1188 MMaarrcchh 22000055 VVooll..330077 NNoo..55771166 PPaaggeess 11667733––11882200 $$1100 COVER Repeated images of an optical cross section through a Drosophila wing Volume 307 epitheliumvery early in development,illustrating that regions lacking a morphogenetic 18 March 2005 signal (deprived regions shown in blue) also lack a well-organized apical cytoskeleton (yellow band,microtubules and F-actin together).As described on page 1785,extra- Number 5716 cellular signaling pathways can direct appendage development through position-specific effects on epithelial architecture.[Image:M.Gibson] DEPARTMENTS 1716 PUBLICHEALTH 1685 SCIENCEONLINE Provocative Study Says Obesity May Reduce 1687 THISWEEKINSCIENCE U.S.Life Expectancy 1691 EDITORIALby Hans Wigzell 1718 RANDOMSAMPLES A European CDC? 11669983 CEDOITNOTARCS’TCSHCOIEINCCEE LETTERS 1701 NETWATCH 1720 Combining Parenting and a Science Career 1791 NEWPRODUCTS C.Djerassi;A.L.Lewis et al.;A.Peekna.Crying “Whorf” 1792 SCIENCECAREERS D.Casasanto.ResponseP.Gordon.Recombinant Virus Bank for Gene DeliveryK.K.Yokoyama et al. NEWS OFTHEWEEK 1722 Corrections and Clarifications 1702 BIOETHICS Anticloning Forces Launch . Second-Term Offensive BOOKS ETAL U.N.Settles on Nonbinding Resolution 1723 ORNITHOLOGY 1703 CONFLICT-OF-INTERESTPOLICY 1712 Nature’s Music The Science of Birdsong NIH Rules Make Some Pack,Others Plead P.Marler and H.Slabbekoorn,Eds.,reviewed by B.Lohr 1705 EVOLUTION 1724 APPLIEDPHYSICS Special Hemoglobin Helped Swim Bladders The Story of Semiconductors Give Fish Diversity a Lift J.Orton,reviewed by J.R.Chelikowsky related Research Article page 1752 1705 SCIENCESCOPE POLICY FORUM 1706 GENETICALLYMODIFIEDCROPS 1725 ECOLOGY Safety Research Falls Foul of German Politics Are U.S.Coral Reefs on the Slippery Slope 1706 GRADUATESCHOOLS to Slime? Drop in Foreign Applications Slows J. M. Pandolfi et al. 1707 MARINEGEOLOGY Pursued for 40 Years,the Moho Evades Ocean PERSPECTIVES Drillers Once Again 1727 CANCER 1708 AIDS CLINICALTRIALS An Anchor for Tumor Cell Invasion More Woes for Novel HIV Prevention Approach S. H. Yuspa and E. H. Epstein Jr. 1708 GENETICS related Report page 1773 Mutterings From the Silenced X Chromosome 1723 1728 EVOLUTION 1709 NASA Fossil Horses—Evidence for Evolution Nominee Wins Quick Praise for His Technical B. J. MacFadden Expertise 1730 PHYSICS 1709 PLANETARYSCIENCE Toward Creating a Rutherford Atom Enceladus,a Work in D. M. Villeneuve Progress related Report page 1757 1711 DIABETESRESEARCH 1731 CELLBIOLOGY Researchers Puzzle Over Ras on the Roundabout Possible Effect of Gleevec D. Meder and K. Simons 1711 FRENCHSCIENCE related Research Article page 1746 INSERM Doubts Criminality in Growth 1733 APPLIEDPHYSICS Toward Quantum-Information Processing with Hormone Case Photons NEWS FOCUS I. A. Walmsley and M. G. Raymer 1725 1712 DRUGDISCOVERY Magnificent Obsession REVIEW 1715 HISTORYOFMATHEMATICS 1735 CELLBIOLOGY ‘Amateur’Proofs Blend Religion and The Molecular Requirements for Cytokinesis Scholarship in Ancient Japan M.Glotzer Contents continued www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 18 MARCH 2005 1679 SCIENCEEXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org NEUROSCIENCE:Target Cell–Dependent Normalization of Transmitter Release at Neocortical Synapses H.J.Koester and D.Johnston All synapses between one cortical neuron and any particular target cell have the same calcium response and release probability,indicating that the target cell specifies the synapse type. DEVELOPMENTALBIOLOGY:MicroRNAs Regulate Brain Morphogenesis in Zebrafish A.J.Giraldez,R.M.Cinalli,M.E.Glasner,A.J.Enright,J.M.Thomson,S.Baskerville,S.M.Hammond, D.P.Bartel,A.F.Schier In zebrafish embryos,small regulatory RNAs control the movement of cells to form organs and tissues, especially in the nervous system,without determining cell identity. MICROBIOLOGY:Nicotinic Acid Limitation Regulates Silencing of CandidaAdhesins During UTI R.Domergue,I.Castaño,A.De Las Peñas,M.Zupancic,V.Lockatell,J.R.Hebel,D.Johnson, B.P.Cormack The low levels of nicotinic acid in the urinary tract trigger expression of an adhesion protein in invading yeast,thus enabling infection. ATMOSPHERICSCIENCE:Assessing Methane Emissions from Global Space-Borne Observations C.Frankenberg,J.F.Meirink,M.van Weele,U.Platt,T.Wagner Satellite measurements of the global distribution of methane,an important greenhouse gas,show that tropical rainforests are a surprisingly large source of emissions. BREVIA 1740 APPLIEDPHYSICS:Self-Organized Origami L.Mahadevan and S.Rica When a thin object shaped like a leaf or petal is compressed laterally—for example,by growth or heating— coherent spatial waves are produced that lead to self-organized folding. RESEARCHARTICLES 1741 PALEOCLIMATE:Southern Hemisphere Water Mass Conversion Linked with North Atlantic Climate Variability K.Pahnke and R.Zahn Past changes in mid-depth water formation near Antarctica coincided with both abrupt warming in the Southern Hemisphere and deep water formation in the North Atlantic,implying an atmospheric connection. 