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MembersoftheAdvisoryBoard:StringfellowBarr,ScottBuchanan,John Erskine, ClarenceH.Faust,AlexanderMeiklejohn,Joseph Schwab,MarkVanDoren. J. EditorialConsultants:A.F.B. Clark, F,L.Lucas,Walter Murdoch. WallaceBrockway, ExecutiveEditor mMm m mm mn mn m m »« »»» i >>Mii> «>«in>>i i M>«tn > » On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies BY WILLIAM GILBERT Two New Concerning the Sciences BY GALILEO GALILEI On the Motion ofthe Heart and Blood On in Animals. the Circulation ofthe On Blood. the Generation ofAnimals BY WILLIAM HARVEY William Benton, Publisher ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, INC CHICAGO LONDON TORONTO "**«» >MIM » »> «»H<HMM«<4tl4IM»tMm tMH -I On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies, translated by P. Fleury Mottelay, is reprinted by arrangement with John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Dialogues Concerningthe Two New Sciences, translated by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio, is reprinted by arrangement with Northwestern University Studies THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO The Great Books ispublished with the editorial advice of thefaculties of The University of Chicago Copyright in the united states of America, 1952, BY excyclop/edia britannica, inc. Copyright 1952. Copyright under international copyright union by encyclopaedia britannica, inc. All rights reserved under pan American copyright conventions by encyclop/edia britannica, inc. GENERAL CONTENTS MIIMMM>MMIlH>t«<» On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies and on the Great Magnet the Earth, Page i By William Gilbert Translated by P. Fleury Mottelay I«>>tn«»tt Dialogues Concerning the Two New Sciences, Page 12.9 By Galileo Galilei Translated by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio » H«»««K An Anatomical Disquisition on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals, Page 2.67 The First Anatomical Disquisition on the Circulation of the Blood, Addressed to John Riolan, Page 305 A Second Disquisition to John Riolan, in which Many Objections to the Circulation of the Blood Are Refuted, Page 313 Anatomical Exercises on the Generation of Animals, Page 3x9 By William Harvey Translated by Robert Willis BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE William Gilbert, 1540-1603 GilbertwasbornMay 24, 1540, at Colchester sailors "to find out thelatitude without seeing inEssex.HecamefromanancientSuffolkfam- ofsun, moon, or stars." But the main basis of ilyandwastheeldestofthefivesonsofHierome his reputation as a scientist was the publica- Gilbert, recorderatColchester. Aftercomplet- tionin 1600,aftereighteenyearsofreading,ex- ing his preliminary education at the town periment, and reflection, of his book on the school, Gilbert in 1558 entered St. John's Col- magnet, De Magnete Magneticisque Corporibus lege, Cambridge, where he studied for eleven etde Magno Magnete Tellure Physiologia Nova. years. He took his bachelor's degree in 1560, It was the first important work in physical was elected fellow the following year, and pro- science tobe published in England, and almost ceeded toworkforhisM.A., whichhe received immediately after its publication Gilbert was in 1564. Itwasabout this time that his interest famousthroughoutEurope.Keplerpaid tribute in science apparently began to attract notice; to its influence upon his own physical specula- he was appointed mathematical examiner in tions. Galileofirst turned hisattention to mag- 1565 and then turned to thestudyofmedicine, netism after reading Gilbert and said of him in which he received his doctorate four years thathewas"great toadegree thatisenviable." later, when he was also elected senior fellowat Bacon, though he spoke disparagingly of Gil- St. John's College. bert's attempt "to raise a general systemupon Shortly after receiving his degree, Gilbert the magnet," praised him as an experimental leftCambridge and apparently made extensive philosopher and seems to have taken whole travels on the continent, particularly in Italy. paragraphs ofGilbert's work as his own. It is probable that he received the degree of At his London house, where he possessed a Doctor of Physic from a continental univer- large collection of books, globes, instruments, sity,andhepresumablythenmadetheacquaint- and minerals, Gilbert gathered abouthim men ance ofsomeofthe|learned menwith whomhe who were interested in discussing scientific waslaterincorrespondence. Afterhis return to problems. The group, which held regular England he settled in London in 1573, where monthly meetings and constituted a kind of he practised as a physician with "great success society, is now looked upon as a precursor of andapplause."Admitted totheCollegeofPhy- the Royal Society. Gilbert presumably took a sicians about 1576, Gilbert held the office of leading part in these discussions, and he is censor from 1581 to 1590; he was treasurer known to have continued his scientific investi- from 1587 to 1592andagainfrom 1597 to 1599, gations,buthisonlyotherbook,a treatisedeal- whenhesucceeded tothepresidencyofthecol- ing with meteorological subjects, De Mundo lege. Heserved on the committeeappointed to Nostro Sublunari Philosophia Nova, was edited superintend the preparation of the Pharmaco- after his death by his brother. poeiaLondinensis,whichwasundertakenbythe In 1601 Gilbert was appointed physician to collegein 1589althoughitdid notappearuntil Queen Elizabeth, and it appears that he then 1618. moved to the court. Upon the death of the During these years that Gilbert was making Queen,itwasdiscovered thatheronlypersonal a reputationasa physician, he wasalso becom- legacy was made to Gilbert for the prosecu- ing known as a savant in chemistry, physics, tion of his studies. He was immediately reap- and cosmology. He appears to have studied pointed royal physician by James I, but died these sciences from his youth. He was perhaps shortly afterward, probably of the plague, the first advocate ofCopernican views in Eng- onNovember30, 1603, and was buried in the land, and he held that the fixed stars were not chancel of HolyTrinity churchin Colchester. all at the same distance from the earth. His He bequeathed his scientific library and in- study of navigation is said to have resulted in struments to the College of Physicians, but the invention of two instruments enabling theyweredestroyedinthegreatfireofLondon. X BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE He left his portrait,which issaid tohave been hand a globe on which is written the word painted for that purpose, to Oxford Univer- terrella; as its inscription the painting has sity. In It he is represented as standing, Gilbert,thefirst investigator ofthepowers ofthe wearing his doctor's robes and holding in his magnet.