SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES FOR THE ANTI-TERRORISM ERA NATO Science Series A series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme. The series is published by IOS Press and Springer Science and Business Media in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series I. Life and Behavioural Sciences IOS Press II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Springer Science and Business Media III. Computer and Systems Sciences IOS Press IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences Springer Science and Business Media V. Science and Technology Policy IOS Press The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series. The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported are “Advanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”, although other types of meeting are supported from time to time. The NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s Partner countries – countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in a field. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series has been re-organized and there are currently five sub-series as noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the series, as well as details of earlier sub-series: http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springeronline.nl http://www.iospress.nl http://www.wtv-books.de/nato_pco.htm Series V. Science and Technology Policy – Vol. 51 ISSN: 1387-6708 Science and Technology Policies for the Anti-Terrorism Era Edited by Andrew D. James PREST – Policy Research in Engineering, Science & Technology University of Manchester, UK Amsterdam • Berlin • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, DC Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Science & Technology Policies for the Anti-Terrorism Era Manchester, United Kingdom 12–14 September 2004 © 2006 IOS Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 1-58603-646-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2006929619 Publisher IOS Press Nieuwe Hemweg 6B 1013 BG Amsterdam Netherlands fax: +31 20 687 0019 e-mail: [email protected] Distributor in the UK and Ireland Distributor in the USA and Canada Gazelle Books Services Ltd. IOS Press, Inc. White Cross Mills 4502 Rachael Manor Drive Hightown Fairfax, VA 22032 Lancaster LA1 4XS USA United Kingdom fax: +1 703 323 3668 fax: +44 1524 63232 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] LEGAL NOTICE The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS Science and Technology Policies for the Anti-Terrorism Era v Andrew D. James (Ed.) IOS Press, 2006 © 2006 IOS Press. All rights reserved. Preface and Acknowledgements This book is the product of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Manchester, UK from 12th to 14th September 2004. The Workshop was hosted by the University of Manchester’s PREST science and technology policy research centre. The Workshop was directed by Andrew James of PREST and co-directed by Professor Myklov Ozheven, Kiev Taras Shevchenko National University, Ukraine. The objectives of the Workshop were to critically consider the science and technology policies necessary for defence against terrorism and other threats to security; to assess the priorities for governments, universities, national laboratories and industrial firms; to identify how governments and the science and technology community can most effectively work together to enhance our security; and to share the experiences of policy makers and policy analysts. The importance and relevance of the Workshop topic to the policy community was reflected in the seniority of the speakers and participants. These included Dr Parney Albright who at the time of the Workshop held the position of Assistant Secretary for Science & Technology at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security as well as senior figures from the UK Home Office, UK Office of Science & Technology, the European Commission and NATO. Our Key Note Speaker was Dr Ian Gibson MP who at the time was Chairman of the House of Commons Science & Technology Committee. The timeliness of the Workshop was also reflected in the high quality of participants from the academic and think tank communities. In all, 50 people attended the Workshop. Participants were drawn from 11 countries representing NATO, the Partnership for Peace countries and the NATO Mediterranean Dialogue. Active and open discussion and the sharing of experience were critical to the success of the Workshop and I would like to thank all the participants for their contributions. I would also like to thank several colleagues at PREST without whom the Workshop would have been impossible. In particular, Jessica Chen, Deborah Cox and Susan Nicholson provided excellent organisational support. James Allen’s editorial assistance is also gratefully acknowledged. Andrew D. James Manchester, UK June 2006 This page intentionally left blank vii Contents Preface and Acknowledgements v Andrew D. James Part 1. Introduction Science and Technology Policies for the Anti-Terrorism Era 3 Andrew D. James Part 2. The Role of Science and Technology Promoting Science and Technology to Serve National Security 23 James J. Richardson, Whitney Matson and Robert Peters What Can the Science and Technology Community Contribute? 38 Bill Durodié R&D and the War on Terrorism: Generalising the Israeli Experience 51 Isaac Ben-Israel, Oren Setter and Asher Tishler Making the UK Safer: Detecting and Decontaminating Chemical and Biological Agents 64 Alastair Hay Cleanup After a CBRN Terrorist Event: What Do Users Need from the Science Community? 74 Konstantin Volchek and Merv Fingas Part 3. Public Policy Responses A Framework for Homeland Security Research and Development: The United States’ Perspective 87 Penrose C. Albright and Holly A. Dockery Development of a Science and Technology Response for CBRN Terrorism: The Canadian CBRN Research and Technology Initiative 97 Camille A. Boulet Engaging the Science and Technology Community in the Fight Against Terrorism 111 Heiko Borchert Part 4. International Cooperation Creating a Paradigm for Effective International Cooperation in Homeland Security Technology Development 127 Holly A. Dockery and Penrose C. Albright viii Enhancing Transatlantic Cooperation on S&T for Homeland Defence and Counter-Terrorism 137 Richard A. Bitzinger Part 5. The Governance of Science and Technology in the New Security Environment Impacts of Post-September 11 Security Policies on U.S. Science 151 Albert H. Teich The Individual and Collective Roles Scientists Can Play in Strengthening International Treaties 166 The Royal Society National Security, Terrorism and the Control of Life Science Research 172 Brian Rappert Subject Index 185 Author Index 191 Part 1 Introduction This page intentionally left blank