University of Otago ! ! Samba%and%the%Afro/Brazilian% Favela%Communities% ! ! Rowena Megan Baines ! ! A!thesis!submitted!in!partial!fulfillment!of!the!requirements!for!the! degree!of!Master!of!Science!Communication! ! The!Centre!for!Science!Communication,!University!of!Otago,!Dunedin,! New!Zealand! ! Date:!December!2012! ! ! Abstract: % % % The!aim!of!this!qualitative!study!was!to!explore!the!relationship!between!samba! and!the!AfroHBrazilian!favela!community.!!To!achieve!this,!a!thorough!literature! review!was!conducted!and!the!responses!of!six!people!involved!in!the!wider! samba!community!to!questions!on!the!subject!of!study!were!examined.!!This! study!shows!that!a!symbiotic!relationship!between!samba!and!the!favela!has! evolved!over!the!past!century.!!Just!as!samba!depended!on!the!tenacity!of!the! AfroHBrazilians!living!in!the!favelas!to!survive!police!persecution!in!the!early! years,!so!these!communities!depended!and!continue!to!depend!on!samba!as!a! political,!educational!and!unifying!tool.!!AfroHBrazilian!culture!is!passed!on! through!the!oral!tradition!of!samba!and!its!importance!has!recently!been! recognized!by!both!UNESCO!and!the!Brazilian!government,!as!an!intangible! heritage.! Contributing!to!the!extensive!literature!that!exists!on!samba,!are!the!voices!of!my! participants,!who!discussed!the!topics!of!the!relationship!between!the!favela!and! samba,!samba!as!a!symbol!of!national!identity,!samba!as!an!industry!and!current! threats!to!samba.!!The!latter!is!a!relatively!new!topic,!which!deserves!further! exploration.!!This!thesis!shows!that!the!relationship!between!the'favela'and! samba!is!indeed!very!strong.!!Samba!culture!reinforces!community!and!the!favela' community!supports!the!production!and!perpetuation!of!samba!culture.! .!!! % ! ii! % ! iii! Table%of%Contents% % Preliminaries!! Title!Page! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! i! Abstract! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ii! Table!of!Contents! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! iii! ! Chapter!One:!Introduction!and!Hypothesis!!!!!! ! ! ! ! 1! Introduction!to!my!master’s!thesis!and!motivation!for!study!in!this!area! ! Chapter!Two:!!The!Historical!Context!of!Brazil!and!Samba!! ! ! !3! 2.1!The!African!Population!in!Brazil! ! ! ! ! ! !4! ! 2.1.1!Transatlantic!slave!trade! ! ! ! ! ! !4! ! 2.1.2!Palamares!and!resistance! ! ! ! ! ! !6! 2.1.3!Cultural!‘bleaching’,!assimilation!and!miscegenation! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8! 2.1.4!The!favela' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '12! 2.2!AfroHBrazilian!identity! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !15! ! 2.2.1!AfroHBrazilian!religions!and!cultural!expressions! ! ! !17! ! iv! ! ! 2.2.1.1!Candomblé! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!17! ! ! 2.2.1.2!Capoeira! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!20! 2.3!Samba! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!21! 2.3.1!The!origins!of!word!samba' ' ' ' ' ' !!21! 2.3.2!Birth!and!development!of!the!music!genre!and!dance!form!samba!22! 2.3.2.1!Samba'de'roda!! ! ! ! ! !! !!24!!!! 2.3.2.2!Urban!Rio!samba!and!samba!no!pé!!! ! ! !!26! 2.3.2.3!Samba!de!gafieira! ! ! ! ! ! !!29! 2.3.3!Link!between!AfroHBrazilian!cults!and!samba! ! ! !!30! ! 2.3.4!Early!persecution!of!samba!culture.! ! ! ! ! !!31! 2.3.5!From!AfroHBrazilian!to!Brazilian!–!changing!attitudes! ! !!33! ! 2.3.6!Resistance!through!Samba! ! ! ! ! ! !!38! 2.4!Carnaval.!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!42! 2.4.1!Samba!schools!and!samba’s!domination!over!carnaval' ' !!44! 2.4.2!The!commercialization!of!carnaval'' ' ' ' ' ''47! ' ' ' ' ! v! Chapter!Three:!Methodology! ! ! ! ! ! ! !52! Connection!between!creative!and!academic!components!! 3.1!The!rational!behind!my!methods! ! ! ! ! ! !53! 3.2!The!process! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !56! Chapter!Four:!!Examining!recurrent!themes! ! ! ! ! !61! 4.1!Meeting!the!interviewees! ! ! ! ! ! ! !62! 4.2!The!relationship!between!the!favela!and!samba! ! ! ! !65! 4.3!Samba!as!a!symbol!of!national!identity!! ! ! ! ! !76! 4.4!Samba!as!an!industry! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !80! 4.5!Current!threats!to!samba!culture! ! ! ! ! ! !84! 4.5.1!Funk'carioca' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '85! 4.5.2!PPU!intervention! ! ! ! ! ! ! !87! Chapter!Five:!Conclusion! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !92! References! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !96! ! ! vi! Chapter%One:%Introduction%and%Hypothesis% ! ! Samba!has!risen!out!of!the!shadow!of!marginalization!into!the!world’s!spotlight.!! It’s!metamorphosis!from!the!shuffling!of!bare!feet,!danced!spontaneously!to!the! clapping!of!hands!and!the!beat!of!the!drum,!to!intricately!choreographed!schools! of!5000!people!during!an!internationally!televised!carnaval!parade,!can!be! attributed!to!a!combination!of!factors,!however,!its!origin!is!indisputable:!samba! is!AfroHBrazilian.!!The!survival!of!samba!during!the!years!of!police!persecution!is! greatly!accredited!to!the!tenacity!and!persistence!of!the!AfroHBrazilian! communities!and!the!existence!of!favelas,!which!offered!protection!and!room!for! cultivation!of!this!art!form.!!The!favela!communities,!in!turn,!reap!multiple! benefits!from!their!investment!in!samba!culture.! The!aim!of!this!study!is!to!explore!the!relationship!between!samba!and!the!AfroH Brazilian!favela!community.!!To!achieve!this,!I!will!investigate!the!responses!of! six!people!deeply!involved!in!the!samba!world!in!regards!to!a!number!of! questions!on!the!subject!of!study.! Chapter!Two!of!this!thesis!provides!an!overview!of!the!significant!literature!that! relates!to!both!samba!and!AfroHBrazilian!culture.!!In!order!to!discuss!current! social,!political!and!cultural!issues,!it!was!imperative!to!first!research!thoroughly! the!history!of!the!country,!exploring!the!heritages!and!treatment!of!the!people! who!today!are!considered!to!be!Brazilian.!!This!thesis!includes!the!examination! of!texts!written!in!Portuguese!(which!are!unavailable!in!English),!forming!a!rich! ! 1! bibliography!of!literature!authored!by!those!studying!Brazil!from!within!and! afar.!!! Chapter!Three!outlines!the!methodology!that!was!employed!in!this!study;!laying! out!the!qualitative!techniques!used!to!collect!data!in!order!to!explore!the! research!questions.!!This!chapter!fulfills!the!requirements!of!a!Science! Communication!masters!to!produce!both!an!academic!and!creative!component!of! the!thesis.! Chapter!Four!presents!the!data!analysis!of!the!interviewees'!responses!to! questions!based!around!samba!and!the!favela!community,!looking!specifically!at! responses!which!were!relevant!to!the!four!central!themes.!Interviewees’! perspectives!together!with!literature!on!the!subject!were!discussed!on!the!topics! of:!The!relationship!between!the!favela!and!samba;!Samba!as!a!symbol!of! national!identity;!Samba!as!an!industry!and!Current!threats!to!samba!culture.!! This!chapter!aims!to!provide!new!insights!into!areas!of!current!academic! discussion!and!to!offer!new!topics!for!discussion,!which!have!only!recently! surfaced.! Chapter!Five!provides!a!review!of!the!topics!covered!in!this!study!and! summarizes!my!findings,!highlighting!gaps!in!literature!that!could!benefit!from! more!extensive!research.! ! 2! Chapter%Two:%%The%Historical%Context%of%Brazil%and%Samba%% % % This!literature!review!aims!to!provide!some!background!history!and!discussion! regarding!AfroHBrazilian!identity!and!samba,!which!are!the!main!components!in! chapter!four.!!To!understand!the!need!to!form!an!AfroHBrazilian!identity,!it!is!of! upmost!importance!to!first!understand!the!history!of!the!African!population!in! Brazil,!which!is!also!included!in!this!section.!!Carnaval,!the!biggest!manifestation! of!samba!in!Brazil,!is!the!cause!of!much!debate!over!the!authenticity,!cultural! ownership!and!the!effects!of!commercialization!of!this!event.!!As!it’s!origins!and! celebrations!are!not!exclusive!to!the!samba!world,!there!is!also!a!separate! section!dedicated!to!carnaval.!!!Laced!on!occasion,!between!excerpts!from! literature!on!the!subjects,!are!the!voices!of!my!interviewees,!who!reinforce,!with! their!life!experiences,!the!words!of!the!scholars.!! ! 3! 2.1%The%African%Population%in%Brazil! 2.1.1%Transatlantic%slave%trade% ! Between!four!to!five!million!Africans!were!brought!to!Brazil!by!the!Portuguese! and!enslaved!for!over!three!centuries,!starting!in!the!year!1538!and!ending!in!the! abolition!of!slavery!in!1888,!until!which!time,!Blacks!were!not!considered! citizens!in!Brazil.!!This!number!does!not!include!the!multitudes!that!died!on! route!or!those!brought!via!illegal!slave!trading.!!Brazil!was!the!last!country!to! abolish!slavery.!!Most!of!these!Africans!were!brought!from!areas!that!are!now! called!Nigeria,!Benin,!Ghana,!Angola,!Congo!and!Mozambique.!Mainly,!because!of! the!sheer!number!of!slaves!brought!to!Brazil,!in!comparison!with!the!number! brought!to!North!America!and!also!perhaps!due!to!the!more!lenient!slave! management!of!the!Portuguese,!African!musical!and!spiritual!traditions!survived! in!a!purer!form!in!Brazil!(Do!Nascimento,!1978,!p.!395;!McGowan!&!Pessanha,! 2009,!p.!10;!Ortiz,!1994,!p.!36).!!The!attitude!of!the!European!towards!the!African! over!the!time!of!slavery!was!far!from!respectful,!however,!which!made!it! challenging!to!continue!their!cultural!ways!in!this!harsh!environment.!!! The!metaphysical!conceptions,!the!philosophical!ideas,!the!structure! of!African's!religions,!rituals,!and!liturgies,!never!received!respect!or! consideration!as!values!constituting!the!identity!of!a!national!spirit.!! And!while!despising!the!culture,!the!Europeans!reinforced!the!racial! rejection!(Do!Nascimento,!1978,!p.!393).! The!African!people!were!not!the!only!ones!to!suffer!this!rejection.!!The!music! writer!Schreiner!(2002,!p.!7),!when!discussing!the!colonization!of!Brazil!wrote! that!the!Amerindians!were!assimilated!into!the!stronger,!newly!formed!AfroH Iberian!culture.!!Unfortunately!both!the!native!Indians!of!Brazil!and!the!enslaved! ! 4!