2016–2017 Student Guide ® Information about the SAT Test-taking advice and tips An ofcial practice test Learn all about the SAT at sat.org. Connect your College Board results and get personalized practice at satpractice.org. 106041704S-A0T0_3G-1e6t1R7e-aSdAyTS-ASTA.TinSdudb je 1ctTests-StudentGuides-Covers_Final.indd 1 56/2/86/16 19:3138 AM About the College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association is made up of over 6,000 of the world’s leading educational institutions and is dedicated to promoting excellence and equity in education. Each year, the College Board helps more than seven million students prepare for a successful transition to college through programs and services in college readiness and college success — including ® ® the SAT and the Advanced Placement Program . The organization also serves the education community through research and advocacy on behalf of students, educators, and schools. For further information, visit collegeboard.org. SAT Customer Service You can reach us from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. Eastern Time (8:30 a.m. to 8 p.m. after the June test through August). Phone: 866-756-7346 International: +1-212-713-789 Email: Contents 1 Introduction to the SAT® 19 Math 1 Our Commitment to Students 19 Math Test Overview 2 Some Key Features of the SAT 21 Math Test – No Calculator Questions 2 What the SAT Measures 25 Math Test – Calculator Questions 3 How the SAT Is Scored 31 The SAT Essay 3 Resources to Help You Prepare 31 The SAT Essay Overview 4 Using This Booklet 32 Essay Prompt 4 College Board Programs for You 38 The SAT Essay Scoring Guide 4 College Connections 40 Official SAT Practice Test #2 5 Protecting Your Privacy 40 About the Practice Test 6 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing 40 Approaches to the Practice Test 6 Reading Test Overview 40 Marking the Answer Sheet 7 Reading Test Questions 40 Calculating Your Scores 13 Writing and Language Test Overview 40 Reviewing 14 Writing and Language Test Questions ® Introduction to the SAT The SAT® measures reading, writing and language, are scored in the same way so you can track and math skills and knowledge developed over your progress — is highly relevant to your future many years, both in and out of school. You won’t success, and the Access to Opportunity™ program be asked to recall facts from literature, history, or is designed to help you recognize and make the science, or to complete math formulas, because most of the opportunities you’ve earned. this test focuses instead on measuring your By focusing on the skills you learn in school and reasoning and critical thinking skills. those linked to college performance, the SAT shows If you plan to register for the SAT, you can use you (and your parents, teachers and counselors, this booklet to get familiar with the test. and college admission officers) how ready you Remember, if you have access to the internet, you are for college and career. The SAT also provides can find everything in this booklet and more at detailed information about your strengths and areas sat.org/practice. in need of improvement and insights into what you can do to boost or build on your knowledge and skills. This helps college admission staff determine Our Commitment to Students if you’re a good match for their institution and its Each year more than 1.67 million students take programs of study and helps you do the same. the SAT, and thousands of high school counselors Are you the first person in your family to think and postsecondary admission officers worldwide about going to college? Maybe the cost seems use their scores to guide decisions in the college out of reach. Maybe you have other reasons for application process. The test that students like thinking college is for someone else, not for you. you will take on test day is a challenging yet Our Access to Opportunity program identifies and appropriate and fair assessment of what you know breaks down barriers that prevent many students and can do. The questions you’ll tackle focus on from applying to and enrolling in colleges that are the knowledge and skills that the best available the best academic, social, and financial fit for them. evidence indicates are essential for college and Visit collegeboard.org/opportunity to learn more. career readiness and success. Students who take the SAT with a fee waiver will Opportunity also receive four college application fee waivers We’re committed to providing opportunities that in their senior year. This reflects our goal to get propel you toward your goals for college, career, all students — including those who are college and beyond. The SAT Suite of Assessments — ready and from lower-income families — to apply including the SAT and PSAT/NMSQT®, which to at least four colleges: one sure thing, two 2016-17 SAT Student Guide 1 that are a good fit, and one that might initially Passport to Advanced Math focuses on your seem out of reach. See page 4 for eligibility familiarity with complex equations and the information, and visit sat.org/fee-waivers to learn manipulation they require. more