Scientific Foundations of Audiology Perspectives from Physics, Biology, Modeling, and Medicine Editor-in-Chief for Audiology Brad A. Stach, PhD Scientific Foundations of Audiology Perspectives from Physics, Biology, Modeling, and Medicine Anthony T. Cacace, PhD Emile de Kleine, PhD Avril Genene Holt, PhD Pim van Dijk, PhD 5521 Ruffin Road San Diego, CA 92123 e-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.pluralpublishing.com Copyright © 2016 by Plural Publishing, Inc. Typeset in 10½/13 Palatino by Flanagan’s Publishing Service, Inc. Printed in the United States of America by McNaughton & Gunn, Inc. All rights, including that of translation, reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written consent of the publisher. For permission to use material from this text, contact us by Telephone: (866) 758-7251 Fax: (888) 758-7255 e-mail: [email protected] Every attempt has been made to contact the copyright holders for material originally printed in another source. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will gladly make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. The functional MRI figures on the front cover were provided courtesy of Dr. Chris Lanting (Lanting et al., 2014). The other graphs (Middle ear Power reflectance, DPOAEs, and Audio- gram) were provided courtesy of Dr. A.T. Cacace (unpublished data). Lanting, C. P., de Kleine, E., Langers, D. R. M., van Dijk, P. (2014). Unilateral Tinnitus: Changes in Connectivity and Response Lateralization Measured with fMRI. PLoS 1, 9, e110704, 1–14. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Cacace, Anthony T., editor. | Kleine, Emile de, editor. | Holt, Avril Genene, editor. | Dijk, Pim van, 1960- , editor. Title: Scientific foundations of audiology : perspectives from physics, biology, modeling, and medicine / [edited by] Anthony T. Cacace, Emile de Kleine, Avril Genene Holt, Pim van Dijk. Description: San Diego, CA : Plural Publishing, Inc., [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015046757| ISBN 9781597566520 (alk. paper) | ISBN 1597566527 (alk. paper) Subjects: | MESH: Audiology— methods | Hearing Disorders — diagnosis | Hearing Disorders — therapy | Hearing — physiology Classification: LCC RF290 | NLM WV 270 | DDC 617.8 — dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015046757 Contents Introduction vii Contributors ix 1 Middle-Ear Reflectance: Concepts and Clinical Applications 1 Jont B. Allen, Sarah R. Robinson, Judi A. Lapsley Miller, Patricia S. Jeng, and Harry Levitt 2 Otoacoustic Emissions: Measurement, Modeling, and Applications 41 Glenis Long and Bastian Epp 3 The Audiogram: What It Measures, What It Predicts, and 57 What It Misses Anthony T. Cacace and Robert F. Burkard 4 Contemporary Issues in Vestibular Assessment 73 Faith W. Akin, Owen D. Murnane, and Kristal Mills Riska 5 Genetics of Deafness: In Mice and Men 99 Mirna Mustapha and Avril Genene Holt 6 Molecular-Based Measures for the Development of Treatment 107 for Auditory System Disorders: Important Transformative Steps Toward the Treatment of Tinnitus Avril Genene Holt, Catherine A. Martin, Antonela Muca, Angela R. Dixon, and Magnus Bergkvist 7 Medical and Surgical Treatment of Inner Ear Disease 131 Lawrence R. Lustig 8 The Future of Cochlear Implants 175 Richard Tyler, Paul R. Kileny, Aniruddha K. Deshpande, Shruti Balvalli Deshpande, Camille Dunn, Marlan Hansen, and Bruce Gantz 9 Novel Approaches for Protection and Restoration of Hearing 197 Min Young Lee and Yehoash Raphael 10 The Olivocochlear System: A Current Understanding of Its 219 Molecular Biology and Functional Roles in Development and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Douglas E. Vetter v vi Scientific Foundations of Audiology 11 Current Progress With Auditory Midbrain Implants 255 Hubert H. Lim, James F. Patrick, and Thomas Lenarz 12 Perception and Psychoacoustics of Speech in Cochlear 285 Implant Users Deniz Bas¸kent, Etienne Gaudrain, Terrin Nichole Tamati, and Anita Wagner 13 Theoretical Considerations in Developing an APD Construct: 321 A Neuroscience Perspective Dennis J. McFarland and Anthony T. Cacace 14 Normal Sound Processing: fMRI 331 Stefan Uppenkamp and Roy D. Patterson 15 Tinnitus Neurophysiology According to Structural and Functional 351 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Dave R. M. Langers and Emile de Kleine Index 371 IntroduCtIon This is not your typical textbook in imental models can be improved upon audiology; rather, it represents a com- to validate our concepts in complex pendium of state-of-the-art chapters areas. We hope that the end result will on unique topics dealing with hearing, inspire new investigators to fill in the vestibular, and brain science, the major- gaps and advance the field. ity of which are not found in standard Moreover, it should be obvious that texts but are highly pertinent to the after viewing the table of contents, the field. The underlying theme is that topics being covered are expansive. audiology is the primary “translational They range from areas of basic sci- interface” between basic science and ence (anatomy, physiology, genetics, clinical concerns. Trained primarily as gene expression, molecular biology, clinicians and clinical scientists, audiolo- neurochemistry) and clinical concerns gists are situated in a unique position to (peripheral and central otopathology) implement breakthroughs in engineer- to other relevant domains in assessment ing, molecular biology, neuroimaging, and treatment. They cover physical genetics, medicine, nanobioscience, etc., principles of middle ear and inner ear and deliver them to the clinic. However, function (auditory, vestibular, balance), the underlying advancements require a molecular and neural substrate under- fundamental understanding of advanced lying normal and pathologic activ- concepts and materials. Therefore, our ity in afferent