Electrical Engineering / Communications A E SC-FDMA for Mobile l- l- n S a a SC-FDMA for Mobile Communications examines Single-Carrier Frequency h m a Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). Explaining this rapidly evolving system ri ie Communications • • for mobile communications, it describes its advantages and limitations and D A outlines possible solutions for addressing its current limitations. e l- s k s a o m u The book explores the emerging trend of cooperative communication with SC- k a FDMA and how it can improve the physical layer security. It considers the design y li Fathi E. Abd El-Samie • Faisal S. Al-kamali of distributed coding schemes and protocols for wireless relay networks where Azzam Y. Al-nahari Moawad I. Dessouky users cooperate to send their data to the destination. S • C Supplying you with the required foundation in cooperative communication and - F cooperative diversity, it presents an improved Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)– D based SC-FDMA system. It introduces a distributed space–time coding scheme and evaluates its performance and studies distributed SFC for broadband relay M channels. A • Presents relay selection schemes for improving the physical layer f • Introduces a new transceiver scheme for the SC-FDMA system o r • Describes space–time/frequency coding schemes for SC-FDMA M • Includes MATLAB® codes for all simulation experiments o The book investigates Carrier Frequency Offsets (CFO) for the Single-Input b Single-Output (SISO) SC-FDMA system, and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output i l e (MIMO) SC-FDMA system simulation software. Covering the design of cooperative diversity schemes for the SC-FDMA system in the uplink direction, C it also introduces and studies a new transceiver scheme for the SC-FDMA system. o m m u n i c a t i o K14794 n ISBN: 978--1-4665-1071-5 s 90000 www.crcpress.com 9 781466 510715 w w w. c r c p r e s s . c o m K4794_mech rev.indd 1 6/5/13 10:31 AM SC-FDMA for Mobile Communications SC-FDMA for Mobile Communications Fathi E. Abd El-Samie Faisal S. Al-kamali Azzam Y. Al-nahari Moawad I. Dessouky MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MAT- LAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130515 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-1072-2 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface xi authors xv chaPter 1 introduction 1 1.1 Motivations for Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 1 1.2 Evolution of Cellular Wireless Communications 3 1.3 Mobile Radio Channel 4 1.3.1 Slow and Fast Fading 4 1.3.2 Frequency-Flat and Frequency-Selective Fading 5 1.3.3 Channel Equalization 6 1.4 Multicarrier Communication Systems 7 1.4.1 OFDM System 8 1.4.2 OFDMA System 10 1.4.3 Multicarrier CDMA System 10 1.5 Single-Carrier Communication Systems 12 1.5.1 SC-FDE System 12 1.5.2 DFT-SC-FDMA System 14 chaPter 2 dft-sc-fdMa systeM 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Subcarrier Mapping Methods 16 2.3 DFT-SC-FDMA System Model 17 2.4 Time-Domain Symbols of the DFT-SC-FDMA System 21 2.4.1 Time-Domain Symbols of the DFT-IFDMA System 21 © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC v vi Contents 2.4.2 Time-Domain Symbols of the DFT-LFDMA System 22 2.5 OFDMA vs. DFT-SC-FDMA 23 2.6 Power Amplifier 25 2.7 Peak Power Problem 27 2.7.1 Sensitivity to Nonlinear Amplification 27 2.7.2 Sensitivity to A/D and D/A Resolutions 27 2.7.3 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 27 2.8 Pulse-Shaping Filters 29 2.9 Simulation Examples 30 2.9.1 Simulation Parameters 31 2.9.2 CCDF Performance 31 2.9.3 Impact of the Input Block Size 34 2.9.4 Impact of the Output Block Size 36 2.9.5 Impact of the Power Amplifier 38 chaPter 3 dct-sc-fdMa systeM 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 DCT 42 3.2.1 Definition of the DCT 42 3.2.2 Energy Compaction Property of the DCT 43 3.3 DCT-SC-FDMA System Model 43 3.4 Complexity