Scott-Brown’s EIGHTH EDITION Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery K17879_Volume I_Book.indb 1 4/28/18 7:08 PM VOLUME 1 Basic Sciences, Head and Neck Endocrine Surgery, Rhinology VOLUME 2 Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base VOLUME 3 Head and Neck Surgery, Plastic Surgery K17879_Volume I_Book.indb 2 4/28/18 7:08 PM Scott-Brown’s EIGHTH EDITION Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery VOLUME 1 Editors John C Watkinson MSc (Nuclear Medicine; London) MS (London) FRCS (General Surgery) FRCS (ENT) DLO One-Time Honorary Senior Lecturer and Consultant ENT/Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, Queen Elizabeth Hospital University of Birmingham NHS Trust and latterly the Royal Marsden and Brompton Hospitals, London, UK Currently Consultant Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, University Hospital, Coventry and Warwick NHS Trust; and Honorary Consultant ENT/Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) Honorary Senior Anatomy Demonstrator, University College London (UCL) Business Director, Endocrine MDT, The BUPA Cromwell Hospital, London, UK. Raymond W Clarke BA BSc DCH FRCS FRCS(ORL) Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK Senior Lecturer and Associate Dean, University of Liverpool, UK. Section Editors Louise Jayne Clark MBChB MD(DIST) FRCS (ORL) FRCS (ENT) Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK. Adam J Donne PhD FRCS (ORL-HNS) Consultant Paediatric ENT Surgeon, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Honorary Senior Lecturer, Liverpool University, UK. R James A England FRCS (ORL-HNS) Consultant Otolaryngologist Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, Honorary Senior Lecturer, Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Hospitals Trust and Hull University, UK. Hisham M Mehanna PhD BMedSc (HONS) MBChB (hons) FRCS FRCS (ORL-HNS) Chair of Head and Neck Surgery and Director of the Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK. Gerald William McGarry MD MBChB FRCS (ORL-HNS) FFSTed Consultant Surgeon, Head and Neck and Anterior Skull Base Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS, Glasgow, UK Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer, University of Glasgow, UK. Sean Carrie FRCS Consultant Otolaryngologist, Skull Base Surgeon, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation, UK Honarary Senior Clinical Lecturer, Newcastle University, UK. K17879_Volume I_Book.indb 3 4/28/18 7:08 PM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-09461-1 (Hardback; Volume 1) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-09463-4 (Hardback; Volume 2) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-09464-2 (Hardback; Volume 3) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4441-7589-9 (Hardback; Set) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-19652-0 (International Student Edition; restricted territorial availability) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Watkinson, John C., editor. | Clarke, Ray (Raymond), editor. Title: Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery : basic sciences, endocrine surgery, rhinology / John Watkinson, Ray Clarke. Other titles: Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery |Otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery. Description: Eighth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018] | Preceded by Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 7th ed. c2008. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017032760 (print) | LCCN 2017033968 (ebook) | ISBN 9780203731031 (eBook General) | ISBN 9781351399067 (eBook PDF) | ISBN 9781351399050 (eBook ePub3) | ISBN 9781351399043 (eBook Mobipocket) | ISBN 9781138094611 (hardback : alk. paper). Subjects: | MESH: Otolaryngology--methods | Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases--surgery | Head--surgery | Neck--surgery | Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures—methods. Classification: LCC RF20 (ebook) | LCC RF20 (print) | NLM WV 100 | DDC 617.5/1--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017032760 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com K17879_Volume I_Book.indb 4 4/28/18 7:08 PM Contents Contributors .......................................................................ix 14: Allergy: Basic mechanisms and tests ........................137 Foreword ...........................................................................xx Sai H.K. Murng Preface .............................................................................xxi 15: Evaluation of the immune system ..............................149 A Tribute to Bill Scott-Brown ...........................................xxiii Moira Thomas, Elizabeth Drewe and Richard J. Powell Acknowledgements .........................................................xxiv 16: Cancer immunology ...................................................157 Volume 2 – Table of Contents ..........................................xxv Osama Al Hamarneh and John Greenman Volume 3 – Table of Contents ..........................................xxix Abbreviations .................................................................xxxiii 17: Human papillomavirus ...............................................167 Mustaffa Junaid and Hisham M. Mehanna Section 1 Basic Sciences 18: Connective tissue diseases: ENT complications .......173 Eileen Baildam Cell biology Microbiology 1: Molecular biology.............................................................3 Michael Kuo, Richard M. Irving and Eric K. Parkinson 19: Microorganisms ..........................................................181 Ursula Altmeyer, Penelope Redding and Nitish Khanna 2: Genetics in otology and neurotology .............................15 Mohammed-Iqbal Syed 20: Viruses and antiviral agents .......................................195 3: Gene therapy .................................................................29 Richard B. Townsley, Camille A. Huser and Chris Hansell Seiji B. Shibata and Scott M. Graham 4: Mechanisms of anticancer drugs ..................................39 21: Fungal infections ........................................................205 Sarah Payne and David Miles Emily Young, Yujay Ramakrishnan, Laura Jackson and Shahzada K. Ahmed 5: Radiotherapy and radiosensitizers ................................51 Christopher D. Scrase, Stewart G. Martin and 22: Antimicrobial therapy .................................................221 David A.L. Morgan Ursula Altmeyer, Penelope Redding and Nitish Khanna 6: Apoptosis and cell death ...............................................59 23: Human immunodeficiency virus ................................229 Angela Hague Neil Ritchie and Alasdair Robertson 7: Stem cells ......................................................................69 Haematology Navin Vig and Ian C. Mackenzie 8: Aetiology and pathogenesis of goitre ............................75 24: Blood groups, blood components and Neil Sharma and Kristien Boelaert alternatives to transfusion .........................................239 Samah Alimam, Kate Pendry and Michael F. Murphy 9: Genetics of endocrine tumours .....................................83 Waseem Ahmed, Prata Upasna and Dae Kim 25: Haemato-oncology ....................................................249 Robert F. Wynn and Mark Williams Wound healing 26: Haemostasis: Normal physiology, disorders of 10: Soft and hard tissue repair ...........................................93 haemostasis and thrombosis ....................................259 Sarah Al-Himdani and Ardeshir Bayat Elizabeth Jones and Russell David Keenan 11: Skin flap physiology ...................................................107 Pharmacotherapeutics Colin MacIver and Stergios Doumas 27: Drug therapy in otology .............................................275 12: Biomaterials, tissue engineering and their Wendy Smith application in the oral and maxillofacial region .........119 Kurt Busuttil Naudi and Ashraf Ayoub 28: Drug therapy in rhinology ..........................................283 Wendy Smith Immunology 29: Drug therapy in laryngology and head and 13: Defence mechanisms .................................................125 neck surgery ..............................................................293 Ian Todd and Richard J. Powell Wendy Smith and Rogan Corbridge v K17879_Volume I_Book.indb 5 4/28/18 7:08 PM vi Contents 46: Optical coherence tomography .................................533 Perioperative management Jameel Muzaffar and Jonathan M. Fishman 30: Preparation of the patient for surgery ........................301 47: Recent advances in technology .................................541 Michael Murray and Urmila Ratnasabapathy Wai Lup Wong and Bal Sanghera 31: Recognition and management of the difficult airway .....309 48: Image-guided surgery, 3D planning and Valerie Cunningham and Alistair McNarry reconstruction ............................................................559 Ghassan Alusi and Michael Gleeson 32: Adult anaesthesia ......................................................333 Daphne A. Varveris and Neil G. Smart 49: Interventional techniques ...........................................569 James V. Byrne 33: Adult critical care .......................................................351 Robert I. Docking and Andrew Mackay 50: Laser principles in otolaryngology, head and 34: Paediatric intensive care ............................................361 neck surgery ..............................................................581 Louise Selby and Robert Ross Russell Brian J.G. Bingham Safe and effective practice 51: Contact endoscopy of the upper aerodigestive tract ................................................587 35: Training, accreditation and the maintenance of skills ....369 Mario Andrea and Oscar Dias B. Nirmal Kumar, Andrew Robson, Omar Mirza and Baskaran Ranganathan Section 2 Head and Neck Endocrine Surgery 36: Communication and the medical consultation ..........379 Uttam Shiralkar Overview 37: Clinical governance and its role in patient safety 52: History of thyroid and parathyroid surgery ................597 and quality improvement ...........................................389 Waraporn Imruetaicharoenchoke, Ashok R. Shaha and Neil Sharma Samit Majumdar and S. Musheer Hussain 38: Medical ethics ............................................................395 53: Developmental anatomy of the thyroid and Paul Baines parathyroid glands .....................................................603 Julian A. McGlashan 39a: Medical jurisprudence in otorhinolaryngology .........409 Maurice Hawthorne 54: Developmental anatomy of the pituitary fossa ..........611 John Hill and Sean Carrie 39b: Medical negligence in otorhinolaryngology .............427 Maurice Hawthorne 55: Physiology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands .....619 Martin O. Weickert 40: Non-technical skills for ENT surgeons .......................453 Simon Paterson-Brown and Stephen R. Ell 56: Physiology of the pituitary gland ...............................629 Mária Hérincs, Karen Young and Márta Korbonits Interpretation and management of data 57: Imaging in head and neck endocrine disease ...........643 41: Epidemiology .............................................................465 Steve Colley and Sabena Fareedi Jan H.P. van der Meulen, David A. Lowe and Jonathan M. Fishman 58: Thyroid and parathyroid gland pathology ..................651 Ram Moorthy, Sonia Kumar and Adrian T. Warfield 42: Outcomes research ....................................................483 Iain R.C. Swan and William Whitmer Thyroid disease 43: Evidence-based medicine in medical education 59: Clinical evaluation of the thyroid patient ....................705 and clinical practice ...................................................495 Andrew Coatesworth and Sebastian Wallis Phillip Evans 60: Investigation of thyroid disease .................................709 44: Critical appraisal skills ...............................................503 Anthony P. Weetman Paul Nankivell and Christopher Coulson 61: Benign thyroid disease ..............................................717 Advances in technology Christopher M. Jones and Kristien Boelaert 45: Electrophysiology and monitoring .............................525 62: Management of differentiated thyroid cancer ............751 Patrick R. Axon and Bruno M.R. Kenway Hisham M. Mehanna, Kristien Boelaert and Neil Sharma K17879_Volume I_Book.indb 6 4/28/18 7:08 PM Contents vii 63: Management of medullary thyroid cancer .................757 80: Thyroid and parathyroid surgery: Audit and Barney Harrison outcomes ...................................................................893 David Chadwick 64: Management of anaplastic thyroid cancer/ lymphoma ..................................................................765 81: Medicolegal aspects of head and neck James D. Brierley and Richard W. Tsang endocrine surgery ......................................................899 Barney Harrison 65: Management of locoregionally recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer ......................................773 Pituitary disease Iain J. Nixon and Ashok R. Shaha 66: Non-surgical management of thyroid cancer ............779 82: Clinical evaluation of the pituitary patient ..................905 Laura Moss Sean Carrie, John Hill and Andrew James Thyroid surgery 83: Investigation of pituitary disease ...............................915 Thozhukat Sathyapalan and Stephen L. Atkin 67: Thyroidectomy ...........................................................793 Ricard Simo, Iain J. Nixon and Ralph P. Tufano 84: Primary pituitary disease ...........................................923 Christopher M. Jones and John Ayuk 68: Surgery for locally advanced and nodal disease .......805 Joel Anthony Smith and John C. Watkinson 85: Surgical management of recurrent pituitary tumours 941 Mihir R. Patel, Leo F.S. Ditzel Filho, Daniel M. 69: Minimally invasive and robotic thyroid surgery ..........811 Prevedello, Bradley A. Otto and Ricardo L. Carrau Neil S. Tolley 86: Adjuvant treatment of pituitary disease .....................951 70: Surgery for the enlarged thyroid ................................819 Andy Levy Neeraj Sethi, Josh Lodhia and R. James A. England Parathyroid disease Section 3 Rhinology 71: Clinical evaluation of hypercalcaemia ........................827 87: Anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses .............961 Mo Aye and Thozhukat Sathyapalan Dustin M. Dalgorf and Richard J. Harvey 72: Investigation of hyperparathyroidism .........................833 88: Outpatient assessment ..............................................977 M. Shahed Quraishi Martyn L. Barnes and Paul S. White 73: Management of hyperparathyroidism ........................843 89: Physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses ..........983 Neil J.L. Gittoes and John Ayuk Tira Galm and Shahzada K. Ahmed 74: Management of persistent and recurrent 90: Measurement of the nasal airway ..............................991 hyperparathyroidism ..................................................851 Ron Eccles David M. Scott-Coombes 91: Allergic rhinitis ............................................................999 75: Management of parathyroid cancer ...........................857 Quentin Gardiner Pamela Howson and Mark Sywak 92: Non-allergic perennial rhinitis ..................................1011 Parathyroid surgery Jameel Muzaffar and Shahzada K. Ahmed 76: Bilateral parathyroid exploration ................................865 93: Occupational rhinitis ................................................1017 R. James A. England and Nick McIvor Hesham Saleh 77: Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy .......................873 94: Rhinosinusitis: Definitions, classification and Parameswaran Rajeev and Gregory P. Sadler diagnosis .................................................................1025 Carl Philpott 78: Surgical failure and reoperative surgery .....................879 Schelto Kruijff and Leigh Delbridge 95: Nasal polyposis........................................................1037 Louise Melia Thyroid and parathyroid outcomes 96: Fungal rhinosinusitis ................................................1047 79: Complications of thyroid and parathyroid surgery Eng Cern Gan and Amin R. Javer and how to avoid them ..............................................887 Erin A. Felger, Dipti Kamani and 97: Medical management for rhinosinusitis ...................1059 Gregory W. Randolph Claire Hopkins K17879_Volume I_Book.indb 7 4/28/18 7:08 PM viii Contents 98: Surgical management of rhinosinusitis ....................1071 109: Granulomatous conditions of the nose ..................1211 A. Simon Carney and Raymond Sacks Joanne Rimmer and Valerie J. Lund 99: The frontal sinus ......................................................1081 110: Abnormalities of smell ............................................1227 Salil Nair Richard L. Doty and Steven M. Bromley 100: Mucoceles of the paranasal sinuses ......................1107 111: Disorders of the orbit ..............................................1243 Darlene E. Lubbe Nithin D. Adappa and James N. Palmer 101: Complications of rhinosinusitis ..............................1113 112: Diagnosis and management of facial pain .............1253 Stephen Ball and Sean Carrie Rajiv K. Bhalla and Timothy J. Woolford 102: The relationship between the upper and lower 113: Juvenile angiofibroma ............................................1265 respiratory tract .......................................................1125 Bernhard Schick Nigel K.F. Koo Ng and Gerald W. McGarry 114: Endoscopic management of sinonasal tumours ....1269 103: Nasal septum and nasal valve ................................1135 Alkis J. Psaltis and David K. Morrissey Shahram Anari and Ravinder Singh Natt 115: Surgical management of pituitary and parasellar 104: Nasal septal perforations .......................................1149 diseases .................................................................1281 Charles East and Kevin Kulendra Philip G. Chen and Peter-John Wormald 105: Management of enlarged turbinates ......................1157 116: Extended anterior skull base approaches ..............1289 Andrew C. Swift and Samuel C. Leong Carl H. Snyderman, Paul A. Gardner, Juan C. Fernandez-Miranda and Eric W. Wang 106: Epistaxis .................................................................1169 Gerald W. McGarry 117: Imaging in rhinology ...............................................1305 Gregory O’Neill 107: Nasal and facial fractures .......................................1183 Dae Kim and Simon Holmes Index ..............................................................................1319 108: CSF leaks ...............................................................1203 Scott M. Graham K17879_Volume I_Book.indb 8 4/28/18 7:08 PM