$15 3 APRIL 2020 sciencemag.org Hominin genera in South Africa 2 million years ago pp. 34 & 47 Emotions in the faces of mice pp. 33 & 89 Women claim discrimination at NIH’s child health institute p. 21 Platinum nanocrystals are surprisingly nonuniform p. 60 VISIBLE VARIETY Please join us in congratulating the recipients of the 2019 Cozzarelli Prize! Awarded annually to six PNAS articles, one in each of the National Academy of Sciences’ six broadly defned scientifc classes, this year’s winners represent exceptional scientifc achievement, originality, and innovation in their felds. The 2019 Cozzarelli Prize–winning papers are: PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES The end of ice I, Daniel R. Moberg, Daniel Becker, Christoph W. Dierking, Florian Zurheide, Bernhard Bandow, Udo Buck, Arpa Hudait, Valeria Molinero, Francesco Paesani, and Thomas Zeuch BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Mosaic origin of the eukaryotic kinetochore, Eelco C. Tromer, Jolien J. E. van Hoof, Geert J. P. L. Kops, and Berend Snel ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Mechanics unlocks the morphogenetic puzzle of interlocking bivalved shells, Derek E. Moulton, Alain Goriely, and Régis Chirat BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Widespread soil bacterium that oxidizes atmospheric methane, Alexander T. Tveit, Anne Grethe Hestnes, Serina L. Robinson, Arno Schintlmeister, Svetlana N. Dedysh, Nico Jehmlich, Martin von Bergen, Craig Herbold, Michael Wagner, Andreas Richter, and Mette M. Svenning BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Bioarchaeology of Neolithic Çatalhöyük reveals fundamental transitions in health, mobility, and lifestyle in early farmers, Clark Spencer Larsen, Christopher J. Knüsel, Scott D. Haddow, Marin A. Pilloud, Marco Milella, JoshuaW. Sadvari, Jessica Pearson, Christopher B. Ruf, Evan M. Garofalo, Emmy Bocaege, Barbara J. Betz, Irene Dori, and Bonnie Glencross APPLIED BIOLOGICAL, AGRICULTURAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Economics of the disintegration of the Greenland ice sheet, William Nordhaus Visit pnas.link/cozzarelli to learn more. 2019 Cozzarelli Prize PNAS www.pnas.org ILLUSTRATION: STEFANIA INFANTE 18 As normalcy returns, can China keep COVID-19 at bay? Infected travelers pose a continuing threat, but local coronavirus transmission still occurs as well By D. Normile 19 Lead pollution tracks the rise and fall of medieval kings Ice core preserves precise record of lead dust from English mines By A. Gibbons FEATURES 21 Where are the women? Female scientists allege discrimination and neglect of research on women at NIH’s child health institute By M. Wadman 24 How women at NIH’s Clinical Center lost childbearing chances By M. Wadman NEWS IN BRIEF 10 News at a glance IN DEPTH 14 Vaccine designers take first shots at COVID-19 Two candidate vaccines start trials while dozens more are rushed into development By J. Cohen 16 Infect volunteers to speed a coronavirus vaccine? By J. Cohen 17 United States strains to act as cases set record Conflicting messages, lack of coordination plague chaotic efforts to slow coronavirus By Science News Staff 3 APRIL 2020 • VOL 368 ISSUE 6486 3 SCIENCE sciencemag.org 3 APRIL 2020 • VOLUME 368 • ISSUE 6486 21 CONTENTS INSIGHTS LETTERS 26 NextGen Voices: Seeking career clarity PERSPECTIVES 29 Toward a universal glacier slip law A new friction rule may describe ice flow over rigid or deformable surfaces By B. Minchew and I. Joughin REPORT p. 76 30 Tuning drug binding Understanding anticancer drug binding to its target could improve drug discovery and efficacy By D. Slade and S. Eustermann RESEARCH ARTICLE p. 46 32 Straining quantum materials even further A nanoscale membrane enables exploration of large tensile strains on complex oxides By C. Beekman REPORT p. 71 33 Revealing animal emotions Facial expressions in mice are detected and classified by machine learning By B. Girard and C. Bellone REPORT p. 89 34 All who wander are not lost New hominin cranial fossils highlight the early exploits of Homo erectus By S. C. Antón RESEARCH ARTICLE p. 47 POLICY FORUM 36 Granular technologies to accelerate decarbonization Smaller, modular energy technologies have advantages By C. Wilson et al. BOOKS ET AL. 40 Colonizing the final frontier Commercial interest