Scattering on an Hyperbolic Torus in a Constant Magnetic Field Michel ANTOINE, Alain COMTETf and Stéphane OUVRYf Division de Physique Théorique* Institut de Physique Nucléaire F-91406, Orsay Cedex Abstract We study the quantum mechanical scattering of a particle on a two dimensional non compact Riemannian manifold of constant negative curvature embedded in a constant external magnetic field. The interplay between fundamental group operations and gauge transformations allows to compute the scattering states. A closed expression for the phase shift of a plane wave entering the torus through its leak is shown to involve the quantized magnetic flux. PACS : 05.45.+b - Theory and models of chaotic systems 03.65.Nk - Nonrelativistic scattering theory IPNO/Th 90-15 f and L.P.T.P.E., Tour 16, Université Paris 6. * Unité de Recherche des Universités Paris 11 et Paris 6 Associée au CNRS. Introduction Since the pioneering work by Hadamard in 1898 on the geodesic flow on a two di- mensional Riemannian manifold of constant negative curvature, the hyperbolic geometry has inspired both mathematicians and physicists [I]. In the field of dynamical systems, the first result was the proof by Hedlung and Hopf that the free motion ( geodesic ) on such a compact surface is ergodic [ 2 ]. One now knows that this system is a particular case of a Bernoulli's one, the most chaotic type that can be found in Nature according to the ergodic hierarchy [ 3 ] ( even if an old theorem due to Hilbert [ 4 ] states that such a surface cannot exist embedded in a three dimensional Euclidean space ) . More recently the quantum scattering of a particle on a two dimensional manifold of genus one constructed by identifying the sides of a fundamental domain of the hyperbolic plane associated to a subgroup of the modular group SL(2, Z) has been studied [ 5, 6 ]. This surface is topologically a torus with an infinite horn attached to it ( therefore a torus with a leak ). Using mathematical results of the scattering theory for automorphic functions, one can calculate the scattering states on such a manifold. The physical picture is that one injects a particle through the horn and one looks to what is going out. The scattering states are of the form where k is the wave number and the phase shift /7(fc) is a real function involving the Riemann zeta function on the line Re(s) = 1, defined for Re(s) > 1 by + 00 and analytically continued elsewhere ( the other part of the phase being a smooth regular function ). Numerical studies of this phase shift as a function of the wave number k show that it exhibits a smooth " random-like " behaviour. A rigorous result, the Reich - Voronin theorem [ 7 ], strengthens this chaotic behaviour due to the zeta function. It states that C (s) is a universal smooth function on the critical band | < .Re(s) < 1 in the sense that it can mimic an arbitrary analytic function as close as one wants in that band. In the present work, we investigate the phase shift when the leaky torus is embedded in a constant magnetic field ( in the sense of the hyperbolic measure ) . This paper is organized as follows : in the first section, we determine the Killing vectors of the hyperbolic plane, which will turn out to be useful when we introduce the gauge potential. In section two, we briefly review the classical motion of a particle on the hyperbolic plane embedded in a constant magnetic field, following an earlier work of one of us [ 8 ] . In the third part, we establish the link between gauge transformations and identifications of the sides of the fundamental domain by using the Lie derivative formalism. We finally calculate the scattering states in the magnetic field. The non trivial topology of the manifold implies that the magnetic field must be quantized. ( The scalar curvature R of the manifold introduces a length scale l/-^/\R\ and thus a magnetic strength scale B = h\R\/e. A 0 quantized field is a field whose strength B is an integer n € Z in the unit scale BQ . ) It is shown that the new scattering states again take the form = + where the Riemann zeta function appears in 6 in the same way as in /8, and where the effects of B only show up in its smooth regular part. 1. Killing vectors and the hyperbolic plane It is well known that any continuous geometrical symmetry associated to a Riemannian manifold M can be described by the Lie derivative formalism of differential geometry [ 9 ]. The problem of finding the symmetry group of a Riemannian manifold described by its metric tensor g ^ is equivalent to that of finding the set of all independent Killing vector fields £, {j — !,...,&} on the tangent bundle of the manifold. They are solutions of the partial differential equations [ 10 ] = o (1.1) where U^g is the Lie derivative of the metric tensor field g. The integral curves are generated by the vector field £ through the one parameter group of motion Equation (1.1) can be rewritten by using the covariant derivative on M as V &, + V £ = O (1.3) M V M where The Killing vectors completely determine the group of continuous isometry of the manifold, namely the set of transformations which preserves the Riemannian length and the angles. In physical terms, they determine the symmetry group of a non relativistic free particle of mass TTI lying on that manifold since its Lagrangian reads L = ^ Let us derive the symmetry group of the hyperbolic plane, namely SL(2,R)/Z2. In the model of the Poincaré upper half plane H — {z = x + iy, y > 0}, the Riemannian line element is given by dx2 + dy2 ds*2 = 5 (1.4) yï where we have normalized the Gauss curvature to be —1 . The Killing equations reads : — (1.5) y with general solution x = 3a(y2 - x2) - 2bx - c (1.6) = -t/(6ax + 26) where a, 6, c are three arbitrary constant. One thus has three independent Killing vectors fields, which can be chosen as ( up to an overall normalization constant ) (1-7) associated through equation (1.2) to the translations along the x axis, namely z(t) = associated to uniform dilatation z(t) = (1-9) -2xy associated to non linear rotation z(t) — z /(l + z t) . 