SCALE INSECTS OF CENTRAL EUROPE SERIES ENTOMOLOGICA EDITOR K.A. SPENCER VOLUME 41 Scale Insects of Central Europe By M. KOSZTARAB and F. KozAR 1988 DR W. JUNK PUBLISHERS A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358, USA for Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, German Democratic Republic, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia, Poland, Rumania, Soviet Union, Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Yugoslavia: Akademiai Kiad6, P.O. Box 24, H-1363 Budapest, Hungary for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Kosztarab, Michael, 1927- Scale insects of Central Europe. (Series entomologica: v. 41) Includes indexes. I.Scale-insects-Central Europe. 2. Insects Central Europe. I. Kozar, F. II. Title. III. Series. QL526.4.C36K67 1988 595.7'52 86-27415 ISBN-I3: 978-94-0 I 0-8295-2 e-ISBN-I3: 978-94-009-4045-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-4045-1 Book information Joint edition published by: Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, and Akademiai Kiad6, Budapest, Hungary Copyright © 1988 by Akademiai Kiad6, Budapest, Hungary Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. CONTENTS Preface. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 7 Acknowledgements ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Color plates I-XVI (figures 1-35 see after p. 8) I. General part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Introduction .................. '.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 List of abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 General morphology of Coccinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Life cycle, biology and dispersal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Genetics and endosymbionts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Phylogeny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Ecology of scale insects in Central Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Geographical distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Economic importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Forecasting and control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Collecting, preserving, mounting and rearing of Coccinea .. . . . . . . . . 29 II. Systematic part. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Classification ................................................ 32 Key to suborders of Homoptera in Central Europe .............. 33 Key to superfamilies and families of Coccinea in Central Europe .. 33 Superfamily Orthezioidea - Primitive Coccoids ................... 35 Family Ortheziidae - Ensign Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Family Margarodidae - Giant Scales .......................... 46 Superfamily Coccoidea - Advanced Coccoids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Family Pseudococcidae - Mealybugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Family Coccidae - Soft Scales, Coccids ........................ 169 Family Aclerdidae - Flat Grass Scales ......................... 259 Family Kermesidae - Gall-like Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 261 Family Cryptococcidae - Bark-crevice Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 268 5 Family Eriococcidae - Felt Scales, Eriococcid Scales . . . . . . . . . . . .. 274 Family Lecanodiaspididae - False Pit Scales, Lecanodiaspidids . . . . 305 Family Cerococcidae - Ornate Pit Scales, Cerococcids . . . . . . . . . . .. 307 Family Asterolecaniidae - Pit Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 312 Family Diaspididae - Armored Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 321 III. Appendix................................................... 388 IV. Cited references. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 V. Distribution of scale insects discussed in this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 425 VI. Index to host plants .......................................... 428 VII. Index to parasites, predators, ants and other associated organisms .. 434 VIII. Index to scale insect names .................................... 442 6 PREFACE This book is dedicated to the scientists whose professional devotion and accomplish ments in research on scale insects of the area made the compilation of this book possible. This book has two primary objectives: (1) to enable interested workers, who are not specialists of scale insects, to recognize and indentify these to families, genera and species; and (2) to provide information on the life cycle, host-plant range, natural enemies, geographical distribution, economic importance for each known species from Central Europe, and to provide a bibliography on each taxa covered. Scale insects are important pests of fruit and nut trees, forest vegetation, woody ornamentals, greenhouse and indoor plants. World-wide losses and increased production costs attributed to scale insects are estimated to reach $5 billion annually. It is difficult to recognize them because of their microscopic size and hidden habits. Identification of pest species enables plant growers to check appropriate reference sources for biological information and to select control methods. For the first time since L. Lindinger's 1912 outdated book on scale insects of this large geographical area, the authors are providing keys for their identification, descriptions, and illustrations to assist individuals with species identification. Also provided are records on the life cycle, host plant selection, and geographical distribution of each of233 species, 95 genera and 12 families treated. With resistance to insecticides shown by a number of species, special efforts are needed to reduce the use of