14 January 2011 | $10 GE Healthcare Life Sciences ™ Thank you ECL Plus, you’ve been great. For every success there’s a successor. It’s called progress. So while we knew we had something special in Amersham™ ECL Plus, our Western blotting team was quietly working on the next generation of detection reagent. The result: a new substrate that operates with superior levels of sensitivity, signal intensity and stability than even its famous predecessor, making it an excellent choice for CCD imagers. Welcome to ECL Prime. Signal intensity sustained at higher antibody dilutions Ab dilution Amersham ECL Prime Amersham ECL Plus Primary Secondary 10 μg 156 ng 10 μg 156 ng 1:3000 1:300 000 1:10 000 1:500 000 Comparison of Amersham ECL Prime and Amersham ECL Plus detection of ß-catenin in NIH 3T3 whole cell lysates using different dilutions of rabbit anti-ß-catenin and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG. Find out more about Amersham ECL Prime at www.gelifesciences.com/eclprime Amersham and ECL are trademarks of GE Healthcare companies. © 2010 General Electric Company – All rights reserved. First published November 2010. GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, Björkgatan 30, 751 84 Uppsala, Sweden. CONTENTS Volume 331 Issue 6014 EDITORIAL LETTERS 125 Boosting Minorities in Science 144 Fostering Success at Community Colleges Freeman A. Hrabowski III I. V. Zaitsev Response NEWS OF THE WEEK G. R. Boggs 130 New High-Tech Screen Takes Microbe Interactions Undermine Predictions Carrier Testing to Next Level D. Raoult >> Sci. Transl. Med. Research Article by C. J. Bell et al. p. 121 Response S. Telfer et al. 131 Fermilab to End Its Quest for Higgs Particle This Year Readers’ Poll Results: Travel Trade-Offs for Scientists 132 Transgenic Chickens Could Thwart Bird Flu, Curb Pandemic Risk An Integrated Approach to Genome Studies >> Report p. 223 D. K. Lahiri page 138 132 Japan Boosts Competitive Grants 147 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS at Expense of Big Science BOOKS ET AL. 133 From the Science Policy Blog 148 Fixing the Sky 134 Pint-Sized Predator Rattles the J. R. Fleming, reviewed by W. P. McCray Dinosaur Family Tree >> Report p. 206 149 A Vast Machine P. N. Edwards; 135 Google Books, Wikipedia, and Science in the Age of Computer Simulation the Future of Culturomics E. B. Winsberg, reviewed by R. C. J. Somerville >> Research Article p. 176; The Gonzo Scientist p. 121 EDUCATION FORUM 136 Greenhouse–Power Plant Hybrid 152 Changing the Culture of Science Education Set to Make Jordan’s Desert Bloom at Research Universities 137 From Science’s Online Daily News Site W. A. Anderson et al. NEWS FOCUS PERSPECTIVES 138 W hy Loneliness Is Hazardous 154 When Continents Formed to Your Health B. Dhuime et al. >> Science Podcast 155 A New Twist for Electron Beams 141 Did the First Cities Grow R. A. Herring From Marshes? >> Report p. 192 142 American Geophysical Union Meeting 156 Northen Meltwater Pulses, CO2, and Tectonic Blow Ended Mountain Building, Changes in Atlantic Convection Fired Up Volcanoes M. Sarnthein page 148 What Heated Up the Eocene? >> Report p. 202 Snapshots From the Meeting 158 L essons from Earth’s Past Worry But Don’t Panic Over Glacial Losses J. Kiehl 160 Retrospective: J ohn Bennett Fenn (1917–2010) D. C. Muddiman CONTENTS continued >> COVER DEPARTMENTS T ens of thousands of books appear in this photograph 122 This Week in Science of the interior of the sculpture Idiom, by Matej Krén. 126 Editors’ Choice On page 176, Michel et al. describe an even larger collection: 128 Science Staff a 5.2-million-book corpus containing 4% of all books ever 129 Random Samples published. Statistical analysis of this corpus makes it possible 231 New Products to study cultural trends quantitatively. 232 Science Careers Original sculpture (Municipal Library of Prague): Matej Krén/ Photograph: Zdene˘k Urbánek www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 331 14 JANUARY 2011 119 CONTENTS REVIEW 199 S upracolloidal Reaction Kinetics of Janus Spheres 171 I n Situ Studies of Chemistry and Structure Q. Chen et al. of Materials in Reactive Environments C olloidal particles that are charged on F. (F.) Tao and M. Salmeron one side, and hydrophobic on the other, can form chiral helices in salt solutions. BREVIA 202 The Deglacial Evolution of North Atlantic 175 Complex Diel Cycles of Gene Expression Deep Convection in Coral-Algal Symbiosis D. J. R. Thornalley O. Levy et al. R adiocarbon data reveal changes in the Rhythmically expressed genes in reef-building timing and strength of deep ocean convection corals may be required to deal with oxidative during the last glacial termination. stress and the coral-algal symbiosis. >> Perspective p. 156 206 A Basal Dinosaur from the Dawn of the RESEARCH ARTICLE Dinosaur Era in Southwestern Pangaea 176 Q uantitative Analysis of Culture R. N. Martinez et al. Using Millions of Digitized Books Two hundred thirty million years ago, in what J.-B. Michel et al. is now Argentina, dinosaurs could be found L inguistic and cultural changes are revealed as the dominant carnivores or as small through the analyses of words appearing herbivores. in books. >> News story p. 134 >> News story p. 135; The Gonzo Scientist p. 121 211 W riting About Testing Worries Boosts Exam Performance in the Classroom REPORTS G. Ramirez and S. L. Beilock A brief classroom intervention helps remove 183 A Biological Solution to a Fundamental anxiety from the testing situation. Distributed Computing Problem Y. Afek et al. >> Science Podcast M odeling of development in the fruit fl y 214 Genomic Signatures Predict pages 155 & 192 yields an algorithm useful in designing Migration and Spawning Failure wireless communication networks. in Wild Canadian Salmon 186 O bservation of Half-Height K. M. Miller et al. Magnetization Steps in Sr RuO H igh mortality of sockeye salmon in the 2 4 J. Jang et al. Fraser River is associated with signals T he magnetic response of an exotic of metabolic and immune stress. superconductor suggests that vortices 217 T he Structure of Human 5-Lipoxygenase with half a quantum of fl ux are present. N. C. Gilbert 189 L ight-Induced Superconductivity S ubstitution of a destabilizing sequence has in a Stripe-Ordered Cuprate allowed crystallization of a key enzyme of the D. Fausti et al. infl ammatory response. L aser pulses are used to enable coherent 220 Light-Driven Changes in Energy transport between the copper oxide planes Metabolism Directly Entrain the of a cuprate superconductor. Cyanobacterial Circadian Oscillator 192 E lectron Vortex Beams with High Quanta M. J. Rust et al. of Orbital Angular Momentum C yanobacterial circadian clock components B. J. McMorran et al. are directly coupled to the metabolic status Diffraction holograms are used to create of the cell through interactions with adenine electron vortex beams that should enable nucleotides. higher-resolution imaging. 223 S uppression of Avian Infl uenza >> Perspective p. 155 Transmission in Genetically page 214 195 S olvent-Free Oxidation of Primary Modifi ed Chickens Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds in Toluene J. Lyall et al. Using Au-Pd Alloy Nanoparticles T ransgenic birds expressing a short hairpin L. Kesavan et al. RNA that blocks viral polymerase hinder infl uenza transmission. A gold- and palladium-based catalyst can be used to oxidize toluene and form >> News story p. 132; Science Podcast a commercially useful ester. 226 H uman Tears Contain a Chemosignal S. Gelstein et al. M erely sniffi ng women’s negative emotional tears reduces sexual arousal in men. 120 14 JANUARY 2011 VOL 331 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org CREDIT (BOTTOM): KRISTI M. MILLER CONTENTS SCIENCEONLINE SCIENCEXPRESS SCIENCESIGNALING R ESEARCH ARTICLE: Carrier Testing for Severe www.sciencexpress.org www.sciencesignaling.org Childhood Recessive Diseases by Next-Generation T ranslational Pausing Ensures Membrane The Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment Sequencing Targeting and Cytoplasmic Splicing 11 January issue: http://scim.ag/ss011111 C. J. Bell et al. >> News story p. 130 of XBP1u mRNA RESEARCH ARTICLE: Activation State of the M3 K. Yanagitani et al. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Modulates P ERSPECTIVE: Molecular Technologies A peptide-mediated translational pause facilitates Mammalian Odorant Receptor Signaling Open New Clinical Genetic Vistas the unconventional splicing of a messenger RNA Y. R. Li and H. Matsunami L. Jackson and R. E. Pyeritz on the endoplasmic reticulum. PERSPECTIVE: Autonomic Modulation P ODCAST 10.1126/science.1197142 of Olfactory Signaling L. Jackson and O. Smith Proteome Half-Life Dynamics in R. A. Hall New genome-sequencing technologies may enable Living Human Cells Crosstalk between neurotransmitter signaling and expansion of carrier and prenatal genetic testing. E. Eden et al. odorant signaling may enhance the sense of smell. In times of stress, long-lived proteins increase SCIENCEPODCAST MEETING REPORT: Cilia 2010—The Surprise their durability. www.sciencemag.org/multimedia/podcast Organelle of the Decade 10.1126/science.1199784 Free Weekly Show E. F. Smith and R. Rohatgi Aberrant Overexpression of Satellite Repeats Scientists discussed advances in cilia biology D ownload the 14 January Science Podcast to hear in Pancreatic and Other Epithelial Cancers and the role of cilia in development and disease. about genetically modifying chickens to curb the D. T. Ting et al. spread of infl uenza, reducing testing anxiety through TEACHING RESOURCE: Signaling Noncoding RNAs transcribed from DNA repeats writing, the science of loneliness, and more. by Neuronal Swelling in heterochromatin are expressed at surprisingly R. D. Fields high levels in tumors. SCIENCEINSIDER Physical changes associated with the electrical 10.1126/science.1200801 activity of neurons mediate intercellular signaling. news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider KOI-126: A Triply Eclipsing Hierarchical Science Policy News and Analysis Triple with Two Low-Mass Stars SCIENCECAREERS J. A. Carter et al. Free Career Resources for Scientists SCIENCEONLINE FEATURE The Kepler telescope detected a triple stellar www.sciencecareers.org/career_magazine www.sciencemag.org/sciext/gonzoscientist/ system and reveals details of the structure of low-mass stars. A Veterinary Scientist’s Unique Career Path THE GONZO SCIENTIST: The Science Hall of Fame 10.1126/science.1201274 S. Webb T he frequency with which names appear in books has D .V.M.-Ph.D. Laura Richman’s discovery of a been used to create a pantheon of the most famous 2500 Years of European Climate Variability novel elephant herpesvirus led to a career scientists of the past two centuries (with video). and Human Susceptibility in human translational medicine. >> News story p. 135; Research Article p. 176 U. Büntgen et al. http://scim.ag/fy4p5p Variability of central European temperature D iscovering Unsung African-American Chemists and precipitation shows correlations with S. Weininger and L. Gortler some major historical changes. The two Knox brothers had distinguished careers 10.1126/science.1197175 in chemistry at a time when that was very diffi cult for African Americans. SCIENCENOW http://scim.ag/ha7Vtc www.sciencenow.org Highlights From Our Daily News Coverage SCIENCETRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE H ubble Confi rms Nature of www.sciencetranslationalmedicine.org Mysterious Green Blob Integrating Medicine and Science ‘Hanny’s Voorwerp’ has been an enigma since 12 January issue: http://scim.ag/stm011211 its discovery in 2007. S CIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except the last R ESEARCH ARTICLE: Identifi cation of an Adenylyl week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of http://scim.ag/fa3RAV Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Periodicals Mail Cyclase Inhibitor for Treating Neuropathic and postage (publication No. 484460) paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing Rising Seas Look Inevitable Infl ammatory Pain offi ces. Copyright © 2011 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of the AAAS. Domestic individual E ffects of global warming will persist, even H. Wang et al. membership and subscription (51 issues): $149 ($74 allocated to subscription). if we stop emitting greenhouse gases. Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues): $990; Foreign postage extra: Mexico, http://scim.ag/fw98J3 P ERSPECTIVE: Targeting Pain Where It Resides … Caiarrmibabile,a snt u(dsuenrfta, caen md aeiml) e$ri5tu5s; orathteesr ocno urnetqruieess t(.a Cira nasasdisiat nd eralitveesr yw)i t$h8 5G.S TF iarsvta icllaabslse, In the Brain upon request, GST #1254 88122. Publications Mail Agreement Number 1069624. Measures to Save Ozone Stemmed R. Sharif-Naeini and A. I. 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Science is indexed in the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature and in several specialized indexes. www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 331 14 JANUARY 2011 121 EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEY Infl uenza in Flight >> Avian infl uenza is a persistent problem, directly challenging commercial chicken producers, threatening wild bird populations, and providing a reservoir for variants that might emerge as human pathogens. Lyall et al. (p. 223) have taken the fi rst steps toward producing transgenic domestic chickens that block onward transmission of infl uenza virus. An RNA “de- coy” was made that contained the sequence for the virus’s polymerase enzyme that is essential for replication. In infected chickens, the virus was not able to replicate effectively enough to transmit infection, but the chickens still died from infl uenza, so some refi nement will be needed to make a useful disease-resistant fl ock. Nevertheless, the strategy offers the potential for signifi cant advantages over vaccination, avoiding the risks from strain variation, cryptic circulation, and resistance. Watching the Restructuring proposed mechanism of enzyme inactivation its mechanism, the authors derived an algorithm and provides a basis for the design of 5-LOX– that works effi ciently to solve the computer sci- of Working Surfaces specifi c inhibitors. ence problem of identifying what is known as a The surfaces of inorganic materials can often “maximal independent set” that may prove useful restructure if they are heated in an atmosphere in the design of wireless networks. of reactive gases—the conditions that industrial Books, Books, and catalysts normally encounter during use. Experi- More Books Quantum Half-Measures mental studies of these restructuring processes have been challenging because many surface- The printed word has great power to enlighten, Superfl uid properties of fermionic systems stem sensitive methods