to o ITN-Bangladesh Course on vo Water Supply and Waste Management Day-I Day-II Day-Ill Day-IV 8:30-9:15 Inauguration AR Remedial Measures : Salinity Aquacultural Utilisation of Women Participation in WSS Course Introduction MR HR Waste ED HJ 9:15-10:00 Water, Waste & Health FA Remedial Measures: Iron Bio gas as a Waste Treatment Course Evaluation MR DH Option HR 10:00-10:30 Tea Technological Options in Remedial Measures: Arsenic Hygiene Promotion MM Preparation for Presentation 10:30-11:15 WSS MR AA 11:15-12:00 Socio-economic aspects in Microbial Quality of Water Communication in Social Group presentation WSS MM AJ Mobilisation AZ Gr-I & Gr-II 12:00-12:45 Common Problems of Water Sanitation Practices and O&M and Sustainability of Group presentation Supply in B'desh BZ Problems in Bangladesh WSS AZ Grill & Gr-VI HJ 12:45-13:30 Introduction to Group Discussion on Field Discussion on Field Certificate Distribution & Assignment Assignment Assignment Closing 13:30-14:30 Lunch 14:30-17:30 Field Assignment Field Assignment Field Assignment AR: Prof. M. Azadur Rahman FA: Prof. M. Feroze Ahmed MR: Prof. Md Mujibur Rahman HJ: Has in Jahan ED: Prof. Eli Dahi AZ: MdAkhtaruzzaman DH: Dr. M. Delwar Hossain MM: Md. Mohsin HR: Dr. M.Habibur Rahman AJ: Dr. Abdul Jalsl BZ: Dr. ABM Badruzzaman AA: Dr. M. Ashraf AH f» Bangladesh ITN-Bangladesh Course on Water Supply and Waste Management BUET, Dhaka 21-24 July 1997 LIBRARY IRC PO Box 93190, 2509 AD THE HAGUE Tel.: +31 70 30 689 80 Fax: +31 70 35 899 64 BARCODE: / ,, tf J 9 LO: ^ ^ "L ITN ITN-B Course on Water Supply & Waste Management Bangladesh 01. WATER, WASTE AND HEALTH Water supply and safe disposal of human wastes are most important for the protection of health. Table 1 shows human's lines of defence against diseases. It may be observed that water supply, sanitation, waste management provides human's first line of defence. Table.l : Human's line of defence against diseases I. Environmental Management: Human's First Line of Defence against Diseases • Safe water supply* • Natural water quality management* • Proper human waste disposal* • Solid and hazardous waste management* • Rodent and insect control* • Food sanitation* • House sanitation* • Recreational sanitation* • Occupational health practice • Air pollution control • Noise control • Radiation control • Environmental safety and accident prevention • Land use management • Environmental planning* II Public Health : Humans Second Line of Defence against Diseases Nutritional level Personal Health and hygiene practice* Routine health check-up III. Preventive Medicine : Human's Third Line of Defence • Phagocytosis ( a natural process) • Immunity ( natural and induced) IV. Curative Medicine : Human's Fourth Line of Defence against Diseases • Administering medicine and radiation • Surgical intervention • Corrective therapy • Water and waste related lines of defence 1TN-B Course OH Water Supply & Waste Management 1 TN The high rate of incidence of diarrhoeal diseases and infant mortality in developing countries is attributed to lack of waster supply and sanitation. Every year 3 million children under five j'enrs' of age die of diarrhoea in developing countries. Every child in the third world countries suffers an average of three diaiihoeal attacks a year. Fig. 1 shows a good correlation between infant mortality and sanitation coverage in developing countries produced by the World Health Organisation in 1981. INtXA 9 N. | INpONESjA,. 0 /' 6> BURMA, SRI / oo i « i tO go 100 Population Jonita/ioo% Fig.l Jitfaitt niyrtalily and sanitalion coverage in selected south east Asian countries (WHO,198 >) The uncontrolled waste is the focal point of pollution of the environment. Jf the environment is polluted, it ultimately affects the population. The different routes of transmission of diseases and the interventions against such propngalion of diseases have been shown in Fig. 2. SECOND Ft RST IMTEUVEMTIOM INTERVENTION trr WATER S z I FOOD / Z) COWTACT a KBZJl tCCn TZ7J& CT77J n V 15 f. T O H I K?tt RZJ R33 fJ2J CTI Fig. 2 Routes of propagation of Diseases and interventions ITN-B Course on Water Supply & Waste Management Oangladeah A model sliowing dose-response relationship of a community under varying exposure of enteric pathogens has been shown in Fig.3. The model shows that incidences of both mild and severe diarrhoea are low if the dose is low and remain constant upto certain ingestion of enteric pathogens. The incidence of both mild diarrhoea increases with the increase in dose and then it becomes constant. The incidence of severe diarrhoea also increases with the increase in the ingested dose of enteric pathogens and it also becomes constant at a relatively higher dose. f a) 1 I ["7 « ui I > n W •< tn Ul ox c < o en -o c 3 i A LOW B CD Doi« oF anrcric Pafhogtn* Fig.3 : The dose-response relationship under varying exposure to enteric pathogens (Esreyetal, 1985) The diseases related to water supply, sanitation and waste management may be classified into five groups according to their transmissiou routes. The detailed transmission routes of these five groups of diseases are shown in Table 2. The table presents a list of diseases related to water and wastes and a clear picture of modes of propagation of these diseases. Table 2:Transmission Routes of Water and Waste Related Diseases. Gitour DISEASES TRANSMISSION ROUTE Diairlioeal Discuses: • Cholera • E.Coli Diarrhoeas • Viral Diarrhoeas Infected Susceptible I • Other Diarrhoeas Person Person \ > Dyscntens: >*f Water \S / • Amoebic