about what the fee-waiver program offers There are also questions that fall under the eligible students. heading of Additional Topics in Math, including Don’t forget: The Free Application for Federal geometry, trigonometry, radian measure, and the Student Aid (FAFSA) — the form you’ll need to arithmetic of complex numbers. qualify for most financial aid opportunities — 5. Problems Grounded in Real-World Contexts: The opens on October 1. You should complete your Reading Test includes questions on literature and FAFSA as early as possible. literary nonfiction passages, but also questions on passages and informational graphics like the Transparency ones you’re likely to encounter in science, social The College Board has ensured that students, science, and other majors and careers. Writing teachers, and counselors can know exactly what and Language questions ask you to edit and to expect on test day. What the test assesses revise texts in history/social studies, humanities, should be absolutely clear; there is no mystery. science, and career contexts. The Math Test You can access test specifications and sample features multistep applications in science, social questions at sat.org. science, career, and other authentic contexts. This allows you to dig into a situation and think about it, then model it mathematically. Some Key Features of the SAT 6. Analysis in Science and in History/Social 1. Words in Context: The test asks you both to use Studies: You are asked to apply your reading, and determine the meaning of relevant words writing, language, and math knowledge and and phrases in the contexts in which they appear. skills to answer questions in science, history, These tasks engage you in close reading and call and social studies contexts. You’ll draw on these attention to the nuances of how vocabulary is same sorts of skills and knowledge throughout used in particular situations. your life to make sense of recent discoveries, 2. Command of Evidence: You must demonstrate political developments, global events, and health your ability to interpret and use evidence found in and environmental issues. Questions require you a wide range of texts. You will, for example, have to read and comprehend texts, revise texts to to determine the best evidence for the answer be consistent with data presented in graphics, to another question and to analyze informational synthesize information presented in texts and graphics, such as tables, graphs, and charts. graphics, and solve problems based in science and 3. Essay Analyzing a Source: In the SAT Essay, social science contexts. you’re asked to read a passage and explain how 7. U.S. Founding Documents and the Great the author builds an argument to persuade an Global Conversation: On the Reading Test, audience. This task closely mirrors college writing you will encounter a passage from one of the assignments, and it requires close reading, U.S. founding documents (texts such as the careful analysis, and clear writing. The Essay is Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, an optional component of the SAT, although some and the Federalist Papers) or a text from the wider school districts and colleges require it. global conversation about civic life. We hope that 4. Math that Matters Most: The test focuses in depth the SAT will inspire a close study of these rich, meaningful, often profound texts. on three essential areas of math: Heart of Algebra, Problem Solving and Data Analysis, and Passport 8. No Penalty for Guessing: You will be scored to Advanced Math. only on the questions you answer correctly. This Heart of Algebra focuses on linear expressions, encourages you to give the best answer you have to every question. equations, and systems, mastery of which is important for developing abstract reasoning skills. Problem Solving and Data Analysis is about What the SAT Measures being quantitatively literate. It includes using The test is composed of three sections. You have ratios, percentages, and proportional reasoning three hours of testing time, plus an additional 50 to solve problems in science, social science, and minutes for the optional essay. career contexts; describing relationships shown graphically; and analyzing data. Evidence-Based Reading and Writing: Includes a Reading Test and a Writing and Language Test. Each test is composed of multiparagraph passages 2 2016-17 SAT Student Guide and multiple-choice questions. The Reading Test Test Scores: You will receive three test scores measures your comprehension and reasoning skills reported on a scale ranging from 10 to 40: with a focus on close reading of appropriately Õ Reading challenging passages in a wide array of subject Õ Writing and Language areas. The Writing and Language Test assesses your skills in revising and editing a range of texts Õ Math in a variety of subject areas to improve expression Cross-Test Scores: You will receive two cross-test of ideas and to correct errors in grammar, usage, scores that are based on questions from across and punctuation. the Reading, Writing and Language, and Math Time allotted for Reading: 65 