1746 CELLBIOLOGY:An Acylation Cycle Regulates Localization and Activity of Palmitoylated Ras 1741 Isoforms O.Rocks,A.Peyker,M.Kahms,P.J.Verveer,C.Koerner,M.Lumbierres,J.Kuhlmann, H.Waldmann,A.Wittinghofer,P.I.H.Bastiaens A small signaling protein moves from the plasma membrane to the Golgi apparatus and back,as a lipid is added to and taken off the protein. related Perspective page 1731 1752 EVOLUTION:Evolution of Oxygen Secretion in Fishes and the Emergence of a Complex Physiological System M.Berenbrink,P.Koldkjær,O.Kepp,A.R.Cossins The evolution of swim bladders in fish,which inflate with oxygen to control buoyancy,required a series of interrelated changes in hemoglobin,proton transporters,and the development of a complex vascular network. related News story page 1705 REPORTS 1757 PHYSICS:Microwave Manipulation of an Atomic Electron in a Classical Orbit H.Maeda,D.V.L.Norum,T.F.Gallagher 1730 & Adjusting the frequency of an applied microwave field produces and allows control of a planet-like orbit of an excited electron around a lithium nucleus. related Perspective page 1730 1757 Contents continued www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 18 MARCH 2005 1681 REPORTS CONTINUED 1760 MATERIALSSCIENCE:Rheological Measurements of the Thermoviscoelastic Response of Ultrathin Polymer Films P.A.O’Connell and G.B.McKenna Observing the shape of bubbles inflated in a polymer film shows that thin films can be less flexible than bulk material but still transform to a glass-like state at similar temperatures. 1763 MATERIALSSCIENCE:The Controlled Evolution of a Polymer Single Crystal X.Liu,Y.Zhang,D.K.Goswami,J.S.Okasinski,K.Salaita,P.Sun,M.J.Bedzyk,C.A.Mirkin An atomic force microscope coated with a polymer solution is used to nucleate a polymer on a surface,then control and monitor its growth. CLIMATECHANGE 1766 The Climate Change Commitment T.M.L.Wigley 1769 How Much More Global Warming and Sea Level Rise? G.A.Meehl,W.M.Washington,W.D.Collins,J.M.Arblaster,A.Hu,L.E.Buja,W.G.Strand,H.Teng Two climate models indicate that even if stabilization of greenhouse gases at 2000 or 2005 levels were 1727 & possible,sea level would still rise 30 cm from thermal expansion alone and much more from glacial melting. 1773 MEDICINE:Type VII Collagen Is Required for Ras-Driven Human Epidermal Tumorigenesis 1773 S.Ortiz-Urda,J.Garcia,C.L.Green,L.Chen,Q.Lin,D.P.Veitch,L.Y.Sakai,H.Lee, M.P.Marinkovich,P.A.Khavari An abnormal fragment of collagen,a protein that forms a structural matrix outside of cells,causes certain forms of human skin cancer by disrupting the usual controls on cell migration. related Perspective page 1727 1776 NEUROSCIENCE:Uncharged tRNA and Sensing of Amino Acid Deficiency in Mammalian Piriform Cortex S.Hao,J.W.Sharp,C.M.Ross-Inta,B.J.McDaniel,T.G.Anthony,R.C.Wek,D.R.Cavener, B.C.McGrath,J.B.Rudell,T.J.Koehnle,D.W.Gietzen The neurons in the mammalian brain sense which amino acids are missing from the diet by monitoring levels of their uncharged tRNAs,the same system that is used by yeast. 1778 MICROBIOLOGY:Human Symbionts Use a Host-Like Pathway for Surface Fucosylation M.J.Coyne,B.Reinap,M.M.Lee,L.E.Comstock The most common microorganism in the human gut coats itself in a sugar molecule identical to one decorating the surface of gut cells and thus escapes immune detection. 1781 CELLBIOLOGY:A Mitotic Septin Scaffold Required for Mammalian Chromosome Congression and Segregation E.T.Spiliotis,M.Kinoshita,W.J.Nelson During cell division,a polymerizing GTP-binding protein helps chromosomes bunch together and then move to the appropriate daughter cell. 1781 DEVELOPMENTALBIOLOGY 1785 Extrusion and Death of DPP/BMP-Compromised Epithelial Cells in the Developing DrosophilaWing M.C.Gibson and N.Perrimon 1789 Extrusion of Cells with Inappropriate Dpp Signaling from DrosophilaWing Disc Epithelia J.Shen and C.Dahmann Cells in fly wings lacking an important signaling pathway have abnormal cytoskeletons and so are pushed out of the normal flat tissue as blebs,but contrary to early assumptions,they do not die. SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday,except the last week in December,by the American Association for the Advancement of Science,1200 New York Avenue,NW,Washington,DC 20005.Periodicals Mail postage (publication No.484460) paid at Washington,DC,and additional mailing offices.Copyright © 2005 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of the AAAS. Domestic individual membership and subscription (51 issues):$135 ($74 allocated to subscription).Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues):$550; Foreign postage extra:Mexico,Caribbean (surface mail) $55;other countries (air assist delivery) $85.First class,airmail,student,and emeritus rates on request.Canadian rates with GST available upon request,GST #1254 88122.Publications Mail Agreement Number 1069624.Printed in the U.S.A. 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Contents continued www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 18 MARCH 2005 1683 sciencenow www.sciencenow.org DAILYNEWSCOVERAGE www.scienceonline.org More Science,Less Friction Simulation study shows how a motor oil ingredient protects engines from wear. The Consummate Sperm Protein Newly discovered protein is crucial for sperm-and-egg fusion. Cluster Computing Gets Closer New study shows that an alternative route to quantum computing is feasible. science’s next wave www.nextwave.org CAREERRESOURCESFORYOUNGSCIENTISTS US:Tooling Up—The Job-Offer Checklist D.Jensen A job in industry has much to offer,but look before you leap. US:The 2005 National Postdoc Association Meeting J.Austin Next Wave Editor Jim Austin reports from this year’s NPA meeting in San Diego. CANADA:Dirty Bombs and Other Career Stories of a Defense Scientist A.Fazekas A young researcher working with Canada’s Radiological Analysis and Defense group shares her story. Plan your industry move carefully. EUROPE:European Science Bytes Next Wave Staff Read the latest funding,training,and job market news from Europe. MISCINET:Profile—Margaret Hiza Redsteer A.Sasso A Native American geologist with the U.S.Geological