dysentery • Bacillary Dysentery c sou y Enteric Fever : • Typhoid • Para-typhoid ITN ITN-B Course on Water Supply & Waste Management Bangladesh GROUP DISEASES TRANSMISSION ROUTE II Viral Diseases • Poliomyelitis • Hepatitis-A a. Worm Infection with no intermediate host: • Ascaris (round worm) • Hookworm b. Worm Infection with aquatic host: Susceptible III • Schistosomiasis Person • Guinea Worm c. Worm Infection with animal host: Infected Susceptible Soil Animal Food • Tape Worm Person Person Water/Waste related insect- borne diseases: IV • Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Susceptible • Dengue & Yellow Feber Person Flies Person • Kalazar • Filariasis • Sleeping Sickness Skin, Eye and other diseases: • Skin Infection Infected Susceptible V • Scabies Persons Persons • Eye Infection • Louse-borne typhus The infectious diseases are transmitted by various pathogens ( disease producing microrganisms ) present in human excreta. The four types of pathogens that cause diseases are viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic worms. The excreted pathogens exposed to the environment survive and sometimes mature to infect the new victim through different routes. The survival of many pathogens depend on the time and temperature as shown in Fig.4. It is evident from Fig.l that human faeces should be kept in confined environment at least for a period of 1 year to destroy most of the pathogens. This period is also considered adequate to stabilise the organic pollutants present in human excreta into simple compounds. ;ITN ITN-B Course on Water Supply & Waste Management Dangladcsh - To 20 1 WOJ jlOOO [l 0; 10 I o,ooo 7irn4 C hour) Tig. 4 : Influence of time and temperature on selected pathogens present in night soil ami sludge ( Fcndicm et al, 1981) ITN-JB Course on Water Supply & Waste Management The percentage of diarrhoeal diseases in Bangladesh is shown in Fig 5. BANGLADESH Fig. 5 : Trevalence of Diarrhoea in Bangladesh ( Weekly Independent, 16 May 1997) ITN ITN-B Course on Water Supply & Waste Management Bangladesh 02. TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS IN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION I. Water Supply Drinking water supply in Bangladesh is based on ground water sources. Ground water is free from pathogens and require no treatment for domestic water supply. But ground water is rich in dissolved salt specially dissolved iron and hardness in ground water in relatively shallow aquifer are quite high which restricts the important domestic uses of tubcwell water. The most common technologies used for the abstraction of water in Bangladesh are No.6 pump in high water table areas, Tara pump in low water table areas and in some very high water table areas Rower and Treadle pumps are used. Open dug wells are also used in some areas for domestic water supplies. The perfonnances of No.6, Tara and Rower pumps are compared in Table 1. Table 1: Comparison of different types of manually operated pumps used in Bangladesh C C a G jV ( Parameters Compared No.6 Pump Rower Pump Tara Pump — Type Suction Pump Suction Pump Force Pump Stroke Length 240 mm 980 mm 300 mm Hydrodynamics Inertia effect exists Inertia effect partially Inertia effect exists eliminated Lift l-8m 1 - 8.5 m 10- 15m Flow 0.40 - 0.69 1/s 0.45 - 0.80 1/s 0.55 - 0.69 1/s 0.84- 1.40 1/c 1.10- 1.601/c 0.55 - 0.69 1/c Operation Economically logical but Economically Economically tiring over longer period comfortable, tiring over unfavourable longer period. Life 15 Yrs. 3 - 5 Yrs. 3 - 5 Yrs. Sanitary Protection Reasonable protected Unprotected Reasonably protected Components need Plunger and check valve Cup seal, check valve and Cup seal and check valve frequent change surge chamber ITN ITN-B Course on Water Supply & Waste Management Banglidesh There are about 2.5 million public and private handpump tubewells in the rural area of Bangladesh operating under suction mode. Analysis of ground water level reveals that the ground water table in 35% of the area of Bangladesh will be beyond suction limit in the year 2000 as compared to 25% in 1993. This will make one hundred thousand hand pump tubewells operating under suction mode inoperational. A technological shift from No.6 to Tara pump would be required to maintain the existing water supply coverage in these areas. There are also No.4 and No.2 manually operated pumps available where discharge requirements are low. The conventional tubewells according to their depth, arrangement and special uses are also termed as: Deep Tubewell Shallow Tubewell Shallow Shrouded Tubewell (SST) Very Shallow Shrouded Tubewell (VSST) Surface water in Bangladesh is highly polluted and needs extensive treatment for use as drinking water. The installation of treatment plants for water supply for the scattered population in the rural area is not feasible. In water quality problem areas specially in saline areas small scale experimental treatment facilities are being used for the purification of low saline surface waters for community water supply. These treatment facilities are: Slow Sand Filter ( SSF) Infiltration Gallery (IG ) These are low cost technologies but the main problems encountered include lack of maintenance by the beneficiaries. The small scale community type Iron Removal Plants are now being used in Bangladesh for the treatment of ground water. A few experimental units of different models have been tried and some are being used successfully. Also maintenance is the problem in the operation of these plants.