T H E V I S U A L DICTIONARY OF S C I E N C E & E N E R G Y convection Heat generation in a fluid that is caused by vapor a variation in temperature resulting from the Gaseous state of water above its movement of molecules. Here, the heated water boiling point (water boils and is expands, rises and releases its heat to the converted to vapor at 212°F or 100°C). surrounding air. liquid Matter having a definite mass and volume but no shape; its atoms are relatively mobile in relation to each other. radiation Heat generation in the form of electromagnetic waves emitted by a heated body (solid, liquid or gas). solid Rigid body possessing mass, convection current volume and a definite form; its Movement of fluid caused by atoms are linked to each other a difference in density, which and are almost completely transfers heat. The heated at rest. water rises and is replaced by the cooler water from the surface. conduction Heat generation in a body (usually a solid) or between two bodies in flame contact; the molecules vibrate but no Incandescent gas resulting from the matter moves. combustion of a mixture of gas and air; it produces heat and light. SCIENCE & ENERGY Jean-Claude Corbeil Ariane Archambault QA INTERNATIONAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our deepest gratitude to the individuals, institutions, companies, and businesses that have provided us with the latest technical documentation for use in preparing this dictionary. 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Science & Energy was created and produced by ISBN 978-2-7644-0881-0 QA International 329 De la Commune West, 3rdFloor Montreal (Quebec) H2Y 2E1 Canada T 514.499.3000 F 514.499.3010 www.qa-international.com © QA International 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval sytem, without permission in writing by QA International. Printed and bound in Singapore 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 www.qa-international.com Version 3.5.1 EDITORIAL STAFF LAYOUT Editor: Jacques Fortin Pascal Goyette Authors: Jean-Claude Corbeil and Danielle Quinty Ariane Archambault Émilie Corriveau Editorial Director: François Fortin Preliminary layout:Émilie Bellemare Editor-in-Chief: Anne Rouleau Sonia Charette Graphic Designer: Anne Tremblay DOCUMENTATION PRODUCTION Gilles Vézina Nathalie Fréchette Kathleen Wynd Josée Gagnon Stéphane Batigne Sylvain Robichaud TERMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH Jessie Daigle Jean Beaumont Catherine Briand DATA MANAGEMENT Nathalie Guillo Programmer: Éric Gagnon Josée Gagnon ENGLISH DEFINITIONS Nancy Butchart REVISION Rita Cloghesy Veronica Schami Tom Donovan Jo Howard Diana Halfpenny Marie-Nicole Cimon John Woolfrey Liliane Michaud Kathe Roth PREPRESS ILLUSTRATIONS Karine Lévesque Artistic Direction: Jocelyn Gardner François Hénault Jean-Yves Ahern Julien Brisebois Rielle Lévesque Patrick Mercure Alain Lemire Mélanie Boivin Yan Bohler Claude Thivierge Pascal Bilodeau Michel Rouleau Anouk Noël Carl Pelletier Raymond Martin CONTRIBUTIONS QA International wishes to extend a special thank you to the following people for their contribution to this book: Jean-Louis Martin, Marc Lalumière, Jacques Perrault, Stéphane Roy, Alice Comtois, Michel Blais, Christiane Beauregard, Mamadou Togola, Annie Maurice, Charles Campeau, Mivil Deschênes, Jonathan Jacques, Martin Lortie, Frédérick Simard, Yan Tremblay, Mathieu Blouin, Sébastien Dallaire, Hoang Khanh Le, Martin Desrosiers, Nicolas Oroc, François Escalmel, Danièle Lemay, Pierre Savoie, Benoît Bourdeau, Marie-Andrée Lemieux, Caroline Soucy, Yves Chabot, Anne-Marie Ouellette, Anne-Marie Villeneuve, Anne-Marie Brault, Nancy Lepage, Daniel Provost, François Vézina, Guylaine Houle, Daniel Beaulieu, Sophie Pellerin, Tony O'Riley, Mac Thien Nguyen Hoang, Serge D'Amico. I N T R O D U C T I O N EDITORIAL POLICY DEFINITIONS The Visual Dictionarytakes an inventory of the physical Within the hierarchical format of TheVisual Dictionary's environment of a person who is part of today's technological age presentation, the definitions fit together like a Russian doll. For and who knows and uses a large number of specialized terms in a example, the information within the definition for the term insect wide variety of fields. at the top of the page does not have to be repeated for each of the Designed for the general public, it responds to the needs of insects illustrated. Instead, the text concentrates on defining the anyone seeking the precise, correct terms for a wide range of distinguishing characteristics of each insect (the louseis a personal or professional reasons: finding an unknown term, parasite, the female yellow jacketstings, and so forth). checking the meaning of a word, translation, advertising, teaching Since the definition leaves out what is