Evaluation 47 3.5 Time-Domain Symbols of the DCT-SC-FDMA System 48 3.5.1 Time-Domain Symbols of the DCT-IFDMA System 48 3.5.2 Time-Domain Symbols of the DCT-LFDMA System 49 3.6 Simulation Examples 50 3.6.1 Simulation Parameters 51 3.6.2 BER Performance 51 3.6.3 CCDF Performance 54 3.6.4 Impact of the Input Block Size 60 3.6.5 Impact of the Output Block Size 62 3.6.6 Impact of the Power Amplifier 62 chaPter 4 transceiver scheMes for sc-fdMa systeMs 65 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 PAPR Reduction Methods 66 4.2.1 Clipping Method 67 4.2.2 Companding Method 68 4.2.3 Hybrid Clipping and Companding 69 4.3 Discrete Wavelet Transform 69 4.3.1 Implementation of the DWT 70 4.3.2 Haar Wavelet Transform 72 © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents vii 4.4 Wavelet-Based Transceiver Scheme 73 4.4.1 Mathematical Model 73 4.4.2 Two-Level Decomposition 78 4.4.3 Complexity Evaluation 78 4.5 Simulation Examples 78 4.5.1 Simulation Parameters 78 4.5.2 Results of the DFT-SC-FDMA System 79 4.5.3 Results of the DCT-SC-FDMA System 88 chaPter 5 carrier frequency offsets in sc-fdMa systeMs 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 System Models in the Presence of CFOs 98 5.2.1 DFT-SC-FDMA System Model 98 5.2.2 DCT-SC-FDMA System Model 102 5.3 Conventional CFOs Compensation Schemes 104 5.3.1 Single-User Detector 104 5.3.2 Circular-Convolution Detector 105 5.4 MMSE Scheme 106 5.4.1 Mathematical Model 106 5.4.2 Banded-System Implementation 108 5.4.3 Complexity Evaluation 112 5.5 MMSE+PIC Scheme 113 5.5.1 Mathematical Model 114 5.6 Simulation Examples 115 5.6.1 Simulation Parameters 116 5.6.2 Impact of the CFOs 116 5.6.3 Results of the MMSE Scheme 118 5.6.3.1 DFT-SC-FDMA System 118 5.6.3.2 DCT-SC-FDMA System 120 5.6.4 Results of the MMSE+PIC Scheme 122 5.6.4.1 DFT-SC-FDMA System 122 5.6.4.2 DCT-SC-FDMA System 124 5.6.5 Impact of Estimation Errors 125 5.6.5.1 DFT-SC-FDMA System 125 5.6.5.2 DCT-SC-FDMA System 126 chaPter 6 equalization and cfos coMPensation for MiMo sc-fdMa systeMs 129 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 MIMO System Models in the Absence of CFOs 131 6.2.1 SM DFT-SC-FDMA System Model 131 6.2.2 SFBC DFT-SC-FDMA System Model 134 6.2.3 SFBC DCT-SC-FDMA System Model 135 6.2.4 SM DCT-SC-FDMA System Model 136 © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC viii Contents 6.3 MIMO Equalization Schemes 136 6.3.1 MIMO ZF Equalization Scheme 137 6.3.2 MIMO MMSE Equalization Scheme 137 6.4 LRZF Equalization Scheme 137 6.4.1 Mathematical Model 137 6.4.2 Complexity Evaluation 140 6.4.2.1 DFT-SC-FDMA System 140 6.4.2.2 DCT-SC-FDMA System 141 6.5 MIMO System Models in the Presence of CFOs 142 6.5.1 System Model 142 6.5.2 Signal-to-Interference Ratio 143 6.6 Joint Equalization and CFOs Compensation Schemes 144 6.6.1 JLRZF Equalization Scheme 144 6.6.2 JMMSE Equalization Scheme 146 6.6.3 Complexity Evaluation 147 6.7 Simulation Examples 147 6.7.1 Simulation Parameters 148 6.7.2 Absence of CFOs 148 6.7.2.1 Results of the LRZF Equalization Scheme 148 6.7.2.2 Impact of Estimation Errors 154 6.7.3 Presence of CFOs 156 6.7.3.1 Results of the JLRZF Equalization Scheme 156 6.7.3.2 Results of the JMMSE Equalization Scheme 160 6.7.3.3 Impact of Estimation Errors 161 chaPter 7 fundaMentals of cooPerative coMMunications 165 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Diversity Techniques and MIMO Systems 168 7.2.1 Diversity Techniques 168 7.2.2 Multiple-Antenna Systems 171 7.3 Classical Relay Channel 172 7.4 Cooperative Communication 172 7.5 Cooperative Diversity Protocols 175 7.5.1 Direct Transmission 175 7.5.2 Amplify and Forward 176 7.5.3 Fixed Decode and Forward 177 7.5.4 Selection Decode and Forward 177 7.5.5 Compress and Forward 180 7.6 Cooperative Diversity Techniques 180 7.6.1 Cooperative Diversity Based on Repetition Coding 181 7.6.2 Cooperative Diversity Based on Space–Time Coding 183 © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC