London) FRCS (General Surgery) FRCS(ENT) DLO One-Time Honorary Senior Lecturer and Consultant ENT/Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, Queen Elizabeth Hospital University of Birmingham NHS Trust and latterly the Royal Marsden and Brompton Hospitals, London, UK Currently Consultant Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, University Hospital, Coventry and Warwick NHS Trust; and Honorary Consultant ENT/Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) Honorary Senior Anatomy Demonstrator, University College London (UCL) Business Director, Endocrine MDT, The BUPA Cromwell Hospital, London, UK. Raymond W Clarke BA BSc DCH FRCS FRCS(ORL) Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK Senior Lecturer and Associate Dean, University of Liverpool, UK. Section Editors Terry M Jones BSc FRCSEd FRCS(ORL-HNS) MD SFHEA FASE(RCS) FAcadTM Professor of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK Honorary Consultant Otolaryngologist / Head and Neck Surgeon, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK. Vinidh Paleri MBBS MS(ENT) FRCS(Glas) FRCS(Eng) FRCS(ORL-HNS) Consultant Head & Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK Professor of Robotic and Endoscopic Head and Neck Surgery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK Visiting Professor, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Nicholas White BSc(Hons) MD MPH(HTA) FRCS(Plast) FFFMLM Consultant Plastic and Craniofacial Surgeon, Birmingham Children’s Hospital and Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, UK National Clinical Lead, Medical Directorate, NHS Improvement, London, UK. Tim Woolford MD FRCS(ORL-HNS) Consultant Ear, Nose & Throat Surgeon, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK Honorary Clinical Professor, Edge Hill University, UK. EIGHTH EDITION K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 3 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-09461-1 (Hardback; Volume 1) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-09463-4 (Hardback; Volume 2) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-09464-2 (Hardback; Volume 3) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4441-7589-9 (Hardback; Set) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-19652-0 (Hardback; restricted territorial availability) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Watkinson, John C., editor. | Clarke, Ray (Raymond), editor. Title: Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery : basic sciences, endocrine surgery, rhinology / John Watkinson, Ray Clarke. Other titles: Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery | Otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery. Description: Eighth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018] | Preceded by Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 7th ed. c2008. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017032760 (print) | LCCN 2017033968 (ebook) | ISBN 9780203731031 (eBook General) | ISBN 9781351399067 (eBook PDF) | ISBN 9781351399050 (eBook ePub3) | ISBN 9781351399043 (eBook Mobipocket) | ISBN 9781138094611 (hardback : alk. paper). Subjects: | MESH: Otolaryngology--methods | Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases--surgery | Head--surgery | Neck--surgery | Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures—methods. Classification: LCC RF20 (ebook) | LCC RF20 (print) | NLM WV 100 | DDC 617.5/1--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017032760 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 4 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com v Contents Contributors ....................................................................... ix Foreword .......................................................................... xix Preface ............................................................................. xxi A Tribute to Bill Scott-Brown ...........................................xxiii Acknowledgements .........................................................xxiv Volume 1 – Table of Contents .......................................... xxv Volume 2 – Table of Contents ..........................................xxix Abbreviations .................................................................xxxiii Section 1 Head and Neck 1: History ..............................................................................3 Patrick J. Bradley 2: Aetiology of head and neck cancer ............................... 17 Pablo H. Montero, Snehal G. Patel and Ian Ganly 3: Epidemiology of head and neck carcinoma .................. 27 Kristen B. Pytynia, Kristina R. Dahlstrom and Erich M. Sturgis 4: Staging of head and neck cancer ..................................35 Nicholas J. Roland 5: The changing face of cancer information ......................49 Richard Wight 6: Introducing molecular biology of head and neck cancer ...................................................................55 Nikolina Vlatković and Mark T. Boyd 7: Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus malignancy ...............73 Cyrus Kerawala, Peter Clarke and Kate Newbold 8: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ...........................................93 Raymond King-Yin Tsang and Dora Lai-Wan Kwong 9: Benign salivary gland tumours ....................................115 Jarrod Homer and Andrew Robson 10: Malignant tumours of the salivary glands .................. 