in space is high, and the technology to get us there is nearly ready By D. P. D. Munns 41 The things we make that make us who we are Our cultural values get baked into the materials we create, changing humanity along the way By M. Miodownik We are embedded in a variety of ecosystems, including the environments that we inhabit and the many social systems in which we live and work. Finding ways of maintaining the stable balance of these ecosystems in the face of rapidly changing circumstances is critical for our advancement. Drawing on a multitude of scientific perspectives, this Annual Meeting seeks to feature diverse ways of understanding the complexities and dynamics of biological, physical, social, and economic systems across scales, as well as strengthening and activating new connections to address underlying problems in various spheres. aaas.org/meetings Join us in Phoenix! SESSION PROPOSAL DEADLINE EXTENDED! Session proposals for the 2021 AAAS Annual Meeting are now being accepted through July 14, 2020. RESEARCH IN BRIEF 42 From Science and other journals REVIEW 45 Plant science A plant’s diet, surviving in a variable nutrient environment G. E. D. Oldroyd and O. Leyser REVIEW SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT: DX.DOI.ORG/10.1126/SCIENCE.ABA0196 RESEARCH ARTICLES 46 Molecular biology Structural basis for allosteric PARP-1 retention on DNA breaks L. Zandarashvili et al. RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT: DX.DOI.ORG/10.1126/SCIENCE.AAX6367 PERSPECTIVE P. 30 47 Paleoanthropology Contemporaneity of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo erectus in South Africa A. I. R. Herries et al. RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT: DX.DOI.ORG/10.1126/SCIENCE.AAW7293 PERSPECTIVE p. 34 48 Neurodevelopment Maintenance of neural stem cell positional identity by mixed-lineage leukemia 1 R. N. Delgado et al. 54 Cell biology Endoplasmic reticulum–associated degradation regulates mitochondrial dynamics in brown adipocytes Z. Zhou et al. 60 Nanomaterials Critical differences in 3D atomic structure of individual ligand-protected nanocrystals in solution B. H. Kim et al. PHOTO: ANDY HERRIES 3 APRIL 2020 • VOL 368 ISSUE 6486 5 SCIENCE sciencemag.org REPORTS 67 Asteroids An artificial impact on the asteroid (162173) Ryugu formed a crater in the gravity- dominated regime M. Arakawa et al. 71 Complex oxides Extreme tensile strain states in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 membranes S. S. Hong et al. PERSPECTIVE p. 32 76 Ice sheets A slip law for glaciers on deformable beds L. K. Zoet and N. R. Iverson PERSPECTIVE p. 29 78 Protein design De novo design of protein logic gates Z. Chen et al. 85 Cancer Cysteine depletion induces pancreatic tumor ferroptosis in mice M. A. Badgley et al. 89 Neuroscience Facial expressions of emotion states and their neuronal correlates in mice N. Dolensek et al. PERSPECTIVE p. 33; PODCAST ON THE COVER A selection of three- dimensional (3D) atomic structures of platinum nanocrystals in solution. Transmission electron microscopy images of individual rotating nanocrystals were reconstructed to generate the 3D density maps. The resultant atomic structures represent the intrinsic structural heterogeneity of ligand-protected nanocrystals synthesized in a single batch. See page 60. Illustration: Younghee Lee SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Periodicals mail postage (publication No. 484460) paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2020 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of the AAAS. Domestic individual membership, including subscription (12 months): $165 ($74 allocated to subscription). Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues): $2148; Foreign postage extra: Air assist delivery: $98. First class, airmail, student, and emeritus rates on request. Canadian rates with GST available upon request, GST #125488122. Publications Mail Agreement Number 1069624. 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Holden Thorp 9 Editorial Emerging from AI utopia By Edward Santow 98 Working Life Making allowances for COVID-19 By Ye Zhou 47 Excavations in the Drimolen quarry in South Africa have yielded several distinct, contemporaneous hominin species fossils from 2 million years ago. Editor-in-Chief Holden Thorp,