work best under high vacuum. but it is impossible for an individual person to from the pairing of the constituent fermions that Recently, techniques have been developed that read more than a fraction of all books writ- then undergo Bose-Einstein condensation. Usual- allow surface structure to be determined in the ten, let alone to apply quantitative methods ly, the pairs are made up of spins of opposite ori- presence of gases with partial pressures reaching to analyze linguistic and cultural changes as entation. When such superconductors are exposed nearly 1 atmosphere. Tao and Salmeron (p. 171) they manifest themselves in words appearing in to a magnetic fi eld, they either expel it entirely review some of the changes that can occur in books. Michel et al. (p. 176, published online or form a lattice of vortices, each encompassing a nanoparticles, metal surfaces, and catalysts when 16 December) performed an informatic analysis precisely quantized magnetic fl ux. However, spin the vacuum environment is replaced with reactive of approximately 4% of all books printed rang- triplet phases observed in the exotic supercon- gases such as nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, ing from the year 1800 to 2000 and present ductor, Sr2RuO4, have been predicted to support and hydrogen. analyses of the evolution of grammar, obso- vortices with half the fl ux of regular vortices. lescence of words, and which kinds of people Jang et al. (p. 186) measured the magnetization Controlling Infl ammation become famous, when, and for how long. They of pieces of Sr2RuO4 with annular geometry and also dissect the impact of censorship and sup- observed the formation of magnetization steps Lipids that mediate the infl ammatory response pression, notably during the Nazi period, which of half the usual height, consistent with the pres- are synthesized from arachidonic acid by the the authors term “culturomics.” The analysis ence of half-quantum vortices, which may help in enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). suggests new ways to think, not only about future quantum computing applications. An intrinsic instability of 5-LOX books and text analysis but also about culture, has been proposed to regulate history, and the social sciences. Toluene Transformation its activity. Structures of related enzymes have shown that the In addition to functioning as a solvent, the aro- C terminus penetrates the Computer Scientists matic hydrocarbon toluene is a raw material for enzyme so that the main chain synthesis of a variety of pharmaceuticals, cosmet- Learn from Flies carboxylate of the C-terminal ics, and agrichemicals. However, currently applied residue binds the catalytic iron. Designing distributed networks of computers oxidation methods are somewhat ineffi cient and Gilbert et al. (p. 217) identifi ed a se- that work together to solve a problem without often require corrosive conditions. Kesavan et al. quence that probably destabilizes the orien- any single processor receiving all of the inputs or (p. 195) now show that nanoparticles composed tation of the C terminus in 5-LOX and, observing all of the outputs represents a diffi cult of a gold and palladium mixture can catalyze by substituting this sequence, were problem. Afek et al. (p. 183) noted the similarity the oxidation of toluene to a commercially use- able to purify a stable enzyme and of this problem to the process of patterning of ful ester, benzyl benzoate, with high yield and determine its crystal structure. sensory bristles on the fruit fl y. By studying the selectivity. The reaction uses O2 as oxidant and The structure is consistent with the developmental process in the fl y and modeling proceeds in the absence of solvent. 122 14 JANUARY 2011 VOL 331 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): NORRIE RUSSELL/THE ROSLIN INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH; GILBERT ET AL. Travelwith AAAS This Week in Science Harnessing Janus Behavior Clusters of atoms or particles will behave in ways intermediate between single atoms or particles and bulk material. Chen et al. (p. 199) designed colloidal Janus particles with a charged surface on one half and a water-hating surface on the other. This schizoid nature caused the particles to cluster and pack in specifi c arrangements, which could be controlled through the addition of salt. With the right balance of forces, chiral helices formed with occasional spontaneous switch in handedness when con- nections between neighboring particles were broken and reformed. China’s UniqueHeritage The Strength of Convection May 29–June 14, 2011 The rate of formation of deep water in the North Atlantic has a major effect on the overturning circula- Discover fascinating cultural sites tion of the Atlantic Ocean, which in turn affects global climate. A great deal of information about ocean and the exciting natural history of China... from Beijing to the giant overturning circulation can be had by determining the amount of radiocarbon throughout the water pandas, Xi’an and the 2,300-year-old column. Thornalley et al. (p. 202; see the Perspective by Sarnthein) provide radiocarbon records from terra cotta warriors to the feathered fi ve deepwater sites in the North Atlantic, spanning the interval from 22 to 10 thousand years ago, to dinosaurs, Also see theDazu grottoes, reconstruct the history of North Atlantic deepwater formation. The data suggest connections between Yangtze River & Shanghai. the strength of overturning circulation, the origins of different water masses, and patterns of atmo- ArizonaSkies spheric circulation, which have a strong infl uence on land temperatures and global climate. &NewDiscoveries April 24–May 1, 2011 Rise of the Dinosaurs Learn about the Planetary Science Dinosaurs emerged in the Triassic and became dominant toward its Institute research, see end, some 220 million years ago. One of the best records of the Arizona-Sonora Desert early evolution of dinosaurs is preserved in the Ischigualasto Forma- Museum’s exhibit on tion in northwestern Argentina. To understand controls on this early the origin of life on earth, visit Biosphere 2 evolution, Martinez et al. (p. 206) traced the abundance, emer- where scientists lived gence, and extinctions of dinosaurs and other vertebrate species, under space station conditions, and and they describe a basal theropod that clarifi es some early dinosaur the Lowell Observatorywhere dark relations. By 230 million years ago, dinosaurs were both the domi- skiesmake theMilkyWay awonder nant carnivores and small herbivores in this region. Other herbivores to see! $2,895 + air gradualy became extinct localy, implying that the dinosaurs did not MystiqueofMorocco suddenly expand into vacant niches. April 23–May 4, 2011 Magical moments await you with a wealth of opportunities in Morocco Write Your Worries Away offering rich cultural experiences Tests and exams are stressful for many people. Students who “choke” at an exam may perform less and spectacular scenery! well than their knowledge base warrants. Such results can accumulate to generate reduced educa- tional achievements and expectations. Studying young adults performing math tests, Ramirez and Beilock (p. 211) found that a brief intervention—writing about their anxiety about the upcoming exam—helped students to do better in the exam. Perhaps by acknowledging their fears, students were able to tame distracting emotions. Death of the Salmon Despite large reductions in fi sheries harvests, wild salmon stocks in Canada are suffering high levels of BackcountryCrete mortality before they manage to reproduce—40 to 95% of fi sh are dying each year en route to their May 2-15, 2011 spawning grounds. Miller et al. (p. 214) have found a consistent association between fi sh mortality and Discover the cultural heritage of a specifi c genomic expression signal. The past 10 years have seen unprecedentedly warm river tem- Greece in Athens. See the Acropolis peratures, and salmon have died in greatest numbers in “hotspots” along the river system, possibly as a and the fantastic new Acropolis result of poor oxygen availability and disease, with some stocks being more severely affected than others. Museum. Visit the ruins at Knossos and Phaestos and explore Crete in spectacular rugged country! The Power of Women’s Tears $3,695 + air Emotional tears are thought to be uniquely human and have puzzled biologists and psychologists For a detailed brochure, for many years. Using a double-blind study comparing female emotional tears with control saline, please call (800) 252-4910 Gelstein et al. (p. 226, published online 6 January) investigated whether human tears may convey a chemosignal. Even though the tears could not be smelled, tears nevertheless decreased the sexual appeal of women’s faces. Female tears also lowered sexual arousal and reduced testosterone levels in men. A subsequent brain-imaging study highlighted differences in functional activation in the brain. 17050 Montebello Road Emotional tears thus seem to contain chemosensory signals related to sociosexual behavior. Cupertino, California 95014 Email: INTRODUCING AAAS MemberCentral The exclusive new website for the AAAS member community. AAASMemberCentral is a newwebsite focused on helping you— the scientists, engineers, educators, students, policymakers, and concerned citizens who make up the AAAS community — connect like never before. On MemberCentral you can contribute to discussion groups or blogs, participate in a webinar, or share photos of your field research. You can exchange ideas, learn about your fellow members, and gain fresh insights into issues that matter to you the most. MemberCentral is also an easy access point for a wide variety of other AAAS membership benefits, like discounts on cars and books, travel opportunities, and more. Experience MemberCentral for yourself. 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