131 Vincent Vander Poorten and Patrick J. Bradley 11: Tumours of the parapharyngeal space....................... 157 Suren Krishnan 12: Oral cavity tumours including lip reconstruction ........ 171 Tim Martin and Omar A. Ahmed 13: Oropharyngeal tumours ............................................. 207 Terry M. Jones and Mererid Evans 14: Tumours of the larynx ................................................. 237 Vinidh Paleri, Stuart Winter, Hannah Fox and Nachi Palaniappan 15: Rehabilitation after total laryngectomy ......................263 Yvonne Edels and Peter Clarke 16: Management of hypopharyngeal cancer ...................273 Prathamesh S. Pai, Deepa Nair, Sarbani Ghosh Laskar and Kumar Prabhash 17: Neck metastases from an unknown primary .............295 Ricard Simo, Jean-Pierre Jeannon and Maria Teresa Guerrero Urbano 18: Metastatic neck disease ............................................305 Vinidh Paleri and James O’Hara 19: Principles and practice of radiotherapy in head and neck cancer ........................................................335 Sara Meade and Andrew Hartley 20: Quality of life and survivorship in head and neck cancer ...............................................................343 Simon Rogers and Steven Thomas 21: Palliative care for head and neck cancer ................... 361 Catriona R. Mayland and John E. Ellershaw 22: Transoral laser microsurgery ......................................369 Mark Sayles, Stephanie L. Koonce, Michael L. Hinni and David G. Grant 23: Anatomy as applied to transoral surgery ...................383 Mark Puvanendran and Andrew Harris 24: Principles of chemotherapy .......................................393 Charles G. Kelly 25: Cysts and tumours of the bony facial skeleton .........399 Julia A. Woolgar and Gillian L. Hall 26: Head and neck pathology ..........................................423 Ram Moorthy, Adrian T. Warfield and Max Robinson 27: Open conservation surgery for laryngeal cancer .......449 Volkert Wreesmann, Jatin Shah and Ian Ganly 28: Measures of treatment outcomes .............................. 461 Helen Cocks, Raghav C. Dwivedi and Aoife M.I. Waters 29: Applications of robotics in head and neck practice .... 473 Chris Holsinger, Chafeek Tomeh and Eric M. Genden 30: Biologically targeted agents in head and neck cancers .............................................................483 Kevin J. Harrington and Magnus T. Dillon 31: Prosthetic management of surgically acquired oral and facial defects ......................................................499 Chris Butterworth K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 5 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com vi Contents 32: Multidisciplinary team working ..................................509 Andrew Davies, Nigel Beasley and David Hamilton 33: Nutritional considerations .......................................... 517 Rachael Donnelly, Susannah E. Penney, Siân Lewis, Lesley Freeman and Pippa Mather 34: Speech voice and swallow rehabilitation after chemoradiation .................................................. 531 Justin W.G. Roe and Katherine A. Hutcheson 35: Surgical anatomy of the neck .................................... 541 Laura Warner, Christopher Jennings and John C. Watkinson 36: Clinical examination of the neck ................................565 James O’Hara 37: Imaging of the neck ...................................................569 Ivan Zammit-Maempel 38: Neck trauma .............................................................. 597 Andrew J. Nicol and Johannes J. Fagan 39: Benign neck disease .................................................. 607 Ricard Simo, Jean-Pierre Jeannon and Enyinnaya Ofo 40: Neck space infections ................................................623 James W. Moor 41: Anatomy and embryology of the mouth and dentition ..............................................................633 Barry K.B. Berkovitz 42: Benign oral and dental disease .................................. 657 Konrad S. Staines and Alexander Crighton 43: Salivary gland anatomy .............................................. 677 Stuart Winter and Brian Fish 44: Physiology of the salivary glands ...............................683 Mriganke De and T. Singh 45: Imaging of the salivary glands ................................... 691 Daren Gibson and Steve Colley 46: Non-neoplastic salivary gland diseases.....................709 Stephen R. Porter, Stefano Fedele and Valeria Mercadante 47: Anatomy of the pharynx and oesophagus ................ 737 Joanna Matthan and Vinidh Paleri 48: Physiology of swallowing ........................................... 