minutes. Tests. These are reported on a scale ranging Time allotted for Writing and Language: 35 minutes. from 10 to 40: Õ Analysis in Science Math: Includes multiple-choice and student- produced response questions based on the math Õ Analysis in History/Social Studies that college-bound students typically learn during Subscores: You will receive multiple subscores for their first three years of high school. Reading, Writing and Language, and Math. In total Time allotted for Math – No Calculator: 25 minutes. the SAT will report seven subscores, each on a Time allotted for Math – Calculator: 55 minutes. scale ranging from 1 to 15: Õ The Reading and the Writing and Language Essay (optional): Asks you to read and analyze an Tests contribute questions to two subscores: argument and write an effective response. Time allotted for essay: 50 minutes. 1. Command of Evidence NOTE: We occasionally pretest new questions to 2. Words in Context determine if they should be included in a future Õ The Writing and Language Test reports out SAT test form. These questions may appear in any of two additional subscores: the test sections, and testing time will be extended 3. Expression of Ideas by 20 minutes so test-takers have time to answer them. These questions will not be included in 4. Standard English Conventions computing test-takers’ scores. Õ The Math Test reports out three subscores: 5. Heart of Algebra How the SAT Is Scored 6. Problem Solving and Data Analysis All multiple-choice questions are scored the 7. Passport to Advanced Math same way: one point for each correct answer and zero points for incorrect answers. No points are subtracted for incorrect answers or answers Resources to Help You Prepare left blank. The College Board has partnered with Khan Total Score: You will receive one total score, on a Academy® to give you free, personalized scale ranging from 400 to 1600, that is the sum of practice you can access anytime, anywhere. two section scores: When you upload your test results — from the ™ ™ Õ Evidence-Based Reading and Writing PSAT/NMSQT, PSAT 10, PSAT 8/9, a previous SAT, or the practice test in this booklet — you can Õ Math get individualized instruction in the areas where The three scores for the optional SAT Essay will be you need it most. reported separately on 2-to-8 scales and will not be factored into the total score. If you’ve already taken the PSAT/NMSQT in 2015 or the PSAT 10 in 2016, you have a good idea of Section Scores: You will receive two section what you’ll see on the SAT. Be sure to start using (domain) scores, reported on a scale ranging from the resources available to you through your online 200 to 800, in 10-point intervals: score report at studentscores.collegeboard.org Õ Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, which and find out how to use your PSAT/NMSQT results will combine the Reading Test score and the to power your study at satpractice.org. Writing and Language Test score As noted previously, the contents of the SAT are Õ Math not a mystery. You can prepare by reading more about the test at sat.org. 2016-17 SAT Student Guide 3 ™ SAT Subject Tests . They cover 100 percent of Using This Booklet the registration fees for a single test date. Each Use this booklet to: qualifying student can use up to two waivers for Become familiar with the test. Study the the SAT and up to two waivers for the SAT Subject descriptions of the SAT so that you’re not Tests. To be eligible, you must meet at least one of surprised or confused on test day. the requirements below: Learn the test directions. The directions for Õ Enrolled in or eligible to participate in the answering the questions in this booklet are the National School Lunch Program (NSLP). same as those on the actual test. If you become Õ Annual family income falls within the Income familiar with the directions now, you’ll leave Eligibility Guidelines set by the USDA Food yourself more time to answer the questions when and Nutrition Service. you take the test. Õ Enrolled in a federal, state, or local program Review the sample questions. The more familiar that aids students from lower-income families you are with the question formats, the more (e.g., Federal TRIO programs such as Upward comfortable you’ll feel when you see similar Bound). questions on the actual test. In particular, be Õ Family receives public assistance. sure to practice writing answers to the student- Õ Live in federally subsidized public housing or produced response math questions (see page 24). a foster home, or are homeless. Understand how the tests are scored. You get one Õ A ward of the state or an orphan. point for each right answer. Hard questions count the same amount as easier questions. You won’t lose any points if you have to guess, so try to College Connections answer every question. ® Student Search Service Program When you’re ready, take the practice test, then go ® Our Student Search Service is a free and voluntary to sat.org/scoring to learn how you can get scores program that connects students with information just by taking a picture of your answers with your about educational