obvious from the material, etc. illustration, the illustrations and definitions complement one The target user has guided the choice of contents for The Visual another. Dictionary, which aims to bring together in 12 thematic books the The vast majority of the terms in the Visual Dictionaryare defined. technical terms required to express the contemporary world, in the Terms are not defined when the illustration makes the meaning specialized fields that shape our daily experience. absolutely clear, or when the illustration suggests the usual meaning of the word (for example, the numerous handles). STRUCTURE METHODS OF CONSULTATION Each tome has three sections: the preliminary pages, including the table of contents; the body of the text (i.e. the detailed treatment Users may gain access to the contents of The Visual Dictionaryin of the theme); the index. a variety of ways: Information is presented moving from the most abstract to the • From the TABLE OF CONTENTS at the end of the preliminary most concrete: sub-theme, title, subtitle, illustration, terminology. pages, the user can locate by title the section that is of interest. • With the INDEX, the user can consult The Visual Dictionaryfrom TERMINOLOGY a word, so as to see what it corresponds to, or to verify accuracy by examining the illustration that depicts it. Each word in The Visual Dictionaryhas been carefully selected • The most original aspect of The Visual Dictionaryis the fact that following examination of high-quality documentation, at the the illustrations enable the user to find a word even if he or she required level of specialization. only has a vague idea of what it is. The dictionary is unique in this There may be cases where different terms are used to name the feature, as consultation of any other dictionary requires the user same item. In such instances, the word most frequently used by first to know the word. the most highly regarded authors has been chosen. Words are usually referred to in the singular, even if the illustration shows a number of individual examples. The word designates the concept, not the actual illustration. IV TITLE TERM Its definition is found below. If the title refers to information that continues over several pages, Each term appears in the index after the first page it is shown in a shaded tone with a reference to the pages on with no definition. which it appears. SUB-THEME DEFINITION These are shown at the end of the It explains the inherent qualities, function, or preliminary pages along with their characteristics of the element depicted in the definitions. They are then repeated on illustration. each page of a section, but without the definition. CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY matter matter Any substance that has mass, is composed of atoms and occupies space. states of matter Matter exists in three fundamental states (solid, liquid and gaseous), which depend on aFpurtoonpmdearmtieesn;t aitl iusn ciot mofp moastetder o hf aav ninugc luenuisq uane dc haenm elieccatlron Chantgoe a o lifq au sidu bsstataten;c iet rferosmul tacs ogfrnaosdmeeo ncuossoa sltiitnoagtne. the temperature and prmesastuterre itso s wuhbijcehct ethde. cloud. One atom is distinguished from another by the number oCf pecnrhotrataorlgn pes a iirsnt poitofs s tnhitueiv caelte;o uimts i. sw choomsenp uoelsceelcedtur oiscf Chtoa nag gea osfe ao ussuli bqssutatiatden scwteai ttfhero;o iumt tr pae sasusoslltiisnd gsf rs uottahbmtrleo ih mudegiaarhetti icntohtglney. withsoM astaeol mloensal byal redet e aoffnu iendlala ygceb hxmalp esoo aptbnhrideolerap. bwelrietty hm irsae tmsteparescst; eCshtevhaaaattepni ntogoger .a ao tgfi oaasn seuobusst asntactee ;f riot mre sau llitqsu firdom protons and neutrons, around which electrons revolve. Change of a subcsrtyasntcael lfirzoamti oann sTuhep eprroccoeoslsin ogf cooling a liquid below amorphous state to a crystallized state; it the point at which it normally freezes Constituent particle of an atom’sn neuuctlreouns results from actooomlisn gto, wbehcicohm cea oursdeesr ethde. (usnosltiadbifliee.s); its atoms become whose electric charge is neutral; it is composed of one u quark and two d quarks. Constituent particle of an atom’s npurcolteouns whose electric charge is positive; it is composed of two u quarks andq ounaer kd. Body thaamt roerspemhobuless sao cloidngealed liquid whose atoms are not ordered. proton Cwcohomonsspetoi tseueleednc tto rpfi catw rctohic aulre gq oeuf aiasrn kp sao tasonimtdiv ’soe ;nn ieut cdisl equusark. Pacrhtiacrleg eh athvaintn grue avc olneleuvgesas ot iafv rteeohl ueee nlcaedttcor ttomrhince. theM samttaelrl ecsotm upnoits oefd a o pf uarteo mbosd tyh atht amcto conalsneti cteuuxtilesest in a free state (e.g., water and carbon dioxide). aAtlol mmastter in the universe is composed of approximately 100 types of atoms. nCnnanueeoducun ltstertwartuiolots;u n idwet n ihqstou pcsaaoerrkm tesilcp.elocest oreifdc a conhf aaotrnogeme u’iss quark dTophfr oqqetu uodaan qrrskku saa nr(kcd o (nndesoutwittrnuo)en nisst) pohanarevt iiocnflg es sai xo tfypes Cshtaanteg eto o af alic qsouunibcddso estoatnlanisntceage;t .ifitro ornems ual tgsa fsreoomus rvMeollaauttimtveere l hyba umvti onnbogil olisaeqth hduianeeipr fd.riene;l iiattetsi omantao stmos sea anacrdhe negative electric charge. uTqpphuro oqeastu rioutkian vsqrse k(u caeaonlrenkdc s (tntruieitpcuu )etc rinhosta n oprsgna)ee rht. ioacfvl esinsixg o tafy tphees of sFbhooarncrdien) tgobh rooa tfnt huadec n)c h ittotroeeam smnfo mstirwfcomeoarn la oa eb tfmlo eoemcolnetlsrdceo tctrnhuo rl(noecs.uo g(vihaol ntehincet defiRniigtei dfo bromd;y ai ntpsdo a satsoreem sassl mianroges mlti ncaoksemsd, p vtlooel teuealmyc eha tsao rnotehdlsie dtar. Cshtaatne gtoe oa fs ao lsifudcrbo essoettalzaitnineng;c g.iet frreosmul tas lfirqoumid mCshtehaeaatletnti nitgnogeg . ao lfi qa usiudb ssttaatnec; eit frreosmu lats s forolimd 8 9 ILLUSTRATION It is an integral part of the visual definition for each of the terms that refer to it. NARROW LINES These link the word to the item indicated. Where too many lines would make reading difficult, they have been replaced by color codes with captions or, in rare cases, by numbers. V C O N T E N T S 8 CHEMISTRY 52 MEASURING DEVICES 8 Matter 52 Measure of temperature 12 Chemical elements 55 Measure of time 21 Laboratory equipment 60 Measure of weight 24 Chemistry symbols 65 Measure of length 65 Measure of distance 25 PHYSICS: MECHANICS 66 Measure of thickness 68 Measure of angles 24 Lever 25 Gearing systems 26 Double pulley system 70 SCIENTIFIC SYMBOLS 70 International system of units 27 PHYSICS: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 72 Mathematics 74 Biology 27 Parallel electrical circuit 75 Geometry 28 Generators 76 Geometrical shapes 30 Dry cells 32 Electronics 34 Magnetism 82 GEOTHERMAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY 82 Production of electricity from geothermal energy 35 PHYSICS: OPTICS 84 Thermal energy 86 Coal mine 35 Wave 96 Oil 36 Electromagnetic spectrum 37 Color synthesis 38 Vision 112 HYDROELECTRICITY 40 Lenses 112Hydroelectric complex 41 Pulsed ruby laser 116Generator unit 42 Prism binoculars 119Examples of dams 43 Magnifying glass and microscopes 124Steps in production of electricity 48 Telescopic sight 126Electricity transmission 50 Reflecting telescope 130Tidal power plant 51 Refracting telescope VI 134 NUCLEAR ENERGY 134Production of electricity from nuclear energy 138Fuel handling sequence 140Fuel bundle 141Nuclear reactor 142Nuclear generating station 144Carbon dioxide reactor 146Heavy-water reactor 148Pressurized-water reactor 150Boiling-water reactor 152 SOLAR ENERGY 152Solar cell 153Flat-plate solar collector 154Solar-cell system 156Solar furnace 158Production of electricity from solar energy 160Solar house 163 WIND ENERGY 163Windmill 165Wind turbines and electricity production 169 INDEX VII CHEMISTRY matter Any substance that has mass, is composed of atoms and occupies space. atom Fundamental unit of matter having unique chemical properties; it is composed of a nucleus and an electron cloud. One atom is distinguished from another by the number of protons in its nucleus. nucleus Central part of the atom whose electric charge is positive; it is composed of protons and neutrons, around which electrons revolve. neutron Constituent particle of an atom’s nucleus whose electric charge is neutral; it is composed of one u quark and two d quarks. proton Constituent particle of an atom’s nucleus whose electric charge is positive; it is composed of two u quarks and one d quark. proton Constituent particle of an atom’s nucleus electron whose electric charge is positive; it is Particle having a negative electric molecule composed of two u quarks and one d quark. charge that revolves around the Matter composed of atoms that constitutes nucleus of the atom. the smallest unit of a pure body that can exist in a free state (e.g., water and carbon dioxide). atoms All matter in the universe is composed of approximately 100 types of atoms. neutron Constituent particle of an atom’s d quark nucleus whose electric charge is The d quark (down) is one of six types neutral; it is composed of one u quark of quarks (constituent particles of and two d quarks. protons and neutrons) having a negative electric charge. chemical bond u quark Force that unites two atoms through the The u quark (up) is one of six types of sharing of a common electron (covalent quarks (constituent particles of the bond) or the transfer of electrons (ionic protons and neutrons) having a bond) to form a molecule. positive electric charge. 8