chemicals and to employ integrated pest management emphasizing biological control methods. Thus, the authors are providing information on the known natural enemies of each species, and ort the parasites and predators which could be considered for biological control of pest scales. This work is an essential reference for the economic entomologists, plant production and protection consultants, plant quarantine inspectors, biologists, and especially for zoologists and coccidologists. The authors have cited over 700 references which are listed under the Cited References. In addition, to facilitate readers with easy retrieval of desired information, there are four different indices provided. These include indices of host plants, natural enemies and other associated organisms, distribution in Central Europe and in other regions, and scale insect names. Several new species were discovered during this study and a number of new faunistic records were found. In addition, one new synonym was established. It is the authors' hope that this compilation will stimulate interest in the scale insects of Europe. Many new species remain to be discovered and described, especially in the incompletely studied families of Eriococcidae, Margarodidae, and Pseudococcidae. In the General Part (I), a general introduction to coccidology, the methods utilized for collecting, preserving and mounting scale insects on microscope slides for study and rearing are given. Among the 154 illustrations, there are 72 full plate-size drawings, 38 smaller ones and 9 photographs placed in the text; also, 35 color photographs were combined into 16 color plates, and one full-page map. 7 Both authors have completed doctoral degree research on scale insects and are continuing to study them. They have 55 years combined experience with this group. Research samples for this work were collected in most of the countries of Europe with the exception of countries in the border areas of the continent, such as Albania, Belgium, Finland and Portugal. To assist individuals in these areas with their work, the authors paid special attention to compiling information from over 700 reference sources to supplement their own research data. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to our colleagues who read sections of the first draft of the manuscript and made valuable comments for improvements. These persons include: D. R. Miller (General Part and Eriococcidae), S. Nakahara (Coccidae and Diaspididae), L. M. Russell (Asterolecaniidae), each with the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland; and D. J. Williams (Pseudococcidae), with the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology in London. The entire manuscript was reviewed by T. Jermy, former Director of the Research Institute for Plant Protection, Budapest, and J. Koteja, Professor of Applied Zoology, Cracow. Their valuable suggestions have been incorporated in the manuscript. Some valuable "Reviewer's remarks" provided by J. Koteja have been included in the book at the general discussions of some families. The authors take sole responsibility for the final text of this manual. Faunal lists were provided for the Federal Republic of Germany by H. Schmutterer, and for the Ukraine (USSR) by E. M. Tereznikova. Supplementary faunal records from Switzerland were sent to us by F. Bachmann and K. Boratynski, and from Poland by J. Koteja. Assistance with some species determinations and confirmations was given by E. Danzig, J. Koteja, and D. Matile-Ferrero. Some species were collected and provided for our project from Hungary by B. Nagy and G. Vinis; from Austria, Luxembourg and Poland, by K. Boratynski. D. R. Miller, S. Nakahara and M. B. Stoetzel allowed us full use of the scale insect card files of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In addition, colleagues, too many to be listed here, provided reprints and books for the completion of the literature review. Our literature search was aided by the bibliographies compiled by Morrison and Renk (1957), Morrison and Morrison (1965); Russell, Kosztarab and Kosztarab (1974). M. P. Kosztarab assisted with the literature search and checked our cited reference list. B. Martin typed parts of the manuscript, as well as M. Rhoades, who also provided substantial editorial assistance, as did M. C. Holliman, who reviewed the final manuscript of the general part. The host plant index was reviewed by P. Solymosi. Supplementary illustrations were provided by a number of colleagues. The figure numbers of color prints provided by each are given in parenthesis after their names. These include: G. M. Buxton (9, 10), I. Foldi (2,3,4, 7b, 8b, 11, 18a, 26, 28b), R. J. Gill (8a, c, d, 24, 28a, 32), A. B. Hamon (96), H. H. Lyon (15a, b, 19,21,23,29,33, 34b), D. R. Miller (34a), B. Nagy (14, 3Ia), J. A. Weidhaas (34d), and R. F. Wilkey (4). A number of the black and white habitat illustrations are from the authors' earlier work 8 2 3 4 Plate I Figs 1-4: 1. Mealybug females visited by ant for honeydew (Photo R. F. Wilkey). - 2. Orthezia urticae (Linnaeus), female with ovisac, dorsal view (Photo 1. Foldi). - 3. Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus), female (Photo 1. Foldi). - 4. Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus), adult male (Photo I. Foldi) 5 6 7/a 7/b Plate II Figs 5-7: 5. Allococcus vovae (Nassonov), ovisacs and females on twigs of Juniperus communis (Photo M. Kosztarab and F. Kozar). - 6. Coccura comari (Kiinow), female on root of Sanguisorba sp. (Photo M. Kosztarab and F. Kozar). - 7. Eriopeltis!estucae (Fonscolombe), ovisacs a) with and b) without protruding females on leaves of Agropyron repens (Photo L. M6czar and M. Kosztarab a), I. Foldi b)