SCALING SCALING: A Sourcebook for Behavioral Scientists Edited by GARY M. M ARANELL Routledge Taylor &. Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 1974 by Transaction Publishers Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1974 by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and ar e use d onl y for identificatio n and explanatio n withou t inten t to infringe. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2007025981 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scaling : a sourcebook for behavioral scientists / Gary M. Maranell, editor. p. cm. Originally published: Scaling / edited by Gary M. Maranell. Chicago : Aldine Pub. Co., [1974]. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-202-36175- 8 1. Scalin g (Social sciences) 2. Attitude (Psychology)--Testing. 3. Psy - chometrics. I . Maranell, Gary Michael, 1932- H61.M423 2007 300.1'519535--dc22 2007025981 ISBN 13 : 978-0-202-36175-8 (pbk ) Contents Preface I x Introduction x i PART I . MEASUREMEN T AND SCALING " 1 1. Ernes t Nagel , Measurement 3 2. S . Smith Stevens, Measurement 2 2 3. Cletu s J. Burke, Measurement Scale s an d Statistical Model s 4 2 PART II . THURSTONIA N METHODS 5 7 4. Loui s L, Thurstone, Psychophysica l Analysis 5 9 5. Loui s L. Thurstone, A Law of Comparative Judgmen t 8 1 6. Ber t Green, Paire d Comparison Scalin g Procedure 9 3 7. Alle n L . Edwards, Circular Triads, the Coefficien t of Consistence , an d th e Coefficien t o f Agreement 9 8 8. Rober t T . Ross , Optimal Orders i n the Metho d of Paire d Comparisons 10 6 9. Alle n L. Edwards, Paired Comparison Attitude Scales 11 0 10. Alle n L. Edwards, The Method of Equal-Appearing Intervals 11 3 11. Ber t Green, The Metho d of Successive Interval s 12 2 v vi CONTENT S PART III . SCALOGRA M ANALYSI S 129 12. Samue l A. Stouffer, A n Overview of th e Contributions t o Scaling and Scale Theory 131 13. Loui s L. Guttman , Th e Basis for Scalogram Analysis 142 14. Benjami n W. White and El i Saltz, Measuremen t of Reproducibilit y 17 2 15. Kar l F. Schuessler, A Note on Statistical Significance o f Scalogra m 19 7 16. Rolan d j. Chilton, Computer Generated Dat a an d the Statistica l Significance of Scalogram 20 5 17. Rolan d J. Chilton, A Review and Comparison of Simple Statistical Tests for Scalogram Analysis 21 2 18. Carm i Schooler, A Note of Extreme Caution on th e Use of Guttman Scale s 22 3 PART IV . SUMMATED RATING METHOD S 23 1 19. Rensl s Likert, The Metho d of Constructing a n Attitude Scal e 23 3 20. Joh n P. Robinson, J err old G. Rush and Kendra B. Head Criteria for an Attitude Scale 24 4 21. H . J. Butcher, A Note on the Scale Product an d Related Method s of Scoring Attitude Scales 25 8 22. P . K. Poppleton and G. W. Pilkingtori, A Comparison of Four Method s of Scoring an Attitude Scale in Relation t o its Reliability an d Validit y 26 7 PART V. UNFOLDIN G THEORY 27 3 23. C . H. Coombs, Some Aspects of the Met a theory of Measuremen t 27 5 24. C . H. Coombs, Psychological Scaling without a Unit o f Measurement 28 1 25. C . H. Coombs, A Real Example of Unfolding 30 0 26. Davi d Goldberg and C. H. Coombs, Some Applications of Unfolding Theor y t o Fertility Analysis 31 1 CONTENTS Vll PART VI . RELATE D MATERIAL S 33 3 27. Alle n L. Edwards and F. P. Kilpatrick, A Technique fo r the Constructio n of Attitude Scales 33 6 28. Samue l A. Stouffer, Edgar F. Borgatta, David G. Hays and Andrew F. Henry, A Technique fo r Improvin g Cumulative Scale s 34 7 29. Rober t K. Leik, and M. Matthews, A Scale for Developmental Processe s 36 5 30. Sanfor d Labovitz, The Assignment of Numbers t o Rank Orde r Categories 38 8 31. Frederi c M . Lord , On th e Statistica l Treatment of Football Number s 40 2 Selected Bibliograph y 40 7 Appendix: Tables 41 9 Index 42 9 Prcfecc This sourcebook is an attempt to cover the generally recognized scaling methods. However, to keep it from becoming overly large, it was necessary to exclude certain types of material. The decisions regarding what should be excluded are never easy to make, and some readers may disagree wit h those made here. I can only hope tha t a substantial numbe r o f teachers will find meri t I n th e conten t tha t ha s resulte d fro m thes e difficul t decisions. Becaus e of size and cos t considerations, this volume does no t include highl y mathematica l articles . The material s tha t hav e bee n In - cluded should be quite understandable t o any behavioral science graduate student and to most undergraduate student s as well. Ideally, sourcebooks should draw togethe r relate d an d usefu l material from a wid e rang e o f divers e source s tha t ar e otherwis e difficul t t o assemble. Ther e i s little justification for bringin g together paper s tha t appeared i n only the major journals of a particular discipline. The ma- terial here has been drawn from a wide spectrum of journals and books, both sociologica l an d psychological . Further , th e material s hav e bee n drawn fro m a time spectrum covering more than 40 years. It ha s been my impression that the averag e student in the behavioral sciences does not have an opportunity to read a sufficient number of pri- mary sources for himself, and this Is especially true in the area of meth- odology. I have, however, hesitated t o send a dozen or more students to journals when I knew that the journals were in tatters already. Yet I felt that the y wer e missin g some o f th e excitemen t o f discover y and con - tinuity thi s literature ca n provide . This i s one reaso n I hav e prepare d this book. The reader should understand that this volume is intended for students ix