Survey has had to endure many hardships. MISCINET:Bridges to Native American Students in Community Colleges Program G.Kuehn New Mexico State University aims to increase the number of Native American students with degrees and working in biomedical research. science’s sage ke www.sageke.org SCIENCEOFAGINGKNOWLEDGEENVIRONMENT PERSPECTIVE:The Genetic Basis of Aging—An Evolutionary Biologist’s Perspective D.N.Reznick Analyses of aging in model organisms offer a limited view of how senescence occurs. NEWSFOCUS:How Low Can You Go? R.J.Davenport Molecule might improve statins’cholesterol-depleting power. NEWSFOCUS:Outrunning Alzheimer’s Disease M.Leslie Exercise curbs βamyloid buildup in mice. Evolution and aging. science’s stke www.stke.org SIGNALTRANSDUCTIONKNOWLEDGEENVIRONMENT TEACHINGRESOURCE:Structure of G Protein–Coupled Receptors and G Proteins R.Iyengar Lecture materials for a graduate-level course are provided. CONNECTIONSMAPOVERVIEW:Ethylene Signaling Pathway A.N.Stepanova and J.M.Alonso New evidence suggests the MAPK6 module may not contribute to ethylene responses. CONNECTIONSMAPOVERVIEW:ArabidopsisEthylene Signaling Pathway A.N.Stepanova and J.M.Alonso New results prompt removal of some components of the pathway. Crystal structure of rhodopsin. Separate individual or institutional subscriptions to these products may be required for full-text access. GrantsNet AIDScience Members Only! Functional Genomics www.grantsnet.org www.aidscience.com www.AAASMember.org www.sciencegenomics.org RESEARCHFUNDINGDATABASE HIV PREVENTION& VACCINERESEARCH AAAS ONLINECOMMUNITY NEWS,RESEARCH,RESOURCES www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 18 MARCH 2005 1685 T W HIS EEK IN edited by Stella Hurtley and Phil Szuromi Collagen as Oncoprotein will rise by as much as 0.5°C and sea level will rise by tens of Patients with an inherited skin disorder called recessive dystrophic centimeters, not including any melting from ice sheets and epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) often develop squamous cell glaciers. carcinoma,a form of skin cancer that is common in the general population. RDEB is caused by mutations in the gene encoding Radio-Controlled Electrons the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein collagen VII, but the role of collagen in cancer development has been unclear.Ortiz-Urda Although atoms are often depicted with discrete electrons orbiting et al. (p.1773;see the Perspective by Yuspa and Epstein) now the nucleus,electrons are more properly described as delocalized show that RDEB patients who develop cancer express an aberrant, clouds.However,under the right excitation conditions,the classical truncated version of collagen VII that confers tumorigenic properties model can pertain.When electrons are excited sufficiently to skin cells,by enhancing their ability to invade surrounding tissue. that the level spacing is much smaller than the total energy, In mice, tumor induction can they can occupy several levels be blocked by administration of at once.This delocalization in antibodies targeting this collagen Letting Ras Know energy leads to a corresponding fragment.These results highlight localization in space, and tem- Where It’s At the critical role of the ECM in porarily the electrons resemble tumorigenesis and suggest that The correct spatial or- classical orbiting particles. ECM proteins may be valuable ganization of cellular Maeda et al.(p.1757,published therapeutic targets for certain signaling molecules is online 10 February 2005, see forms of cancer. crucial to ensuring prop- the Perspective by Villeneuve) er biological response. have stabilized Li atoms in this The Good Food Sense Some signaling proteins, state by applying a microwave such as the Ras guano- field tuned to the orbiting Some animals can recognize sine triphosphatases,are frequency.They further show that a meal is deficient in modified by lipids that that by adjusting the microwave amino acids, and thus reject direct their localization frequency, they can fine-tune such offerings within 20 min- to the plasma membrane the period and radius of the utes. This behavioral response and to intracellular membranes of the Golgi complex. electron orbit, along with the to amino acid deficiency in Ras proteins are thought to acquire these lipid moieties corresponding binding energy. omnivores has been known for while transiting through the secretory pathway. Rocks some time, but the nutrient et al. (p. 1746, published online 10 February 2005, see Probing Polymer Creep sensor has eluded discovery. the Perspective by Meder and Simons) now find that and Crystallization Hao et al. (p. 1776) found that Ras becomes depalmitoylated at the plasma membrane, an ancient amino acid sensing releasing the protein to the cytoplasm.Released Ras that The motion of polymer chains mechanism found in yeast is is redistributed to the Golgi becomes repalmitoylated and in thin films is complex; the conserved in the neurons of the subsequently transported to the cell surface, where the presence of a free surface anterior piriform cortex. This acylation cycle begins again.These changes in palmitoylation should allow for greater degrees amino acid chemosensory brain correlate with Ras signaling and provide a mechanism for of freedom in their motion, but area projects to neural circuits controlling Ras protein intracellular distribution. the reduced dimension of the controlling food intake. film restricts mobility. These effects are reflected in the glass transition temperature and the rheology of the films.O’Connell Thermal Inertia and Climate and McKenna(p.1760) use the inflation of a bubble to measure If the emission of greenhouse gases were to stop today, the compliance of thin polymer films.While they see no changes their associated global warming would continue because of in the glass transition temperature,they do see dramatic changes the long lifetime of the gases in the atmosphere and thermal in the film’s elasticity. For polymers that can partially crystallize, inertia of the ocean,and sea level rise would continue because the crystallization process is relatively slow. The morphologies of thermal expansion. Two modeling studies address these that form depend on the processing conditions,the orientations issues. Wigley (p. 1766) discusses the long-term climate of chains before solidification, and residual stresses. Liu et al. ET AL.HL wwahricmhi nwgo cuoldm omccitumr eunntd ewre t hhea vseti lml haidgeh layl roepatdimy,isatsi cw seclel naasr itoh oatf (ppo.l1ym76e3r) chhaavien sd eavnidse tda kaen iamtoamgeics faotr cteh em sicarmosec otipmee t,htahtu csa anl ldoewliivnegr MEE no further rise in the rate of greenhouse gas emissions. Meehl for exquisite control and observation of the crystallization. ET AL.;OCKS et al. (p. 1769) quantify how msuecah l emveolr rei sgel o(jbuaslt wfraormm tinhge ramnadl Breaking Up Is Hard To Do M) :R expansion) could be expected O BOTTO htraadt iognrese bneheonu sfero gzaesn caotn tcheeni-r Psirnogpleer mceollt hdeivri scioenll——tinhve oflovrems amtioitno soifs ,tdwuor idnagu gwhhtiecrh c delulsp lfircoamte da OP T 2000 levels. Both studies con- chromosomes are separated, and cytokinesis, the separation of CREDITS (T cclausdee stcheanta erivoesn, itne mthpeesrea tbuersets- the two daughter cells.Glotzer(p.1735) reviCeOwNsTI NwUhEDaOt NisP AkGnEo16w8n9 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 18 MARCH 2005 1687 T W CONTINUEDFROM1687 HIS EEK IN about the cellular mechanisms involved in cytokinesis in a variety of cellular systems. Coordination of cytokinesis with chromosome congression and segregation is critical for proper cell division.In a Report,Spiliotiset al.(p.1781) describe their study of a con- (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:8)(cid:5)(cid:12)(cid:5)(cid:2)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:8) served family of binding proteins known as the septins that localize to the metaphase (cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:17)(cid:24)(cid:8)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:21)(cid:26)(cid:8)(cid:27)(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:8)(cid:4)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:24)(cid:8) plate during mammalian mitotis. Septin depletion disrupted the accumulation of chro- (cid:29)(cid:30)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:8)(cid:14)(cid:20)(cid:31)(cid:30) !"#(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:2)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:2) mosomes and their segregation and led to defects in cytokinesis.These defects correlat- (cid:8)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:17)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:4)(cid:16)(cid:2)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:21)(cid:22) ed with a failure of CENP-E,a mitotic motor and mitotic checkpoint regulator,to local- $(cid:22)(cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:11)(cid:15)(cid:23)(cid:17)(cid:8)(cid:4)!(cid:20)(cid:21)!(cid:18)%&(cid:8)(cid:6)(cid:28)(cid:26)!(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:22)!# ize correctly on congressing chromosomes.Mammalian septins may thus form a mitotic (cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:2)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:22) scaffold that coordinates chromosome congression and segregation with cytokinesis. ’(cid:22)(cid:24)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:15)(cid:24)(cid:30)(cid:20) (cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:22)!(cid:26)#(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:2)(cid:10)(cid:23)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:2) (cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:2)(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:4)(cid:16)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:16)(cid:15)(cid:24)(cid:15)(cid:4)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:26)(cid:2)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:4)(cid:28)(cid:29)(cid:24)(cid:2)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:2)(cid:30)(cid:4)(cid:24)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:2) Change Down Under (cid:25)(cid:31)(cid:6)(cid:28)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:4)(cid:31)(cid:2)(cid:16)(cid:15)(cid:24)(cid:15)(cid:4)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:26)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:28)(cid:2)(cid:24)(cid:20)(cid:6)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:31)(cid:2)(cid:25)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:21)(cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:28) (cid:7)(cid:16)(cid:19)(cid:2) (cid:4)(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:2)(cid:21)(cid:6)(cid:24)(cid:15)(cid:4)(cid:24)(cid:15)(cid:22) The ocean process most commonly associated with global climate change is the formation ((cid:28)(cid:26)!(cid:24)(cid:28)(cid:31)!(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:20) (cid:8))(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:30)(cid:20)!(cid:17)(cid:8)(cid:4)!(cid:30)(cid:24)(cid:17)(cid:22)!