757 Joanne M. Patterson and Stephen McHanwell 49: Causes and assessment of dysphagia and aspiration ............................................................769 Helen Cocks and Jemy Jose 50: Functional investigations of the upper gastrointestinal tract .................................................. 781 Joanne M. Patterson and Jason Powell 51: Pharyngitis ................................................................. 791 Sharan Jayaram and Conor Marnane 52: Cricopharyngeal dysphagia ....................................... 811 Nimesh N. Patel and T. Singh 53: Oesophageal diseases...............................................829 Shajahan Wahed and S. Michael Griffin 54: Neurological disease of the pharynx .........................845 Kim Ah-See and Miles Bannister 55: Rehabilitation of swallowing disorders ..................... 851 Maggie-Lee Huckabee and Sebastian Doeltgen 56: Chronic aspiration .....................................................859 Guri S. Sandhu and Khalid Ghufoor 57: Temporomandibular joint disorders .......................... 871 Andrew J. Sidebottom 58: Anatomy of the larynx and tracheobronchial tree ......883 Nimesh N. Patel and Shane Lester 59: Physiology of the larynx ............................................. 897 Lesley Mathieson and Paul Carding 60: Voice and speech production ....................................905 Paul Carding and Lesley Mathieson 61: Assessment and examination of the larynx ............... 911 Jean-Pierre Jeannon and Enyinnaya Ofo 62: Evaluation of the voice ...............................................925 Julian A. McGlashan 63: Structural disorders of the vocal cords ......................943 Yakubu Gadzama Karagama and Julian A. McGlashan 64: Functional disorders of the voice ...............................963 Paul Carding 65: The professional voice ...............................................969 Declan Costello and Meredydd Harries 66: Speech and language therapy for voice disorders ....973 Marianne E. Bos-Clark and Paul Carding 67: Phonosurgery ............................................................. 981 Abie Mendelsohn and Marc Remacle 68: Movement disorders of the larynx .............................995 Declan Costello and John S. Rubin 69: Acute infections of the larynx ..................................1003 Sanjai Sood, Karan Kapoor and Richard Oakley 70: Chronic laryngitis ..................................................... 1011 Kenneth MacKenzie 71: Contemporary management of laryngotracheal trauma ............................................1023 Carsten E. Palme, Malcolm A. Buchanan, Shruti Jyothi, Faruque Riffat, Ralph W. Gilbert and Patrick Gullane K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 6 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com Contents vii 72: Upper airway obstruction and tracheostomy .......... 1037 Paul Pracy and Peter Conboy 73: Physiology of sleep and sleep disorders ................1049 John O’Reilly 74: Obstructive sleep apnoea: Medical management ....... 1061 Dev Banerjee 75: The surgical management of snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea......................................... 1071 Bhik Kotecha and Mohamed Reda Elbadawey 76: Laryngotracheal stenosis in adults .......................... 1081 Guri S. Sandhu and Reza Nouraei 77: Reflux disease ..........................................................1093 Mark G. Watson and Kim Ah-See 78: Paralysis of the larynx .............................................. 1101 Lucian Sulica and Babak Sadoughi 79: Outpatient laryngeal procedures .............................. 1111 Matthew Stephen Broadhurst Section 2 Plastic Surgery 80: Rhinoplasty following nasal trauma ......................... 1127 Charles East 81: Pre-operative assessment for rhinoplasty ...............1133 Hesham Saleh and Catherine Rennie 82: External rhinoplasty .................................................1143 Santdeep Paun 83: Revision rhinoplasty ................................................. 1161 Claudia Rudack and Gerhard Rettinger 84: Aesthetic dorsal reduction rhinoplasty ....................1169 Julian M. Rowe-Jones 85: Nasal reconstruction ................................................ 1177 Ullas Raghavan 86: Pinnaplasty ..............................................................1193 Victoria Harries and Simon Watts 87: Blepharoplasty .........................................................1199 Brian Leatherbarrow 88: Surgical rejuvenation of the ageing face ..................1235 Gregory S. Dibelius, John M. Hilinski and Dean M. Toriumi 89: Non-surgical rejuvenation of the ageing face .......... 1247 Lydia Badia, Peter Andrews and Sajjad Rajpar 90: History of reconstructive surgery .............................1255 Ralph W. Gilbert and John C. Watkinson 91: Grafts and local flaps in head and neck cancer ...... 1261 Kenneth Kok and Nicholas White 92: Pedicled flaps in head and neck reconstruction ......1283 Ralph W. Gilbert and John C. Watkinson 93: Reconstructive microsurgery in head and neck surgery ............................................................1299 John C. Watkinson and Ralph W. Gilbert 94: Benign and malignant conditions of the skin ........... 1321 Murtaza Khan and Agustin Martin-Clavijo 95: Facial reanimation surgery ....................................... 1337 Demetrius Evriviades and Nicholas White 96: Partial and total ear reconstruction ..........................1345 Cher Bing Chuo 97: A combined prosthetic and surgical approach ....... 1357 Hitesh Koria, M. Stephen Dover and Steve Worrollo Index ..............................................................................1373 K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 7 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com mebooksfree.com ix Contributors Kim W Ah-See MD FRCS FRCS(ORL–HNS) Professor and Consultant ENT Head and Neck Surgeon Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Aberdeen Royal Infrmary Aberdeen, UK. Omar A Ahmed FRCSEd(Plast) Consultant Plastic, Reconstructive, and Head & Neck Surgeon Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Peter Andrews FRCS(ORL–HNS) Consultant ENT Surgeon Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital London, UK. Miles Bannister BSc(Hons) MBChB(Hons) DOHNS FRCS(ORL-HNS) Specialist Registrar Aberdeen Royal Infrmary Aberdeen, UK. Lydia Badia FRCS(ORL–HNS) Consultant ENT Surgeon Harley Street London, UK. Dev Banerjee MBChB BSc(Hons) MD FRCP FRACP Consultant Sleep Physician Woolcock Institute of Medical Research University of Sydney; and Department of Thoracic and Sleep Medicine St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Australia. Nigel Beasley FRCS(ORL-HNS) MBBS BSc Consultant ENT Surgeon Deputy Medical Director Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust Nottingham, UK. Barry KB Berkovitz BDS MSc PhD FDS(Eng) Emeritus Reader in Dental Anatomy King’s College London, UK; and Visiting Professor Oman Dental College Muscat, Oman. Marianne E Bos-Clark MSc Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Exeter, UK. Mark T Boyd BSc PhD SFHEA FRSB Professor of Molecular Oncology Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK. Patrick J Bradley MB BCh BAO DCH MBA FRCS(ed, Eng Ir) FHKCORL FRCSLT(Hon) FRACS Honorary Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Nottingham University Hospitals Queens Medical Centre Nottingham, UK. Matthew Stephen Broadhurst BMBS FRACS (Otorhinolaryngology) Laryngeal Surgery (Harvard Medical School) Director, Queensland Voice Centre Director, Queensland Centre for Otolaryngology Spring Hill, Queensland, Australia. Malcolm A Buchanan BSc(Hons) MBChB PhD FRCS (ORL–HNS) Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery Westmead Hospital University of Sydney, Australia. Chris Butterworth BDS(Hons) MPhil FDSRCS(Eng) FDS(Rest Dent) RCS(Eng) Consultant in Oral Rehabilitation Merseyside Head and Neck Cancer Centre Honorary Senior Lecturer in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics School of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine University of Liverpool, UK. Paul Carding FRCSLT2 Deputy Head of School and Professor of Speech Pathology National Course Coordinator in Speech Pathology (Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne) School of Allied Health l Faculty of Health Sciences Brisbane Campus, Australia. Cher Bing Chuo MB BCh BAO MRSC MSc FRCS (Plast) Consultant Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, UK. Peter Clarke BSc FRCS Consultant Head and Neck Surgeon The Royal Marsden Hospital and Imperial College Healthcare Trust Honorary Senior Lecturer Imperial College London, UK. K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 9 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com x Contributors Peter Conboy FRCS(ORL-HNS) Consultant Otolaryngologist Head & Neck Surgeon University Hospitals of Leicester Leicester UK. Helen Cocks MD FRCS(ORL-HNS) Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist Head and Neck Surgeon City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust Sunderland, UK. Steve Colley FRCR Consultant Head & Neck Radiologist Queen Elizabeth Hospital University Hospitals Birmigham, UK. Declan Costello MA MBBS FRCS(ORL-HNS) Consultant ENT Surgeon specializing in voice disorders Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, UK. Alexander Crighton BDS MB ChB(Edin) FDS(OM) RCSEd FDS RCPS Consultant in Oral Medicine, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde; and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Medicine in Relation to Dentistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow Dental Hospital & School Glasgow, UK. Kristina R Dahlstrom PhD Instructor Department of Head and Neck Surgery University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas, USA. Andrew Davies MB BS MSc MD FRCP Consultant in Palliative Medicine Royal Surrey County Hospital; and Visiting Reader University of Surrey Guildford, UK. Mriganke De FRCS Consultant Head & Neck Surgeon Department of ENT Surgery Royal Derby Hospital, UK. Magnus T Dillon MBBS MRCP PhD Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust London, UK. Gregory S Dibelius MD Facial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeon Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery University of Illinois Chicago, USA. Sebastian H Doeltgen PhD Senior Lecturer Head of Teaching Section (Speech Pathology) Head of Swallowing Neurorehabilitation Research Laboratory College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders Universiy Adelaide, Australia. Rachael Donnelly MSc RD Acting Head of Nutrition and Dietetics Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust London, UK. Stephen M Dover FDSRCS FRCS Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon Department of Maxillofacial Surgery University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham, UK. Raghav C Dwivedi MS(ENT) PhD FRCS(ORL-HNS) Senior Clinical Fellow in ENT & Head Neck Surgery Queen Alexandra Hospital Portsmouth Hospital NHS Trust Portsmouth, UK. Charles East FRCS Consultant Surgeon University College London Hospitals NHS Trust; and Honorary Senior Lecturer, University College London London, UK. Yvonne Edels FRCSLT Macmillan Consultant Speech and Language Therapist Imperial College Healthcare Trust Charing Cross Hospital London, UK. Mohamed Reda Elbadawey MBChB MSc FRCS(Ed) MD FRCS(ORL-HNS) Consultant Otolaryngologist Freeman Hospital, UK; and Associate Clinical Lecturer University of Newcastle, UK; and Associate Professor of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Tanta University, Egypt. John E Ellershaw MA FRCP Honorary Professor Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine Director of Marie Curie Palliative Care Institute Liverpool, UK. Mererid Evans PhD MRCP FRCR Honorary Professor of Clinical Oncology University of Liverpool; and Consultant Clinical Oncologist Velindre Cancer Centre Cardiff, Wales, UK. K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 10 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com Contributors xi Demetrius Evriviades FRCS(Plast) PGDip Consultant Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust Birmingham, UK. Johannes J Fagan FCS(SA) MMed(Otol) Division of Otolaryngology University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa. Stefano Fedele DDS PhD Senior Lecturer in Oral Medicine UCL Eastman Dental Institute London, UK. Brian Fish FRCS(CSIG) FRCS(ORL-HNS) Consultant ENT / Head and Neck / Thyroid Surgeon Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust Cambridge, UK. Hannah Fox MBBS BSc(Hons) FRCS(ORL-HNS) DOHNS PGC Med Ed PGC Med Lead Consultant Head and Neck Surgeon Freeman Hospital Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Lesley Freeman SRD PG Dip Dietetics, PG Dip Cancer Care for Allied Health Professionals Head and Neck Oncology Dietitian Freeman Hospital Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and Head and Neck Oncology Dietitian Darlington Memorial Hospital Darlington, UK. Ian Ganly MD PhD Associate Attending Surgeon Head and Neck Service Department of Surgery Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, USA. Eric M Genden Sr MD MHA Professor and Chairman Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery; and Professor of Neurosurgery Professor of Immunology Senior Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, USA. Khalid Ghufoor BSc(Hons) MBBS FRCS(CSiG) FRCS(ORL-HNS) ENT-Head and Neck Consultant Surgeon Associate Clinical Director & Network Lead Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery St Bartholomews and The Royal London Hospital University College London Hospital The Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital London, UK. Daren Gibson MRCS DLO FRCR FRANCR Consultant Radiologist Fiona Stanley Hospital Perth, Western Australia. Ralph W Gilbert MD FRCSC Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery University of Toronto Toronto, Canada. David G Grant MB ChB Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery Queen’s Medical Centre Nottingham University Hospitals’ NHS Trust Nottingham, UK. S Michael Griffin FRCS FRCS(Ed) FRCS(HK)(Hon) Professor of Gastrointestinal Surgery Consultant Oesophago-Gastric Surgeon Royal Victoria Infrmary Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Patrick Gullane CM OOnt MB FRCSC FACS(Hon) FRACS(Hon) FRCS(Hon) FRCSI Wharton Chair in Head & Neck Surgery Professor Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery Professor of Surgery University of Toronto, Canada. Gillian L Hall FRCPath FDS Consultant Histopathologist Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Manchester Royal Infrmary Manchester, UK. David Hamilton FRCS(ORL-HNS) Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist, Head and Neck Surgeon Freeman Hospital Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Meredydd Harries FRCS MSc Consultant Laryngologist Brighton NHS Trust Brighton, UK. Victoria Harries MBBS MRCS(ENT) Specialist ENT Registrar Bristol Royal Infrmary Severn Deanery Bristol, UK. Kevin J Harrington PhD FRCP FRCR Professor of Biological