and efferent pathways, intent is to provide a foundation for implanted devices (cochlear and mid- doctoral students in audiology, phys- brain implants), mechanisms of speech ics, neurobiology, and engineering and perception associated with electrical residents in various medical specialties stimulation, to the cortical processing (otolaryngology, neurology, pediatrics, of sound (normal and pathological) and neurosurgery) with the background using noninvasive methods vis-à-vis and concepts necessary to facilitate un- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). derstanding in these different areas. We also consider “Future perspec- Of the “Current issues” subsumed tives” in a similar context to those areas within this book, we focus on topics described above. However, these par- that have practical, experimental, and ticular areas will no doubt be transfor- theoretical value. The practical infor- mative in nature, where advancements mation is clearly apparent and is directly are motivated by the ingenuity of the applicable to clinical situations. How- investigators and where the potential ever, within this material, we also pro- to produce large dividends (successful vide insight into basic areas of research treatments and potential cures) is on where technical information is develop- the horizon. One area of interest con- ing, where our understanding is incom- cerns the combined use of manganese- plete, where theory has not been applied enhanced MRI (MEMRI), gene expres- in a rigorous manner, and where exper- sion, and functionalized nanoparticles vii viii Scientific Foundations of Audiology to treat noise-induced tinnitus. Another neurosurgery), engineering (biomedi- very exciting domain concerns novel cal, mechanical, electrical, chemical), approaches for the protection and resto- basic science (neuro/molecular biol- ration of hearing. This highly fluid area ogy and neurochemistry), rehabilita- is expected to have substantial impact tion, physics, psychology, and of course on the field, where future develop- audiology, where each group will have ments remain extremely bright. specific domains-of-interest and appli- It is our hope that information de- cations. We also believe that having a rived from these topics expands one’s literary source in one book that con- knowledge base but also provides the tains a repository of diverse and highly incentive to improve the status quo. technical information, presented in a However, this is not an easy task. To coherent manner, should be extremely succeed in this ambitious undertak- valuable to a wide range of individu- ing, we have assembled a stellar array als, but to our knowledge, such a docu- of international world-class scientists, ment does not yet exist. Therefore, this clinicians, and scholars to ensure that book should fill an important void in state-of-the-art technical information is the scientific literature as a combined explicated in an understandable, logi- reference text, research guide, and edu- cal, and cohesive manner. The authors cational tool. of these chapters have taken this task As science in this area evolves, the very seriously and share the common profession of audiology is in a unique responsibility for giving an exposé on position to integrate advanced tech- potential gaps in knowledge that cur- nologies developed by clinicians, engi- rently exist in a thoughtful and unself- neers, and basic scientists and apply ish manner. We are extremely grateful them to the clinic. Consequently, audi- for their efforts and contributions. ologists and others in related fields like To summarize, we believe that this medicine and engineering represent the book will have many beneficiaries. “translational interface” between basic They will be independent of geograph- science and current clinical concerns. It ical boundaries but will have in com- is a big responsibility to integrate new mon the desire to learn and apply new ideas and concepts into the clinic but it and advanced concepts to everyday is one that encompasses the technical situations. This includes a broad spec- skills and educational background of trum of individuals from multiple sci- those individuals already working in entific disciplines, including medicine this field. (otolaryngology, pediatrics, neurology, ContrIbutors Faith W. Akin, PhD Department of Rehabilitation Vestibular/Balance Laboratory Science Mountain Home VA Medical Center University at Buffalo Professor Buffalo, New York Department of Audiology and Chapter 3 Speech-Language Pathology East Tennessee State University Anthony T. Cacace, PhD Mountain Home, Tennessee Professor and Director of the Hearing Chapter 4 Science Laboratory Department of Communication Jont B. Allen, PhD Sciences & Disorders Professor Wayne State University Department of Computer and Detroit, Michigan Electrical Engineering Chapters 3 and 13 University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois Emile de Kleine, PhD Chapter 1 Medical Physicist-Audiologist University of Groningen Deniz Baskent, PhD, MSc University Medical Center Groningen Professor Groningen, The Netherlands Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Chapter 15 Head and Neck Surgery University of Groningen Aniruddha K. Deshpande, PhD, University Medical Center Groningen CCC-A Research School of Behavioral and Assistant Professor Cognitive Neurosciences Department of Speech-Language- Groningen, The Netherlands Hearing Sciences Chapter 12 Hofstra University Magnus Bergkvist, PhD Hempstead, New York Chapter 8 Assistant Professor of Nanobioscience SUNY Polytechnic Institute Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Shruti Balvalli Deshpande, PhD, Engineering CCC-A Albany, New York Visiting Assistant Professor Chapter 6 Postdoctoral Research Scholar The University of Iowa Robert F. Burkard, PhD, CCC-A Iowa City, Iowa Professor and Chair Chapter 8 ix