(cid:8) of deep water in the North Atlantic,but a growing body of observations and model (cid:14)(cid:17) (cid:28)*(cid:26)(cid:25)(cid:15)&(cid:8)(cid:5)*(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:24)(cid:26) results implicate other parts of the ocean, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. !(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:31)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:4)(cid:28)(cid:29)(cid:24)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:2)(cid:30)(cid:15)(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:24)(cid:24)(cid:8)(cid:25)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:29)(cid:15)(cid:21)(cid:2)"(cid:6)(cid:29)(cid:26)(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:2)#(cid:15)"(cid:2) Pahnke and Zahn(p.1741) examine the role of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), $(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:2)%(cid:28)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:6)(cid:29)(cid:7)(cid:29)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:28)(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:19)(cid:2)(cid:25)(cid:8)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:4)(cid:30)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:4)(cid:29)(cid:15)(cid:2)"(cid:6)(cid:29)(cid:26)(cid:2) which forms in the southern mid-latitudes and is found at depths between 500 and 100 (cid:16)(cid:15)(cid:24)(cid:15)(cid:4)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:26)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:29)(cid:18)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:18)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:4)(cid:29)(cid:15)(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:2)(cid:25)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:28)(cid:29)(cid:16)(cid:19)(cid:22) meters, in redistributing heat and fresh water within the deeper oceans. Changes in !(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:31)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:4)(cid:29)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:28)(cid:2)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:2)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:29)(cid:4)(cid:6)(cid:31)(cid:24)(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:29)&(cid:2) AAIW formation during the last 340,000 years were coupled to variations in North ***+(cid:26)!(cid:20)!(cid:17)+(cid:22),+(cid:30)(cid:26)-(cid:25)(cid:17)(cid:20) !(cid:25)-(cid:26)&(cid:15)(cid:22)(cid:20) (cid:31)(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:24)- Atlantic deep water formation and climate change in the Antarctic.The contemporaneous !(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:31)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:4)(cid:29)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:28)(cid:2)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:2)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:29)(cid:4)(cid:6)(cid:31)(cid:24)(cid:2)(cid:9)(cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:3)& responses implicate the atmosphere in forcing the climate changes. (cid:10)(cid:17)*(cid:8)(cid:29)(cid:17)(cid:21)(cid:26)(cid:17)"(cid:8)(cid:6)(cid:28)(cid:23)(cid:23)(cid:15)(cid:26)(cid:26)(cid:15)(cid:28)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:28)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:4)&(cid:15)(cid:22)(cid:20) (cid:8) (cid:6)(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:24)(cid:8)(cid:2)(cid:17)(cid:26)(cid:17)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:31)(cid:25)(cid:8) ($(cid:8).(cid:28)/(cid:8)012 The Eyes—and the Swimbladder—Have It 3(cid:20)(cid:21)4(cid:17)!(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:24)(cid:8)(cid:12)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:4)!(cid:21)(cid:17)(cid:17)!(cid:26) (cid:11)(cid:21)(cid:17)(cid:22)!(cid:28)(cid:22)#(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:17)*(cid:8)(cid:29)(cid:17)(cid:21)(cid:26)(cid:17)"(cid:8)25167(cid:18)2012 Teleost fishes maintain buoyancy using a gas-inflated swimbladder.Oxygen is pumped (cid:11)(cid:17) 8(cid:8)129(cid:18)696(cid:18):277 into the swimbladder by means of a complex arrangement of veins and arteries,known (cid:3)(cid:18)(cid:23)(cid:20)(cid:15) 8(cid:8)(cid:22),(cid:31)(cid:26)(cid:31)(cid:21);(cid:24)(cid:28)(cid:25)+(cid:26)!(cid:20)!(cid:17)+(cid:22),+(cid:30)(cid:26) as the rete mirabile, and special pH sensitive “root-effect” hemoglobins, which also ’(cid:31)(cid:8)(cid:24)(cid:6)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:2)((cid:4)(cid:29)(cid:15)(cid:2)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:2))(cid:16)(cid:4)(cid:28)(cid:29)(cid:2)!(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:31)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:4)(cid:29)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:28)(cid:24)&(cid:2) have low specific buffer values.A Na+/H+ exchanger regulates the intracellular pH (cid:29)(cid:30)(cid:22)(cid:17)(cid:8)5#(cid:8)6227 of red blood cells. Many fish also have an ocular rete mirabile to support the high metabolic activity of the avascular fish retina.Berenbrink et al.