Cancer Therapies Team Leader, Targeted Therapy Team The Institute of Cancer Research London, UK. K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 11 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com xii Contributors Andrew Harris PhD FRCS(ORL-HNS) ENT / Head and Neck & Reconstructive Surgeon Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Bradford, UK. Andrew Hartley MRCP FRCR Consultant Clinical Oncologist Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, UK. John M Hilinski MD Consultant Facial Plastic Surgeon San Diego, California, USA. Michael L Hinni MD Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Mayo Clinic Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Chris Holsinger MD Professor and Chief of Head and Neck Surgery Stanford University Medical Center Stanford, USA. Jarrod Homer BMedSci(Hons) BMBS FRCS FRCS(ORL-HNS) MD Consultant Head and Neck Surgeon / Otolaryngologist Manchester Head and Neck Centre Manchester Royal Infrmary Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester, UK. Maggie-Lee Huckabee PhD Professor, Department of Communication Disorders The University of Canterbury; and Director, the Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research at St Georges Medical Centre Christchurch, New Zealand. Katherine A Hutcheson PhD Associate Professor Department of Head & Neck Surgery Section of Speech Pathology and Audiology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas, USA. Sharan Jayaram FRCS(ORL–HNS) MS DNB Consultant Otolaryngologist Head & Neck Surgeon North Manchester General Hospital Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust; and Honorary Senior Lecturer Edge Hill University Lancashire, UK. Jean-Pierre Jeannon FRCS(ORL-HNS) Consultant Otolaryngologist Head & Neck Surgeon Clinical Director of Surgical Oncology Guy’s & St Thomas NHS Hospital; and Associate Professor / Reader Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ Medical and Dental School London, UK. Christopher Jennings FRCS Consultant ENT Surgeon University Hospitals Birmingham Birmingham, UK. Terry M Jones BSc FRCS(Ed) FRCS(ORL-HNS) MD SFHEA FASE(RCS) FAcadTM Professor of Head and Neck Surgery Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK; and Honorary Consultant Otolaryngologist / Head and Neck Surgeon Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Liverpool, UK. Jemy Jose MS FRCS(ORL-HNS) Consultant Otolaryngologist Head and Neck Surgeon Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust Hull, UK. Shruti Jyothi BSc MBBS Specialist Registrar Otolaryngology Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards New South Wales, Australia. Yakubu Gadzama Karagama DLO MSc Voice Research FRCS (ORL & HN) PGCertMed Consultant ENT Surgeon & Laryngologist; and Honorary Senior Lecturer University of Manchester; and Honorary Senior Lecturer Edge Hill University; and Honorary Fellow Royal Northern College of Music Manchester Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Manchester, UK. Karan Kapoor FRCS Head & Neck Fellow Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals London, UK. Charles G Kelly MSc FRCP FRCR FBIR DMRT Consultant Clinical Oncologist Northern Centre for Cancer Care Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Cyrus Kerawala FDSRCS FRCS Consultant Maxillofacial / Head and Neck Surgeon Head and Neck Unit The Royal Marsden Hospital London, UK. Murtaza A Khan MBBS MRCP(UK) MRCP Dermatology Consultant Dermatologist Mediclinic Al Noor Hospital Abu Dhabi, UAE. K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 12 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com Contributors xiii Raymond King-Yin Tsang MBChC FRCSEd FHKCORL FHKAM Clinical Assistant Professor Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Division of Head and Neck Surgery Department of Surgery The University of Hong Kong; and Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Chief of ENT University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen People’s Republic of China. Kenneth Kok MBChB MRCS MSc(Hons) FRCS(Plast) Consultant Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeon Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust Birmingham, UK. Stephanie L Koonce MD Department of General Surgery Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida, USA. Hitesh Koria BSc(Hons) PDip(Maxfac) PDip(Ortho) MIMPT Principal Maxillofacial Prosthetist Department of Maxillofacial Surgery University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham, UK. Bhik Kotecha MBBCh MPhil FRCS(Eng) FRCS(Ed) FRCS(ORL-HNS) DLO Honorary Clinical Professor The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; and Consultant ENT Surgeon Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital Queens Hospital Romford, UK. Suren Krishnan OAM FRACS Chairman Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Royal Adelaide Hospital; and Honorary Professor Deakin University; and Clinical Associate Professor University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia. Dora Lai-Wan Kwong MBBS MD FRCR