and financial aid opportunities phone. For personalized practice based on your from more than 1,500 colleges, universities, results, go to satpractice.org, where you can: scholarship programs, and educational Create your own study plan. organizations. Here’s how it works: Get personalized instruction that targets the skills 1. During SAT or SAT Subject Test registration, and knowledge you need to work on. indicate that you want to be a part of Student Search Service. College Board Programs for You 2. As part of the registration, you will also be The score-reporting portal gives you access to an asked to provide information on your education, online score report with personalized, practical aspirations, and background. information about your SAT results, including how 3. Participating, eligible organizations use Student your scores compare to those of other test-takers Search Service to find groups of students like and how you performed on each area of the test. It you to contact, because these students may be a also allows you to access and print your (optional) good fit for their communities and programs. Only essay to share with your teachers. Link to your students who opt to participate in Student Search report at studentscores.collegeboard.org. Service will be included. Score Choice™ lets you choose which scores to 4. To find groups of students, these organizations send to the colleges you select, based on what can use any attribute you provided, except the each college requires as part of the application following: disability, self-reported parental income, process. You can choose which SAT Subject Test Social Security number, phone numbers, and scores to send by test date or choose SAT scores actual test scores. from one, several, or all SAT test dates in your 5. The most searched items are expected high record. Score Choice is optional, so if you don’t school graduation date, cumulative grade point actively choose to use it, all of your scores will be average (GPA), and intended college major. sent automatically with your score report. Since A full list of questions is available in the Student most colleges only consider your best scores, you Registration Booklet. should feel comfortable reporting scores from all of If you have questions or concerns about Student your tests. Search Service or want more information about the Fee waivers are available to qualified, lower- program, please visit collegeboard.org/student­ income students who want to take the SAT and search-service or call 866-825-8051. 4 2016-17 SAT Student Guide Here are some points to keep in mind Protecting Your Privacy about Student Search Service: Telemarketing and Internet Scams Most students who take the PSAT/NMSQT, AP From time to time, we receive reports of phone Exams, SAT, or SAT Subject Tests participate in this scams when callers posing as employees of the free service; however, you may take the test even if College Board contact students and families you don’t take part in Student Search Service. attempting to sell test-preparation products Organizations participating in Student Search or otherwise requesting sensitive, personally Service never receive actual student scores, but identifying information, such as credit card and they can ask for names of students within certain Social Security numbers. Some of these callers use score ranges. illegal spoofing to make it seem as if the call is Being contacted by a college doesn’t mean you have coming from the actual company. These calls do not been admitted. You must submit an application in come from the College Board. The College Board order to be considered for admission. The colleges does not make unsolicited phone calls to students or and organizations that participate want to find families requesting this type of information. students who fit in with their environment, classes, This type of activity, known as telemarketing fraud, programs, scholarships, and special activities. is a crime. 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Your name and other to students’ inquiries and/or to provide or gather information will never be sold to a commercial information about a test or program a student marketing firm or retailer of merchandise or registered for or about preparation for college and services (such as test prep). the application process. If you have a question Student Search Service allows these eligible about the origin of a phone call from a caller who organizations to send communications directly to claims to be from the College Board, contact the students whose names were received through Customer Service. Student Search Service. All colleges and other institutions that receive this student information Safety and Security Tips must comply with our strict confidentiality 1. Be wary of unsolicited contacts, whether via guidelines. These colleges and institutions telephone or email. determine how they will communicate with the 2. Remember that the College Board will never students, including the frequency and type of contact you to ask you to send your credit card, communication (print or electronic). Colleges and bank account, or password information over the institutions must not only adhere to our guidelines telephone or through email. but also comply with applicable federal and state laws governing your privacy. 3. Never supply credit card information to someone who calls or emails you. To unsubscribe from Student Search Service, go to collegeboard.org/student-search-service, call 4. If you suspect you have received a fraudulent call 800-626-9795, or write to: or email, contact the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and your local authorities and provide them The College Board with all the details. 11955 Democracy Drive Reston, VA 20190-5662 5. Keep in mind that if an offer appears too good to Attention: Student Search Service be true, it probably is. 6. To make a complaint and to obtain more More College Planning Resources information about protecting yourself from The College Board offers free, comprehensive telephone and internet scams, visit the FTC’s resources at BigFuture™ to help you with your Consumer Information site at consumer.ftc.gov. college planning. Visit bigfuture.org to put together a step-by-step plan for the entire process, from finding the right college, exploring majors and careers, and calculating costs, to applying for scholarships and financial aid. 2016-17 SAT Student Guide 5 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing The Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section Tips for the Reading Test is composed of two tests that assess different To answer each question, consider what is but related skills and knowledge. The Reading said directly in the passage(s) and use careful Test gives you a chance to show how well you reasoning to draw supportable inferences and understand what you read. The Writing and conclusions from the passage(s). The best answer Language Test asks you to revise and edit text. to each question is derived from what is stated or This section has four distinctive features: implied in the passage(s) rather than from prior knowledge of the topics covered. Emphasis on words in context: Both tests measure your understanding of the meaning Reading carefully is the key to finding the best and use of words and phrases in the context of answer. The information you need to answer each extended passages. question is always in the passage(s). Don’t be misled by an answer that looks correct but isn’t Emphasis on command of evidence: Both tests supported by the actual text of the passage(s). require you to demonstrate your understanding of how writers make use of evidence to support and The questions don’t increase in difficulty from easy develop their claims and points. to hard. Instead, they are presented as logically as possible, with general questions about central ideas Inclusion of informational graphics: Both tests and themes, point of view, overall text structure, contain data presented in tables, graphs, charts, and the like coming early in the sequence. After and the like, which you must interpret and that come more specific questions about details, integrate with information in a passage. words in context, evidence, and so on. Variations in text complexity: The passages on Stay with a passage (or pair of passages) until both tests range in difficulty from those found in you have answered as many questions as you can grades 9–10 to those found in college-entry, credit- before you proceed to the next passage. Do not bearing postsecondary courses. jump from passage to passage. The questions often include line numbers to help Reading Test Overview direct you to relevant part(s) of the passage(s). The Reading Test gives you a chance to show how If one word or more is quoted exactly from the well you understand what you read. passage(s), generally the number(s) of the line(s) where that quotation can be found will appear in Total questions: 52 passage-based reading the question. You may have to look elsewhere in questions with multiple-choice responses the passage(s), however, in order to find the best Time allotted: 65 minutes answer to the question. Calculators may not be used or on your desk In your test booklet, mark any question you skip so that you can easily go back to it later if you About the Passages have time. Reading passages range in length from about 500 Remember that all questions are worth one point to 750 words, and they are taken from a variety regardless of the type or difficulty. You are not of fields, including U.S. and world literature, penalized for guessing wrong, so it’s to your history/social studies, and science. Some passages advantage to answer each question as best you can. are accompanied by tables, graphs, charts, and the like that you must interpret and sometimes Sample Reading Materials synthesize with information and ideas presented Following are samples of the kinds of Reading in the associated passage. (Mathematical passages and questions that may appear on your computation, however, is not required to answer test. For each set of sample materials: these questions.) Some passages on similar subjects are paired, and these pairs are accompanied by Read the passage(s) carefully. questions that require you to make important Decide on the best answer to each question. connections between the passages as well as Read the explanation for the best answer to each others that ask about each passage on its own. question and for the answer you chose (if the two are different). On the actual test, each passage will be followed by 10 or 11 questions. The directions provided on the next page match what you will see on the actual test. 6 2016-17 SAT Student Guide Reading Test Questions Directions that Gray was moving the leaf shard too forcefully 40 instead of gently stroking the spines against the treat. Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by Te crow’s def physical manipulation was what a number of questions. After reading each passage inspired Gray and Auckland colleague Alex Taylor or pair, choose the best answer to each question to test other wild crows to see if they employed the based on what is stated or implied in the passage seemingly insightful string-pulling solutions that some or passages and in any accompanying graphics 45 ravens, kea parrots and other brainiac birds are known (such as a table or graph). to employ. Tree of four crows passed that test on the frst try. Questions 1-3 are based on the following passages. Passage 1 is adapted from Susan Milius, “A Different Kind of Smart.” Passage 2 ©2013 by Science News. Passage 2 is adapted from Bernd Heinrich, For one month afer they lef the nest, I led my four Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds. ©2007 by Bernd Heinrich. young ravens at least once and sometimes several times 50 a day on thirty-minute walks. During these walks, Passage 1 I wrote down everything in their environment they In 1894, British psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan pecked at. In the frst sessions, I tried to be teacher. I published what’s called Morgan’s canon, the principle touched specifc objects—sticks, moss, rocks—and that suggestions of humanlike mental processes behind nothing that I touched remained untouched by them. Line an animal’s behavior should be rejected if a simpler 55 Tey came to investigate what I had investigated, 5 explanation will do. leading me to assume that young birds are aided in Still, people seem to maintain certain expectations, learning to identify food from the parents’ example. especially when it comes to birds and mammals. Tey also, however, contacted almost everything else “We somehow want to prove they are as ‘smart’ as that lay directly in their own paths. Tey soon became people,” zoologist Sara Shettleworth says. We want a 60 more independent by taking their own routes near 10 bird that masters a vexing problem to be employing mine. Even while walking along on their own, they human-style insight. pulled at leaves, grass stems, fowers, bark, pine needles, New Caledonian crows face the high end of these seeds, cones, clods of earth, and other objects they expectations, as possibly the second-best toolmakers encountered. I wrote all this down, converting it to on the planet. Teir tools are hooked sticks or strips 65 numbers. Afer they were thoroughly familiar with the 15 made from spike-edged leaves, and they use them in background objects in these woods and started to ignore the wild to winkle grubs out of crevices. Researcher them, I seeded the path we would later walk together Russell Gray frst saw the process on a cold morning in with objects they had never before encountered. Some a mountain forest in New Caledonia, an island chain of these were conspicuous food items: raspberries, dead east of Australia. Over the course of days, he and crow 70 meal worm beetles, and cooked corn kernels. Others 20 researcher Gavin Hunt had gotten wild crows used to were conspicuous and inedible: pebbles, glass chips, red fnding meat tidbits in holes in a log. Once the birds winterberries. Still others were such highly cryptic foods were checking the log reliably, the researchers placed as encased caddisfy larvae and moth cocoons. Te a spiky tropical pandanus plant beside the log and hid results were dramatic. behind a blind. 75 Te four young birds on our daily walks contacted 25 A crow arrived. It hopped onto the pandanus plant, all new objects preferentially. Tey picked them out at grabbed the spiked edge of one of the long straplike a rate of up to tens of thousands of times greater than leaves and began a series of ripping motions. Instead background or previously contacted objects. Te main of just tearing away one long strip, the bird ripped and initial criterion for pecking or picking anything up was nipped in a sequence to create a slanting stair-step 80 its novelty. In subsequent trials, when the previously 30 edge on a leaf segment with a narrow point and a wide novel items were edible, they became preferred and the base. Te process took only seconds. Ten the bird inedible objects became “background” items, just like dipped the narrow end of its leaf strip into a hole in the leaves, grass, and pebbles, even if they were highly the log, fshed up the meat with the leaf-edge spikes, conspicuous. Tese experiments showed that ravens’ swallowed its prize and few of. 85 curiosity ensures exposure to all or almost all items in 35 “Tat was my ‘oh wow’ moment,” Gray says. Afer the environment. the crow had vanished, he picked up the tool the bird had lef behind. “I had a go, and I couldn’t do it,” he recalls. Fishing the meat out was tricky. It turned out 2016-17 SAT Student Guide 7 1 Choice D is incorrect because although the first two paragraphs do present different perspectives, Within Passage 1, the main purpose of the first two they are not seemingly or genuinely contradictory. paragraphs (lines 1-11) is to The second paragraph, particularly the quotation A) offer historical background in order to question the from Shettleworth, serves mainly to qualify (not contradict) the position staked out in the first uniqueness of two researchers’ findings. paragraph by suggesting that while Morgan’s B) offer interpretive context in order to frame the canon is probably a sound principle, people still discussion of an experiment and its results. tend to project humanlike levels of intelligence C) introduce a scientific principle in order to show how onto many animals. Moreover, the experiment an experiment’s outcomes validated that principle. depicted in the rest of the passage primarily bears D) present seemingly contradictory stances in order to out Shettleworth’s claim that “we somehow want show how they can be reconciled empirically. to prove [birds] are as ‘smart’ as people” (lines 8-9) and thus does not reconcile the perspectives found Estimated Diffculty: Hard Key: B in the opening paragraphs. 2 Choice B is the best answer. Passage 1 opens with an explanation of Morgan’s canon and continues According to the experiment described in Passage 2, with a discussion of people’s expectations whether the author’s ravens continued to show regarding animal intelligence. Taken together, interest in a formerly new object was dictated the first two paragraphs indicate that despite primarily by whether that object was cautions to the contrary, people still tend to A) edible. look for humanlike levels of intelligence in many animals, including birds. These two paragraphs B) plentiful. provide a framework in which to assess the work C) conspicuous. of Gray and Hunt, presented in the rest of the D) natural. passage. The passage’s characterization of the experiment Gray and Hunt conduct, in which they Estimated Diffculty: Easy Key: A observe a crow’s tool-making ability and to which Gray responds by trying and failing to mimic the Choice A is the best answer. The last paragraph bird’s behavior (“I had a go, and I couldn’t do it,” of Passage 2 presents the results of an experiment line 37), suggests that Shettleworth, quoted in the in which the author scattered unfamiliar objects second paragraph, is at least partially correct in in the path of some ravens. According to the her assessment that “we somehow want to prove passage, the birds initially “contacted all new [birds] are as ‘smart’ as people” (lines 8-9). objects preferentially” but in “subsequent trials” Choice A is incorrect because while the reference to only preferred those “previously novel items” that Morgan’s canon in the first paragraph offers a sort “were edible” (lines 75-81). of historical background (given that the canon was Choice B is incorrect because the ravens studied published in 1894), the second paragraph describes by the author only preferred those “previously people’s continuing expectations regarding animal novel items” that “were edible,” whereas “the intelligence. Furthermore, the fact that Gray and inedible objects became ‘background’ items, just Hunt may share with other people the tendency like the leaves, grass, and pebbles” (lines 80-83). to look for humanlike intelligence in many animals In other words, plentiful items did not continue to does not by itself establish that the main purpose interest the ravens unless the items were edible. of the first two paragraphs is to question the uniqueness of Gray and Hunt’s findings. Choice C is incorrect because the ravens studied by the author only preferred those “previously novel Choice C is incorrect because while the reference items” that “were edible,” whereas “the inedible to Morgan’s canon in the first paragraph does objects became ‘background’ items, just like the introduce a scientific principle, the discussion in leaves, grass, and pebbles, even if they were the second paragraph of people’s expectations highly conspicuous” (lines 80-84). In other words, regarding animal intelligence, as well as the conspicuous items did not continue to interest the passage’s characterization of Gray and Hunt’s ravens unless the items were edible. experiment and how the researchers interpret the results, primarily suggest that people tend to Choice D is incorrect because the ravens studied violate the canon by attributing humanlike levels by the author only preferred those “previously of intelligence to many animals. novel items” that “were edible,” whereas “the 8 2016-17 SAT Student Guide