(p.1752) use phylogenet- ics, the biochemistry and structure of hemoglobins, and details of the activity of the Na+/H+exchanger in extant fishes to explain the evolution this complex system. q: Root-effect hemoglobins must have appeared before How can I organize the rete mirabile.The ocular retia—which required and protect my back the presence of the Na+/H+ exchanger—likely a : issues of Science? evolved 100 million years before the swimbladder retia,whose appearance correlates with significant adap- Custom-made tive radiation in teleost fish. library file cases! Designed to hold Sugary Coating 12 issues and covered in a rich How do humans tolerate the presence of billions of bacteria in the gut without mounting burgundy leather- an inflammatory response? Coyne et al.(p.1778) analyze the most common bacterial lsilkipec masaete irnicallu, deaecsh genus found in the human intestine (Bacteroides) and show that these organisms an attractive label with the Science decorate their capsular polysaccharides and surface glycoproteins with L-fucose.L-Fucose logo. is abundant on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells, and Bacteroides stimulates One........$15 intestinal epithelial cells to express fucosylated molecules.This molecular mimicry allows Great gift idea! Three......$40 Bacteroidesto be tolerated by the host. Six..........$80 Send order to: The Right Stuff for Wing Formation TNC Enterprises Dept.SC P.O. Box 2475 Animal organs and appendages are comprised of cells with different morphologies. Warminster, PA 18974 Specify number of slipcases and For example, the Drosophila wing primordium displays cells that are squamous, enclose name, address and payment cuboidal,or columnar.What are the molecular determinants for this cell variation? Gibson with your order (no P.O. boxes please). Add $3.50 per slipcase for shipping and Perrimon(p.1785) examine this question by screening flies with defects in epithe- and handling. PA residents add 6% ET AL.,DIT:BERENBRINK dtwolihaneaalfdyetac cieirsmtyl lii pennmfls ifwtcoeeacrhapttide.ch dShoi ni gmtcvheeoiinllslalev srses iiadcgsro n eiinnan c el ielxntuphtgsire tiupo hdwaneetsliihdn aaw glr f.eorao Myragm liuasn nto taic hzrteaeeilota l iencsop hunoiert,fvdha i aevnb aldyisla ,i agSli ntnhs yuaae lrpnsifnpua agebcn aseredr.esq Cc Duteohaepnanhttttomr atrch raepyenlr l ntosdoidg(e upneac.ata1ehrlidl7 niie 8sga r9 a pw)w a.soeitnhrcgk-- sCMeOwaxrrwCelpde dw.eas idr c.tt tcao anCetnxcaep.le ir Ctandneane tdOne:d.nr r Ssdopieterg insrsnshdea:i ts pnAu. aonmrmeueE.ttexs/,s,i d ncVeuI SmUA.bS,e.r, CRE Unconditionally Guaranteed www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 18 MARCH 2005 E DITORIAL A European CDC? I nfectious diseases have made an unfortunate comeback. After the Second World War, the development of new vaccines and discoveries of efficient antibiotics meant to many that lethal infectious disorders were enemies of the past. But, not surprisingly, nature has hit back. We now face an increasing number of deadly drug-resistant bacteria, including the mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis, as well as staphylococci. Around 1% of the world population is now infected with HIV. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic of 2003 demonstrated just how enormous the social and economic effects of such new infectious diseases can be, and a global avian flu pandemic hovers on the horizon. Moreover, the communicable nature of these diseases is exacerbated by modern travel. Hence, the decision taken by the European Union (EU) in April 2004 to create a European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) is commendable. But what is the potential capacity of the center to fulfill its impor- tant mission? The ECDC will start operating in May 2005 in Stockholm, Sweden. The center shall “identify, assess and communicate current and emerging threats to human health from communicable diseases,” surely a broad mission to cover. The budget for the center is put at approximately 5, 15, and 30 million euros for 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively. Com- pared to a present budget for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) of around $4 billion, this budget is hardly inspiring. Even in 2007, the ECDC budget will be less than those of many national disease centers in Europe, and that dictates a stringent policy regarding priorities for decid- ing which tasks can best be performed by the agency. The current instruc- tions put major emphasis on the operation of surveillance networks and the provision of technical and scientific expertise to the 25 member states. And although the directives repeatedly emphasize the need for the ECDC to provide scientific expertise to the EU, the center will lack laboratories of its own and be devoid of regulatory power. The director of the ECDC, Zsuzsanna Jakab, will be crucial in shaping the policy and posi- tion of the agency within the EU. Jakab, from Hungary, is a former politician with a long administrative background at the regional office of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Copenhagen. In contrast to most directors of disease centers around the world, Jakab lacks medical expertise and scientific background in the field. But her knowledge of EU and WHO bureaucracies may prove invaluable for skillful navigation around the archipelagos of political complexity. However, equally vital for a successful ECDC will be the new director´s ability to create an attractive environment for scientists of high quality. The response to the ECDC has generally been positive. Of course, concerns continue about its power to fulfill an ambitious mission on a minimal budget. It is also unclear how existing projects within the present EU budget concerning public health and communicable diseases will be affected. Scientific experts often require strong ongoing links to research in order to maintain their expertise. Can