FHKCR FHKAM Professor and Head of Department Department of Clinical Oncology The University of Hong Kong Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. Sarbani Ghosh Laskar MD(Radiation Oncology) Professor and Consultant Radiation Oncologist Department of Radiation Oncology Tata Memorial Hospital Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai, India. Brian Leatherbarrow FRCS FRCOphth Consultant Ophthalmic, Oculoplastic & Orbital Surgeon Manchester; and Honorary Consultant Manchester Royal Eye Hospital Manchester, UK. Shane Lester FRCS(ORL-HNS) Dip Med Ed Consultant ENT Head and Neck Surgeon Department of Otolaryngology James Cook University Hospital Middlesbrough, UK. Siân Lewis MSc RD Dietetic Operational Lead Cwm Taf University Health Board Royal Glamorgan Hospital Llantrisant, Wales. Kenneth MacKenzie MBChB FRCS(Ed) Consultant Otolaryngologist Head and Neck Surgeon Glasgow Royal Infrmary; and Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer University of Glasgow; and Visiting Professor University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UK. Conor Marnane BSc(Hons) MB BCh PG Cert Med Ed FRCS(Eng) FRCS(Ed) FRCS ORL Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board Port Talbot, Wales. Agustin Martin-Clavijo PhD MRCP Consultant Dermatologist Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, UK. Tim J Martin MBChB BDS MSc FRSRCS FRCS FRCS(OMFS) Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham, UK. Pippa Mather BSc RD Principal Head and Neck Oncology Dietitian Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust London, UK. Lesley Mathieson FRCSLT Honorary Research Adviser Speech and Language Therapy Department Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital London, UK. Joanna Matthan MA(Eng) MBBS PGDipClinEd FHEA Lecturer in Anatomy Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences School of Medical Education Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 13 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com xiv Contributors Catriona R Mayland MBChB MD FRCP Consultant and Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer in Palliative Medicine Palliative Care Institute University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK. Julian A McGlashan MBBS FRCS(ORL) Special Lecturer and Consultant Department of Otorhinolaryngology Queen’s Medical Centre Campus Nottingham University Hospitals Nottingham, UK. Stephen McHanwell BSc PhD MI Biol CI Biol Professor of Anatomical Sciences; and Director of Unit for Educational Research Development and Practice Newcastle University Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Sara Meade MBChB MRCP MsC FRCR Consultant Clinical Oncologist and Honorary Lecturer The Cancer Centre University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK. Abie Mendelsohn MD FACS David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Department of Head & Neck Surgery Los Angeles, USA. Valeria Mercadante BSc PhD Postgraduate Researcher in Oral Medicine UCL Eastman Dental Institute London, UK. Pablo H Montero MD Head and Neck Fellow Head and Neck Service Department of Surgery Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, USA. James W Moor FRCS(ORL–HNS) Consultant ENT / Head and Neck Surgeon Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Honorary Senior Lecturer University of Leeds Leeds, UK. Ram Moorthy FRCS(ORL–HNS) Consultant ENT / Head & Neck Surgeon Wexham Park Hospital Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust Slough, UK. Deepa Nair MS Professor and Surgeon Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC) Tata Memorial Centre Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai, India. Kate Newbold MRCP FRCR MD Consultant Clinical Oncologist Head and Neck Unit The Royal Marsden Hospital London, UK. Andrew J Nicol MBChB FCS Associate Professor, Trauma Surgeon and Head of Trauma Centre Groote Schuur Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa. Reza Nouraei BChir PhD FRCS Consultant Laryngologist & Tracheal Surgeon The Robert White Centre for Airway Voice and Swallowing Department of Ear Nose & Throat Surgery Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Poole, UK. Richard Oakley FDSRCS FRCS Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist–Head & Neck Surgeon Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals London, UK. Enyinnaya Ofo FRCS(ORL–HNS) PhD Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist–Head and Neck Surgeon St George’s University and Kingston Hospitals NHS Foundation Trusts; and Honorary Senior Lecturer St George’s University of London Medical School London, UK. James O’Hara FRCS(ORL–HNS) Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist–Head and Neck Surgeon The Freeman Hospital Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer Newcastle University Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. John O’Reilly MA MB FRCP Consultant Physician Liverpool Sleep and Ventilation Centre Liverpool, UK. K17879_Volume III_Book.indb 14 5/25/18 8:57 PM mebooksfree.com