0 0 Since the £'s form a Lie algebra, a general isometry will be generated by a linear com- bination £ = ai£i + «262 + <*s£3 where the Ct-'s are real numbers, leading through eq. 1 (1.2) to the well known compact form of a fractional linear transformation ( since the overall normalization of £ can be absorbed in a redefinition of time, they are only three independent parameters ) (t)z 0 d(t) where a(t) - cosh ( y J + ysinh ( y J (1.Uo) (LU*) (LUC) 5 Gutzwiller (1.1Id) with a = \/4aia + a| and the normalization ad — be = 1 for all t. There is an homomor- 3 phism between the algebra of the two by two matrices 7 = normalized by det^ = 1 and these fractional linear transformations. The Killing vectors of the hyperbolic plane will be useful when we will discuss gauge transformations on the leaky torus. 2. Classical dynamics on the hyperbolic plane in a constant magnetic field. The free motion on the hyperbolic plane takes place on the geodesies of this manifold, solutions of the dynamical equations d2x» „ dx" dx» . These are half circles whose center are on the real axis y = O, including vertical half straight lines as degenerate cases. The introduction of a vector potential A with F^ = d^A^ 11 gives the new dynamical equations of motion dt* ""OO dt dt ^ m vv dt ( ' where m is the mass of the particle and e its charge. A constant magnetic field over the manifold ( in the sense of the metric ) is a field whose strength tensor covariant derivative vanishes everywhere, i.e. V FuP = O (2.3) 11 Equivalently in two space dimensions, this means that the two form B — <LA is proportional to the volume form (2.4) y In order to describe the trajectories in the presence of the magnetic field, we introduce the tangent vector to the geodesic parametrized by the geodesic length s <"> and the covariant derivative along the geodesic by V = 0"V , (2.6) 8 1 The covariant Serret-Frenet equations in two dimensions take the form (2.7) " where K is the intrinsic curvature of the trajectory and a^ and /?M form the local orthonor- mal Serret-Frenet basis. The dynamical equations (2.2) may be rewritten as 8 Fi r By multiplying this equation be « and taking into account antisymmetry of the field M strength tensor and orthonormality of the basis vectors, one finds that the trajectory is spanned at a constant speed V = ds/dt . Eq. (2.8) then rewrites as 0 - m Taking V of eq. (2.9) and then multiplying by /?^ gives 8 -V = -(V ,Ft) a" P (2.10) as 0 m 11 Thus, if the field strength tensor has a vanishing covariant derivative, the intrinsic curva- ture of the trajectory K is a constant. ( For a three dimensional manifold, similar arguments would have led to a curve which moreover possesses constant torsion . See also [U]. ) The local basis thus satisfies the constraint (2.11) and, as shown in [ 8 ], the trajectories on the Poincaré upper half plane are still circles ( in the usual sense since the hyperbolic space is conformai ) , but their centers do not automatically lie on the horizontal axis, depending on the strength of the magnetic field. For a value of the field greater than some critical value ( depending on the energy ) , the particle gets trapped on closed orbits, being otherwise scattered on a half circle. It must be noticed that this behaviour is very different from the flat space case, where scattering trajectories disappear for arbitrary small positive value of the magnetic field. 3. Group operations of the leaky torus and gauge transformations. The leaky torus is constructed by the identification of the sides of a fundamental domain D of the hyperbolic plane in a way analogous to the flat space case [ 12 ]. The boundaries of the domain D in the Poincaré upper half plane are the four geodesies ' (a) x = -1 ; O < y < oo [0I \ ' ^i < y A ' "^ (3-1) (c) x = +1 ; O < y < oo (d) (x~-)2+y2 = - ; O < x < 1 V / V ; 4 2 and identifications are made with the two fundamental operations A and B - O i) : -(-'.V) A maps the boundary (a) into (d) and B maps (c) into (b) ( see fig. 1 ) . The hyperbolic plane is tessellated by an infinite number of copy of the fundaments.. domain D generated by the application on D of some unique word constructed from A, B, A"1 and B"1 as long as the "single/return" operations ( namely AA"1, A-1A, BB"1, B-1B ) are omitted. The set of all these transformations forms a discrete group F, a subgroup of the modular group 5L(2, Z) generated by A and B. Since the domain D is noncompact, identifications of its edges leaves a unique point infinitely far removed and the non compact ( but of finite area ) manifold has thus the topology of a torus with an infinitely thin horn attached to it. This pouit at infinity is the only cusp of F whose stabilizer F is generated by the 00 parabolic element K = For a covariant constant magnetic field B, a particular gauge choice leads to 10