Jakab construct such an environment in an institute without labs? Perhaps she can; France and Ireland, for example, have disease centers that are considered to function quite well without laboratories. However, as a putative hub of expertise among EU member states, the lack of infrastructure at the ECDC could pose a challenge to its mission. Harmony among states with regard to rules for handling epidemics of infectious diseases in the EU region is criti- cal, especially in an emergency. Without regulatory power, the ECDC will somehow have to support this cause by rely- ing on other devices. That will be a challenge: Several EU countries defend their rights to have their own laws for han- dling infectious diseases, whereas others support a common European law. And with an impending avian flu epidemic on its radar screen, the ECDC will have to move swiftly to coordinate EU strategies for handling a potential crisis. So, what are we left with? A European variant of the U.S. CDC, with a much more restricted role as the coordinating center for networks of surveillance, based largely on independent national agencies. An external evaluation will no doubt be needed in a few years to measure the effectiveness of this European model. Given such formidable challenges, is it conceivable that the ECDC could emerge as a leading international scientific institution in the control of infectious diseases? We look forward, hopefully, to that possibility. Hans Wigzell Hans Wigzell is Director for Medical Innovation at the Karolinska Institute,Stockholm,Sweden,and Scientific Advisor to the M O Swedish Government. OTOS.C 10.1126/science.1109952 H P DIT: GE CRE MA I www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 18 MARCH 2005 1691 E C DITORS’ HOICE HIGHLIGHTS OF THE RECENT LITERATURE edited by Stella Hurtley nuclear envelope defects and MATERIALS SCIENCE concomitantly other defects, such as those in histone modi- Spiral Photonic Crystals fication,are rescued—effec- Photonic crystals are periodic dielectric structures that tively reversing the cellular have a band gap that stops the propagation of a certain aging process.These findings frequency range of light. Through the inclusion of may provide an avenue of defects or cavities, photonic crystals can be hope for potential therapies designed to trap or guide light and are thus of aimed at this distressing, considerable interest for use in optics and com- though extremely rare,condi- munications.Three-dimensional photonic crystals tion.In addition,detailed have been designed from theory,but most have a understanding of the cellular complex structure that cannot be fabricated using aging process will be impor- traditional layer-by-layer approaches.Seet et al.use Experimental setup tant in helping to combat the direct laser writing to fabricate circular and square (left);resulting symptoms of aging in the spiral architecture structures.The process works squarespiral archi- general population.— SMH through the curing or hardening of a polymeric tecture (right). Nature Med.7,235 (2005). photoresist as it absorbs multiple photons from a tightly focused laser beam.In previous systems,a liquid photoresist has been used,but CELL BIOLOGY because of shrinkage that occurs on curing,this method limits the resolution that can be Division of Labor obtained.The photoresist SU-8,by contrast,is solid both before and after processing and undergoes only small refractive index and density changes upon curing,making the writing Eukaryotic cells contain a process more uniform.Because of the self-supporting nature of the material,complex defect dynamic array of cytoskeletal structures could be engineered into the periodic crystals.— MSL elements—microtubules— 7,235 (2005) Adv.Mater.17,541 (2005). tcdheivallit’ss io olirnfge.aT cnhyiezce lre ek,geinuyc lealuvtideoninnt gso cifne ltlhe OL. ECOLOGY/EVOLUTION and biodiversity is a continual CELL BIOLOGY microtubule polymerization NATURE CELL BI PRreesseerrvveisng the staioroeunariscs etas ro,efe rsaepnmexcioeiattelyl y af onwrdh cdeoinnf fssiceuurcvlhta- RAegvinegrsing the Signs of apthnroedc sdeoes-spceoasll yltemhdae tpr bilzuoastt heio nondc,sc uorf at ET AL.,NELLA Pfororetsetcst ehda rabroera sso omf ter oopf itchael tdoa tma,oDneitForrie.Us esitn agl .shaatveell ictoem- Pearosgee irni aw ihs iac hd ethvaes ntaotrimnga ldis- mbei ccraorteufbuullyle cs,omntursotl ltehde.refore N greatest concentrations of ter- pleted a global assessment of processes of aging appear to Mennellaet al.looked at the ME HT) restrial biodiversity,and the the extent of forest loss within be alarmingly accelerated. role of two kinesins M RIG maintenance of this wealth and around nearly 200 pro- Hutchinson-Gilford prog- (KLPs) and how 19 (2005);(BOTTO diutnienvtppeeenrgonertidstesysc oitoneff d ppt rahhoreatt b esoiuctntra erttodh.uT eanhrdee iaensfg ffeocr- ttoeehnfc ehst uapernadrcs oaetu r 2etnh0ades iyn ieengfa fbtrehsuc.eftTf ithverereo zpscoiaizcnpesea oosc fvitteoyr emnthruuiacattl ae ilstaeiroca landaus mi snte oiodn nt bhgeyee o napfe rtosh-e thatpetryeroi altc tooae pocpporenor--- 15, conservation of ecosystems protected areas has dimin- duction of a truncated microtubule APP. ished in most cases over this form of lamin A (De dynamics. OL. ET AL.,ECDEFRIES pnitneeeccrartireoe-addus, naianirvngeed air sssto.ahTllea htrtireiseo hntnrad eos nt fbod pew hreoaanr-s da Sa2oaln0.nl,0idSn3rce,eip e-1.Gn72ci 0oAe5vp2a5r7ni;l pnJ2uuo0bnl0ile i3est)h.eNduclear Motor protein KLPg1eK0tLeAPd (1 rm0edAic) trfoaor-l-- OM LEFT) btreoepnic ess apnedci ianll yd rsyh tarropp iinc aAlsian lmameminbsr lainnee athned ihnenlepr tnou mcleaainr- lsouwbsse EtB o1f (mbliucreo) ttuob tuhlee se n(gdrse oenf )a. 17,541 (2005);(BOTT fassouurerfrefraeossrtu etsnh,ddwe himhnaegbsr eiaetlrav teetha sleso h spbasrev.ocAeto seom ctfthteeeedn ttdinaaisckinpleu lnnad uyifnrc nogleum sace rlpev ireanorrtge eae gmbrrniicoto yrprp.maChtoeaiellllionstgitesi-s, tpaunlubdsu -sleteinsm dvu italra attchekedi n mmgi ipccrrroootttueubibnuu ElleeB1 MATER. dzoencreesa,tshineg mly aenffaegcetmiveen ats obfuffer ceanlv deelofepcet.sN ionw th Sec nafufcidlei aarnd cwahtiacsht rao pgrhoew—inag p mroiccerostsu inbule DV. A protected areas will need to Misteli show that simple suddenly changes its behavior ET AL.,DITS:(TOP) SEET Lfoorgegsitnagt iionn t hdee ctlrionpei c(rse (db)o itnt oLamti)n; flbtoooogc ubiucnesad flma uirnroyttrh eeifer asrbh cieotarirdoopidnvlyese draos.tni— t tythh AeiesM neScoot- edpinxhogpee rtnseh onsetso yietopx rnepe .rosIecnfs uswsetieio ltadnhd- iots,yf sc putehepll epularlemasrisn- aadnlespdoo sslhtyirmmineukrslia zrtaaetpdioi dmnly,i.bcKruoLttP bu5yb9 usCluep- CRE America (top). Ecol.App.15,19 (2005). mutant lamin “cures”the CONTINUEDONPAGE1695 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 18 MARCH 2005 1693 EDITORS’ CHOICE MagnetofectionTM CONTINUEDFROM1693 The New & Original pressing a process termed rescue—when plane.Excursions of polystyrene nanos- the behavior of a shrinking microtubule pheres of more than 5 μm from the cen- Transfection is converted to growth.Both motors ter of the trap were rare.— PDS were found at the plus ends of distinct Appl.Phys.Lett.86,093109 (2005). subpopulations of microtubules (KLP10A on polymerizing microtubules and GEOLOGY KLP59C on depolymerizing microtubule). On Top of the World Thus,there appears to be a division of labor within cells between these two The Himalayas and Tibet now have molecular motors to locally control Earth’s highest elevation,approaching 5 microtubule dynamics.— SMH km above sea level on average,but it has Nature Cell Biol.7,235 (2005). been unclear how long this has been the case.One hypothesis is that within the APPLIED PHYSICS past 5 to 10 million years,the dense lower crust and upper mantle of Tibet Canceling Brownian Motion have detached and sunk,allowing an One problem in trapping small particles influx of hotter,less dense mantle that or cells in solution for further study is the produced rapid uplift in this region.Some ever-present jostling caused by Brownian recent evidence based on elevation motion.Cohen and Moerner have devel- ranges of fossil plants,however,has oped an anti- implied that elevations were already high PDMS post Brownian elec- 15 to 20 million years ago.Currie et trophoretic,or al.used a different approach to deter- ABEL,trap that mine paleoelevations—the oxygen iso- cancels Brownian topes in carbonate minerals deposited in motion.Particle ancient lakes on the leeward (northern) movement was side of the Himalayas.The basic idea is V followed via that as air masses encounter mountains, fluorescence they rise,producing rain and snow,which reagents: microscopy. decreases the 18O/16O ratio of water Au Images were vapor in the air mass.Higher mountains electrode acquired and lead to further reductions in this ratio. PolyMag V processed in real The data from the ancient lakes are con- For all nucleic acids, and all ABEL trap. time,and the sistent with the plant fossil data and resulting analysis imply that the Himalayas have been transfectionconditions wfoausr uesleecdt rtood aepsp,lwyh viochlt acgreeas tteo a a g saept ooff 10 aliboonu yte 5a rksm.A lhtihgohu fgohr aab doeutta c1h5e tdo s 2la0b m ofil- N e w SilenceMag to 15 μm around the particle.The applied crust is not ruled out,their high uplift The most powerful transporter of electric fields create electrophoretic drift may require another explanation.— BH siRNAeven with very low doses that cancels Brownian motion in the Geology33,181 (2005) CombiMag HIGHLIGHTED IN SCIENCE’S SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT Unique solution for all vectors: It Takes Two Viruses & Transfection reagents The prevailing model of olfaction is that individual neurons express only one odorant receptor (OR).Goldman et al.chal- lenge this view by finding that one olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) intheDrosophilasensilla in the maxillary palp (a fly olfaction organ) expresses 093109 (2005) tntwheeuo rm hoinagxsh iflloyla udrnyiv dpe airnglp em,ntath xrOielrlea grOeyrn pgeaesl.npSe sesev wnesnei rlOlea r.eIgxnep anre ersess cweedep ritneo ret-hxtepo r-penbse2sue crdol anins sm t ohafep s seoixnf sttihyllepa e.OEs aRocNfhs in PHYS.LETT,.86 cwthlaeesr esp roeofxa psperoenspsstileilcad p cinroo ntthseieisn tA sR ooeraf Bpa ennr Ae,cu-a raounnsdi,n tagh -esBe O lteyrc-ptseipv eenc eciufeirclol pdnre.oTamoth do ietnet erosrn mwlyie noreen ieuf sotehfd et htgoee entwxepsoress APPL. neurons.When Or33corOr85epromoters were used,the surviving neuron was pb2B. MOERNER, TOhru3s3,cb tortahn Oscrr3ip3tcs awnedr eO prr8e5see natp ipne tahr et os abme ee xOpRreNss iend t hinr eteh ed ipffbe2rAen nte supreocnie.Os or8f 5fley .aTnhde Plewaswe vwis.iot ozubri woesbcsiieten focre ms.ocroe mdata D N combined receptors may be specific for unidentified odorants,potentially increasing N A HE further the complexity and specificity of odorant perception.— NG CREDIT:CO Neuron45,661 (2005). contact@ozObiZo sBciioensccieesn.ccoems Tel: +33 4 91 82 81 72 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 18 MARCH 2005 The art of delivery systems Fax: +33 4 91 82 81 70