Page i SCHAUM'S OUTLINE SERIES Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Applied Physics Third Edition Arthur Beiser, Ph.D. Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation Page ii Disclaimer: Information has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies from sources believed to be reliable. However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, The McGraw-Hill Companies or others, The McGraw-Hill Companies does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from use of such information. ARTHUR BEISER received his Ph.D. from New York University, where he subsequently served as Assistant and Associate Professor of Physics. He has been a consultant to various industrial firms and government agencies and is the author of more than a dozen textbooks of physics and mathematics. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of APPLIED PHYSICS Copyright © 1995, 1988, 1976 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PRS PRS 9 9 ISBN 0-07-005201-8 Sponsoring Editor, Arthur Biderman Production Supervisor, Leroy A. Young Editing Supervisor, Patty Andrews Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beiser, Arthur. Schaum's outline of theory and problems of applied physics / Arthur Beiser. — 3rd ed. p. cm. — (Schaum's outline series) Includes index. ISBN 0–07–005201–8 1. Physics. I. Title. II. Title: Theory and problems of applied physics. QC21.2.B45 1994 530'.076—dc20 94–24928 CIP Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation Page iii Preface This book is intended to provide students of applied physics with help in mastering those physical principles that underlie modern technology. A wide spectrum of topics is covered, so that the reader may select those which correspond to his or her particular needs. SI (metric) units are mainly employed, although a few problems are worked out with British units to illustrate their use. Each section of a chapter begins with an outline of its subject. The solved problems that follow are of two kinds: those that show how numerical answers are found to typical questions, and those that review important facts and ideas. A new feature of this third edition is a collection of multiple choice exercises. These exercises serve as a gauge of the reader's grasp of the chapter contents. The supplementary problems then give the reader a chance to practice what has been learned. I wish to thank my McGraw-Hill editor, Arthur Biderman, for the many improvements which he suggested. ARTHUR BEISER Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation Page v Contents Chapter 1 1 Useful Math Algebra 1 Equations 2 Exponents 4 Powers of 10 5 Units 9 Significant Figures 10 Chapter 2 17 Vectors Scalar and Vector Quantities 17 Vector Addition: Graphical Method 17 Trigonometry 19 Pythagorean Theorem 20 Vector Addition: Trigonometric Method 22 Resolving a Vector 23 Vector Addition: Component Method 25 Chapter 3 32 Motion in a Straight Line Velocity 32 Acceleration 34 Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration 35 Chapter 4 40 Motion in a Vertical Plane Acceleration of Gravity 40 Falling Bodies 40 Projectile Motion 42 Chapter 5 50 Laws of Motion First Law of Motion 50 Mass 50 Second Law of Motion 50 Weight 52 British System of Units 53 Free-Body Diagrams and Tension 55 Third Law of Motion 58 Apparent Weight 60 Two and Three Dimensions 61 Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation Page vi Chapter 6 68 Friction Static and Kinetic Friction 68 Coefficient of Friction 68 Rolling Friction 69 Chapter 7 75 Energy Work 75 Power 77 Efficiency 77 Kinetic Energy 79 Potential Energy 80 Rest Energy 82 Conservation of Energy 82 Chapter 8 89 Momentum Linear Momentum 89 Impulse 89 Conservation of Linear Momentum 91 Collisions 93 Coefficient of Restitution 95 Chapter 9 102 Circular Motion and Gravitation Centripetal Acceleration 102 Centripetal Force 102 Motion in a Vertical Circle 105 Gravitation 106 Satellite Motion 108 Chapter 10 113 Rotational Motion Angular Measure 113 Angular Velocity 113 Angular Acceleration 115 Moment of Inertia 116 Torque 117 Rotational Energy and Work 119 Angular Momentum 122 Chapter 11 129 Equilibrium Translational Equilibrium 129 Rotational Equilibrium 134 Center of Gravity 135 Finding a Center of Gravity 141 Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation Page vii Chapter 12 147 Simple Machines Machines 147 Mechanical Advantage 147 Efficiency 147 Compound Machines 148 The Lever 151 The Inclined Plane 152 Torque Transmission 154 Chapter 13 159 Elasticity Stress and Strain 159 Elasticity 159 Young's Modulus 160 Shear Modulus 162 Bulk Modulus 164 Chapter 14 168 Simple Harmonic Motion Restoring Force 168 Elastic Potential Energy 168 Simple Harmonic Motion 169 Period and Frequency 169 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration 171 Pendulums 173 Chapter 15 180 Waves and Sound Waves 180 Wave Properties 181 Logarithms 183 Sound 184 Doppler Effect 186 Chapter 16 191 Fluids at Rest Density 191 Specific Gravity 191 Pressure 192 Gauge Pressure 192 Pressure in a Fluid 194 Archimedes' Principle 194 Hydraulic Press 196 Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation