SAUDI ARABIA COUNTRY READER TABLE OF CONTENTS Parker T. Hart 1944-1946 Vice Consul, Jeddah and Dhahran 1949-1952 Consul General, Dhahran 1952-1955 Director, Near East Affairs, Washington, DC 1958-1961 Deputy Assistant Secretary, Near East Affairs, Washington, DC 1961-1965 Ambassador, Saudi Arabia Afif I. Tannous 1946-1947 Agricultural Specialist, The Middle East Lewright Browning Munn 1947-1949 Code Clerk, Jeddah Hermann Frederick Eilts 1948-1950 Economic/Political Officer, Jeddah 1960-1961 Desk Officer, Arabian Peninsular Affairs, Washington, DC 1965-1970 Ambassador, Saudi Arabia Dayton S. Mak 1948 Administrative Officer, Dhahran 1948-1949 Economic Officer, Jeddah William D. Brewer 1950-1951 Acting Deputy Chief of Mission, Jeddah 1966-1970 Director, Arabian Peninsular Affairs, Washington, DC Raymond A. Hare 1950-1953 Ambassador, Saudi Arabia Max Waldo Bishop 1951-1953 Consul General, Dhahran George M. Bennsky, Jr. 1952-1956 U.S. Treasury Representative, Middle East A. David Fritzlan 1953-1955 Officer in Charge, Iraq and Arabian Peninsular Affairs, Washington, DC Grant V. McClanahan 1954-1957 Consul, Dhahran David D. Newsom 1955-1959 Officer, Arabian Peninsula Affairs, Washington, DC William A. Stoltzfus, Jr. 1956-1959 Political Officer, Jeddah 1 1968-1971 Deputy Chief of Mission, Jeddah Isa K. Sabbagh 1957-1964 Public Affairs Officer, USIS, Jeddah 1974-1981 Public Affairs Officer and Translator, USIS, the Middle East Norman V. Schute 1957 Foreign Service Security Officer, Washington, DC Walter K. Schwinn 1957-1961 Consul General, Dhahran Charles Stuart Kennedy 1958-1960 Consular Officer, Dhahran Walter M. McClelland 1959-1962 Consular Officer, Dhahran William D. Wolle 1959-1962 Economic Officer, Jeddah George M. Lane 1960-1962 Commercial Officer, Jeddah 1978-1981 Ambassador, Yemen Morris Draper 1961-1964 Economic Counselor, Jeddah Talcott W. Seelye 1961-1964 Desk Officer for Arabian Peninsular Affairs, Washington, DC 1965-1968 Deputy Chief of Mission, Jeddah Joan Seelye 1965-1968 Spouse of Demptu Chief of Mission, Jeddah Eugene H. Bird 1962-1965 Economic Officer, Dhahran 1972-1975 Political/Economic Officer, Jeddah Charles Marthinsen 1962-1964 Political/Consular Officer, Jeddah Slator Clay Blackiston, Jr. 1964-1966 Economic Officer, Jeddah Brooks Wrampelmeier 1964-1966 Political Officer, Jeddah Alfred Leroy Atherton, Jr. 1965-1974 Deputy Director, Near East Affairs, Washington, DC 1974-1979 Assistant Secretary, Near East Affairs, Washington, DC David Blakemore 1966-1968 Position not specified, Jeddah Kenton W. Keith 1967-1968 Assistant Public Affairs Officer, USIS, 2 Jeddah Wat T. Cluverius, IV 1967-1969 Political/Economical Officer, Jeddah David E. Long 1967-1970 Political Officer, Jeddah 1970-1975 Saudi Arabia Analyst, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Washington, DC John R. Countryman 1968-1970 Economic-Commercial Officer, Deputy Principal Officer, Dhahran Brooks Wrampelmeier 1968-1974 Saudi Desk Officer, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, Washington, DC James Alan Williams 1969-1970 Petroleum Officer, Arabian Peninsula Affaris, Washington, DC François M. Dickman 1969-1972 Economic/Political Officer, Jeddah David M. Ransom 1969-1970 Consular/Economic Officer, Jeddah David G. Newton 1970-1973 Political Officer, Jeddah Howard L. Steele 1971 Joint Economic Commission, Riyadh James H. Bahti 1972-1975 Principal Officer, Dhahran Francois M. Dickman 1972-1976 Country Director for the Arabian, Washington, DC Hume A. Horan 1972-1977 Deputy Chief of Mission, Jeddah Charles O. Cecil 1973-1975 Political/Military Officer, Jeddah 1975-1977 Saudi Arabia Desk Officer, Washingotn, DC Harold H. Saunders 1974-1976 Assistant Secretary, Near East Affairs, Washington, DC 1978-1981 Assistant Secretary, Near East Affairs, Washington, DC Curtis F. Jones 1975 [est] Director, Office of Intelligence and Research, Near East Affairs, Washington, DC Joseph J. Sisco 1975 Under Secretary, Political Affairs, 3 Washington, DC Gordon S. Brown 1976-1978 Economic Officer, Jeddah Marshall W. Wiley 1976-1977 Deputy Chief of Mission, Jeddah Dorothy A. Eardley 1976-1977 Secretary to the Ambassador, Jeddah John R. Countryman 1976-1979 Deputy Director, Arabian Peninsula Affairs, Washington, DC John Hummon 1976-1980 Joint Economic Commission, Riyadh Holsey G. Handyside 1978-1981 Deputy Assistant Secretary, Department of Energy, Washington DC Ralph E. Lindstrom 1978-1980 Consul General, Dhahran William Harrison Marsh 1979-1981 Counselor for Political-Military Affairs, Jeddah George Quincey Lumsden 1979-1982 Deputy Director, Arabian Peninsula Affairs, Washington, DC James A. Placke 1979-1982 Deputy Chief of Mission, Jeddah William A. Pierce 1980-1983 Political Officer, Jeddah Richard L. Stockman 1980-1984 Communications Officer, Riyadh David G. Newton 1981-1984 Political Counselor, Riyadh Brooks Wrampelmeier 1982-1984 Deputy Director/Office Director, Arabian Peninsula Affairs, Washington, DC James A. Placke 1982-1985 Deputy Assistant Secretary, Near East Bureau, Washington, DC Roscoe S. Suddarth 1982-1985 Deputy Chief of Mission, Jeddah & Riyadh Kenton W. Keith 1983-1985 USIA, Deputy Director for Near East and South Asia, Washington, DC Richard E. Undeland 1983-1985 Public Affairs Officer, USIS, Riyadh Walter L. Cutler 1984-1987 Ambassador, Saudi Arabia 4 Paul H. Tyson 1986-1988 Deputy Principal Officer, Dhahran Bruce W. Clark 1987-1989 Political Military Counselor, Riyadh Hume A. Horan 1987-1988 Ambassador, Saudi Arabia J. Michael Springmann 1987-1989 Consular Officer, Jeddah Brooks Wrampelmeier 1987-1989 Consul Officer, Dhahran Walter L. Cutler 1988-1989 Ambassador, Saudi Arabia David M. Ransom 1988-1990 Director, Arabian Peninsula Affairs, Washington, DC David J. Dunford 1988-1991 Deputy Chief of Mission, Riyadh Chas W. Freeman, Jr. 1989-1992 Ambassador, Saudi Arabia Kenneth A. Stammerman 1989-1992 Consul General, Dhahran William A. Pierce 1989-1993 Political/Military Officer, Riyadh Wayne White 1990-2004 Analyst, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Iran and Iraq Division, Washington, DC Richard McKee 1991-1993 Office Director, Arabian Peninsula, Washington, DC David L. Mack 1993 Deputy Assistant Secretary, NEA< Washington, DC Charles L. Daris 1993-1996 Consul General/Principal Officer, Jeddah David M. Winn 1994-1996 Consul General, Dhahran Albert A. Thibault, Jr. 1995-2000 Political Counselor/Deputy Chief of Mission, Riyadh Alice A. Dress 2000-2002 Economic Counselor, Riyadh 2003-2004 Economic Counselor, Riyadh 5 PARKER T. HART Vice Consul Jeddah and Dhahran (1944-1946) Consul General Dhahran (1949-1952) Director, Near East Affairs Washington, DC (1952-1955) Deputy Assistant Secretary, Near East Affairs Washington, DC (1958-1961) Ambassador Saudi Arabia (1961-1965) Ambassador Parker T. Hart was born in Massachusetts in 1910. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1933 and received an M.A. from Harvard University in 1935. He joined the Foreign Service in 1936. His overseas career included positions in Austria, Brazil, Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and Yemen. In 1958, he became the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near East and South Asian Affairs. Ambassador Hart was interviewed by William Crawford in 1989. Q: In what capacity did you return to the Department in 1943? HART: ....What he wanted me for was to relieve an FSO (Foreign Service Officer) who was sick in Jeddah. His name was J. Harold Shullaw. He said that he wanted me to relieve him and then to go over to Dhahran and open a consulate. We didn't have one but we had received permission from the king to open one. They were going to build a refinery there as part of the war effort. We needed somebody over there who could get the consulate office going and to help take care of the influx of American workers who could get into trouble and would need a lot of help. So I went down there to Jeddah and relieved Harold Shullaw. Q: What was there in Jeddah at that point? HART: Very little. It was an old walled city of about 30,000 people. It didn't have a single paved street but it did have a black-top road to Mecca. Camels wandered right through the town. There were no public utilities of any kind -- no electric lights, running water or sewage system. There was a way of having water, from a water distillery plant which had partially broken down. It was constantly breaking down. We drank distilled water, but because of the way it was handled we always boiled it again. Otherwise, brackish water taken from open pits, was sold by 5-gallon tin lots for general use. It was dug out of the coral reefs and carried in by donkey-back, etc. It was a very primitive city, but fascinating to me as a vignette of ancient Arab civilization. 6 In any event, I was there for about 2 ½ years. While I was there I made one more stab at getting released to go into the military. We were hearing of the Normandy landings and I just felt like the devil being out of it. I can't describe it but I guess you can imagine. The Department turned me flatly down. This was the third time and they wouldn't have any part of it. So I felt that I didn't really have any choice. I proceeded to open the consulate. I had to travel through Cairo. Q: Did we have a minister in Jeddah at that point? HART: We had a Minister-Resident who was Jimmy Moose. He had opened the legation in 1942 in an old building just inside the city wall close to the ARAMCO Building. The company was not yet called ARAMCO. It was CASOC -- California Standard Oil -- but it became ARAMCO about that time when they took on Texaco as co-owner. They provided us with electric power from their generator. We didn't have any. Q: Was this the same building we kept until we moved out to the compound? HART: We kept it and two other ancient buildings under lease until the final move, but by 1949 the Ambassador had moved out to a relatively new mansion-type building which had been built out on the seashore to the north of the city. To resume my story of travel to Dhahran from Jeddah: To get across to Dhahran is about 800 airline miles straight but there was no airfield and there was no air communication to any location but Cairo, and that was by U.S. military aircraft. There were no roads and no vehicles existed that were in shape for such an expedition. Most were pretty well used up without replacement. You couldn't really drive them safely and would require a convoy. I had to fly around through Cairo, and I was ill at the time suffering from a pulmonary disorder. I went into the 38th General Hospital of the U.S. Army outside of Cairo and there I met my future wife, Jane, who was a patient there for one of the many gastrointestinal disorders that Cairo was famous for and still is. Q: What was she doing in Cairo at that time? HART: Jane C. Smiley was in the OSS doing cryptographic work and analysis of messages coming from behind the German lines in Greece. We didn't get married for five more years, but we met then and got well acquainted. As soon as I recovered, I went on to Baghdad, Basra, Bahrain, and then by small boat to Al Khobar, the small-craft port of ARAMCO on the Saudi mainland 6 miles from Dhahran. Just ahead of me was FSO Clarence Joseph McIntosh of our legation in Jeddah who had managed to get ahead of me by ship, because of my hospitalization. Together we opened the consulate. Q: Did you have a building? HART: At first, they didn't have any buildings to spare. The oil camp was still primitive. They had built only a topping plant and very limited, simple housing since the war had stagnated everything -- no supplies -- and they only had about a hundred men who stayed there through the war. In fact, a book has been written about the hundred men of ARAMCO who stayed through 7 that period. They got bombed once by the Italian Air Force. It didn't do any damage to speak of but it was a major long-range effort from Asmara, with light bombs. We took one-half of a duplex that had been built before the war. That had a bedroom with two beds -- double occupancy or more was the rule everywhere. We had a nice little living room and a kitchen. Q: Had this been built by ARAMCO? HART: It had been built by Standard of California. It had been there since before the war and there were a number of those buildings. We took this half of a duplex. One-half of the living room became the office and the other half of the living room was for relaxation and social life. Subsequently, they made available to us a rather primitive office in the center of the camp in the utility section. I think we had several rooms there and we put up a flag. Q: Was your flag imbedded in Saudi soil? HART: That was it. We got quickly caught up on that and they sent word through ARAMCO -- which had the only communication system across the country -- that the Saudis said you can have it grappled to the side of the building but you can't sink it in the ground. So we had to rip the whole thing up -- to the disgust of the ARAMCO workers who had done it for us free of charge -- and have it grappled onto the side of the building. The Americans were so delighted to see us, they wanted us to fly the flag every day. We said, "We fly it on holidays and special days.” We flew it fairly often, but that wasn't good enough for them. They wanted it every single day, if possible. They were homesick. Q: What were your actual functions as you set up there? HART: The most important functions were to keep guys out of trouble. Construction men came in to do this work, and among them were some pretty bad apples. Occasionally, we would have serious problems. We had one particularly bad case where two men got into a fist fight. One of them took a knife and waylaid the other, who was badly stabbed. The case had to go to trial before the Sharia Court (court of religious law). No Americans there knew what that meant and we didn't know, either. I had to attend the trial, of course, but I must add that before the trial took place, the rest of the construction workers wanted to lynch the knife wielder. To avoid this, I hid him out in my lodging until the mob had dispersed, then smuggled him out of the country, across to prevent angry American workmen from perpetrating "lynch-law" on Muslim Saudi soil. There was no police presence to speak of. It was sparsely populated desert, had no prison system, but Islamic law would have to govern the final result. The main concern was to protect the assailant from sudden death. We got him across to Manama but we held him in Bahrain and wouldn't let him go. We had him under informal (and no doubt illegal) house detention. Q: How did you hold him in Bahrain? 8 HART: ARAMCO had a guest house in Manama. We used it as a safe house. We fed him, took good care of him, but he couldn't go anywhere. There was no place to go anyway except by aircraft and we could control that, so that he could never get on a plane. Those planes landed on the water. He was really isolated. When the Saudis found out that he was there -- we didn't try to disguise it -- they said, "You must bring him back for trial." We felt that it was going to be a difficult problem to get him to come back. We might have to do it by force, but he was persuaded. He came back and stood his trial in a civil case. It was quickly settled, but the King ruled that he was guilty of assault with a weapon. He was given ten days detention and then exiled forever from the country. It was a neat way of getting around the problem, the knifing victim (who was well handled and quickly recovered) was persuaded by his employer to drop charges. Q: I'm sure the assailant was quite grateful. HART: We were infinitely relieved because we didn't know if they would take him out and try to either beat him to death or behead him. We didn't know what they'd do. Of course, the king had a diplomatic problem of his own religious authorities, the ulema. He handled it very well and the man was put on the plane by a giant of an ARAMCO man who acted as a kind of bodyguard and took him all the way to Cairo. From there, he saw him off on a plane for the States. Q: What were your dealings with the Saudi government and its instrumentalities? Did you deal with the Governor of the Eastern Province, Saud bin Jaluwi? HART: Saud bin Jaluwi was a little remote at this stage. Later on I got to know him very well. He governed the Province from his redoubt in Hufúf which was a huge complex, almost as big as the Murabba Palace of Riyadh -- a walled city with gates, fully controlled by his police. There was a local officer named Sammy Kutbi, whom we had known in Jeddah and who was a representative of the Saudi government for ARAMCO and U.S. consular business. I would sometimes take problems to him and he would take problems to me. He had a lot more business with ARAMCO and than with our consular office. Q: Was he a Saudi? HART: Yes, he was a Saudi. He was replaced by a much higher ranking person in the Saudi hierarchy of things. Sayyid Sami, as we called him, was a very nice fellow and spoke fair English. Most Arabs didn't speak anything but Arabic in those days. He was replaced by Amir Khalid Sudairi a young cousin of the king. He was roughly my age. The Sudairis are a high nobility, so to speak, in the Saudi hierarchy of bedouin rank and famous in the history of tribal relations. They are very important. I found him an extraordinarily fine person to work with. We exchanged Arabic and English lessons once a week. Q: When actually did you begin the study of Arabic? 9 HART: I started a little before that time but there was nothing to grab hold of in Saudi Arabia. When I was in Cairo during that 2-l/2 years that I spent there, I went to the American University program of Arabic studies -- the Oriental Studies Department of the American University of Cairo -- and took lessons. That was just an opener to break a little ground. Then when I got to Saudi Arabia, I found there was really nobody to teach me. I asked help in finding a teacher from our top Arab employee who was Muhammed Ibrahim Masud -- now His Excellency Muhammed Masud, a minister and ambassador-at-large in the Saudi government. Q: This is Muhammed Masud who was in Jeddah? HART: Yes. Muhammed Masud found a fellow to come and to try to teach me but he didn't know how to teach. You don't get very far in breaking ground if you don't have the grammar. I had no book or anything of that kind. When I got to Dhahran I found a book by John Van Ess on Iraqi Arabic and I immediately latched onto that and tried to teach myself with anybody's help that I could find. Our pouch was carried weekly to Bahrain. The only way we could get mail in or out was through Bahrain. So McIntosh and I would swap weeks -- he would go one and I'd go the next. On those trips I would try to talk to the Arabs while consulting the Van Ess book, useful for both standard and Gulf Arabic. In Dhahran ARAMCO helped me find Suliman Olayan who was a stock boy keeping track of their inventory. He had had Bahraini education and had learned English, British style, quite well. He was not trained as a teacher but he was a very nice guy and an most intelligent. He later went into business for himself and as we know now, he's probably a billionaire [Laughter]. Years later, Jane and I were traveling in 1981 through Jeddah and had dinner at the Embassy with Ambassador Dick Murphy as the host. With Suliman present during a conversation with another gentleman, I said, "You know this gentleman here gave me Arabic lessons for three riyals an hour." Suliman said, "You could have had me for two." [Laughter] At any rate, pedagogically this was not a satisfactory way to learn Arabic, but it at least broke some ground. The Arabs are very anxious to help the foreigner learn, so that, at least, I got acquainted with the language during the tour. Later on, when Jane and I, newly married came back to Dhahran, Dr. Charles Matthews -- an outstanding scholar of linguistics and professor of Semitic languages -- was engaged by ARAMCO to teach their own employees. I joined that class and there we went right into Thatcher's grammar. We went through it as a textbook and studied the structure of the language. Q: Did you continue to have two of you in Dhahran or were you the only one? HART: In this first assignment, I stayed there until late 1946 and was ordered back to Washington. There were four of us there for most of the time, at least after the first year. By the time of my second tour, we had at least a dozen people because the responsibilities of the post had burgeoned. 10