April 2006 Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry   ver. 2.1 www.traditionaltree.org Samanea saman (rain tree) Fabaceae (legume family) filinganga (Northern Marianas); gouannegoul, saman (French); gumorni spanis (Yap); kasia kula, mohemohe (Tonga); marmar (New Guinea); ‘ohai (Hawai‘i); rain tree, monkey pod, saman (English); tamalini, tamaligi (Samoa); trongkon- mames (Guam); vaivai ni vavalangi, sirsa (Fiji) George W. Staples and Craig R. Elevitch h C t i v E l E C. o: t o h p Rain tree has a characteristic dome-shaped canopy in open environments. In brIef Main agroforestry uses Silvopasture, crop shade. Distribution Native to northern South America, and Main products  Fodder, timber. now naturalized throughout the tropics. Urban forestry  Well suited for large public areas such as Size  Typically reaches 15–25 m (50–80 ft) tall with a broad parks, school grounds, etc., and large homesteads. crown typically 30 m (100 ft) in diameter. Yields  A 5-year-old tree can produce 550 kg (1210 lb) of Habitat Grows best in the lowlands from sea level to 300 green forage; timber yields of 10–25 m3/ha/yr (1715–4290 m (1000 ft) with rainfall 600–3000 mm (24–120 in). bf/ha/yr) under a 10–15 year rotation. Vegetation  Naturally occurs on savannahs (grasslands) Intercropping Interplanted as a shade tree with coffee, and in deciduous forests and riparian corridors. cacao, and other crops. Soils Adapts to a wide range of soil types and pH levels. Invasive potential  Considered invasive in Fiji and Van- Growth rate  Moderately fast growing with growth rates uatu, elsewhere in the Pacific it is naturalized but rarely of 0.75–1.5 m/yr (2.5–5 ft/yr) per year. considered to be problematic. InTrODUCTIOn Family  Rain tree (Samanea saman) is easily recognized by its char- Fabaceae (alt. Mimosaceae), legume family acteristic umbrella-shaped canopy. When grown in the Subfamily  open, the tree usually reaches 15–25 m (50–80 ft) in height Mimosoideae with a canopy diameter wider than the tree is tall. Rain tree is most important in the Pacific as a shade tree on small Non-preferred scientific names farms, along roads, in parks and pastures. The wood has Albizia saman (Jacquin) F. Mueller limited use for carved bowls in local markets; it could be Enterolobium saman (Jacquin) Prain ex King developed more widely as a commercial timber, comparing Inga salutaris Kunth. favorably to black walnut. A multitude of minor uses is Inga saman (Jacquin) Willd documented for rain tree, most of them of purely local sig- Mimosa saman Jacquin nificance, but all could be explored for wider applicability. Pithecellobium saman (Jacquin) Bentham Rain tree naturalizes freely almost everywhere it has been introduced and is considered an invasive pest in Vanuatu Common names and Fiji. In many other places naturalized rain tree is not considered a problem. Pacific islands filinganga (Northern Marianas) DISTrIbUTIOn gouannegoul, saman (French) gumorni spanis (Yap) kasia kula, mohemohe (Tonga) Native range marmar (New Guinea) Extensive cultivation has obscured the native range of rain ‘ohai (Hawai‘i) tree. It is believed to be native in northern South America rain tree, monkey pod, saman (English) (Colombia, the Caribbean slope and the Orinoco drainage tamalini, tamaligi (Samoa) of Venezuela), and in Central America as far north as El trongkon-mames (Guam) Salvador. It is now widespread from Mexico south to Peru, vaivai ni vavalangi, sirsa (Fiji) Bolivia, and Brazil. In these areas, it occurs in low-eleva- Other regions tion dry forests and grassland/savannah habitats. acacia, palo de China (Philippines) Current distribution algarrobo, algarrobo del país, carreto negro, delmonte, dormilón, guannegoul, samán (Spanish) Rain tree is cultivated and naturalized throughout the gouannegoul, saman (French) tropics. In the Pacific, rain tree is known to occur on the following islands: American Samoa (Tutuila), Com- Size monwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan, Rain tree generally attains maximum heights of 15–25 m Rota), Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk, Kosrae, (50–80 ft). In rare cases it can reach a height of 50 m (160 Pohnpei), Fiji (Kanacea, Taveuni, Vanua Levu, Viti Levu), ft). The crown typically reaches 30 m (100 ft) in diameter. French Polynesia (Íles Tubuai [Rurutu], Tahiti, Marquesas, Very large trees may reach 50–60 m (160–195 ft) in diam- Moorea, Raiatea), Guam, Hawai‘i, Marshall Islands (Jaluit, eter. Rain trees usually have a short, stout trunk of about Kwajalein), Niue, Palau (Koror), Papua New Guinea, the 1–2 m (3–6.5 ft) in diameter at breast height (dbh), but the Philippines, Pitcairn, Rotuma, Samoa (‘Upolu), and Tonga trunk can attain 2–3 m (6.5–10 ft) dbh in exceptional cases. (Tongatapu, ‘Eua, Vava‘u, Lifuka/Foa). The species is also Under dense planting conditions, trees may attain greater naturalized in a number of the Caribbean Islands includ- height (to 40 m, 130 ft) with a narrower crown diameter ing Puerto Rico. It is almost certainly even more wide- than when planted in the open. spread than the foregoing list indicates. Form bOTAnICAL DeSCrIPTIOn Rain tree has a distinctive, umbrella-shaped crown. The crown is typically broad and domed; the horizontal spread Preferred scientific name  is greater than the height when grown in spacious, open Samanea saman (Jacquin) Merrill settings. Under plantation conditions, the crown is more vase-shaped.   Samanea saman (rain tree) rAIn Tree? The name rain tree has been attributed to: • The leaflets are light-sensitive and close together on cloudy days (as well as from dusk to dawn), allowing rain to fall through the canopy to the ground below. • The grass is often much greener under a rain tree than the surrounding grass. • A steady drizzle of honeydew is often created by sap-sucking insects. • Nectaries on the leaf petioles excrete sugary juice that sometimes falls from the tree like rain. • During heavy flowering, stamens can drop from the canopy like rain. Flowers The tiny flowers (12–25 per head) are massed in pinkish heads 5–6 cm (2–2.4 in) across and about 4 cm (1.6 in) in height. The long, bicolored stamens (white in lower half and reddish above) give the whole inflorescence the ap- pearance of a powder puff or feather duster held slightly above the foliage. Thousands of heads are borne at the same time, covering the tree in pinkish bloom. The central flower in each head is larger, stalkless, has more petals, and is in- capable of forming a fruit; this flower is a nectar-produc- ing organ that attracts pollinators. Usually only one flower per head (rarely two) is pollinated and forms a fruit. Leaves Leaves are alternately arranged along twigs and have a prominent swelling (pulvinus) at the petiole base; stipules are present and threadlike; the leaf blades are twice-even- pinnately compound, arranged in 2–6 pairs of pinnae, each pinna bearing 6–16 diamond-shaped leaflets, shiny green above, dull and finely hairy beneath, 2–4 cm (0.8-1.6 in) long and 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) wide, the apical leaflets larg- est. During dry periods trees are semi-deciduous, losing their leaves for a short period. Where there is a definite dry season, they may remain leafless for a period of weeks but refoliate quickly if there is adequate moisture. This gives the appearance that rain tree is “evergreen” in moister cli- mates. Fruit Mature pods are black-brown, oblong, lumpy, 10–20 cm long (4–8 in), 15–19 mm (0.6–0.8 in) wide, ca. 6 mm (0.25 in) thick, straight or slightly curved, not dehiscing but Top: Flowers and new leaves. Bottom: Fruit in varying stag- eventually cracking irregularly, and filled with a sticky, es of ripeness. photos: C. ElEvitCh brownish pulp that is sweet and edible.  Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (www.traditionaltree.org)   Pacific. The broadly domed, umbrella-shaped crown, squat, thick trunk, pinnately compound leaves with diamond-shaped leaflets that fold up at night or on cloudy or rainy days, pink- ish “powder puff” flower heads, and indehiscent blackish pods filled with sticky, pitch-like pulp are distinctive. What appears to be a white- flowered form of rain tree in Hawai‘i is a dif- ferent species, Pseudosamanea guachapele. It is rare in cultivation but where it is grown it has been confused with rain tree when flowering. The seedlings and saplings of rain tree can be confused with those of Albizia lebbeck. GeneTICS Variability of species Rain tree is remarkably uniform in appearance throughout its distribution and shows little Rain tree makes a remarkable habitat for epiphytes such as ferns and or- local variability. No taxonomic varieties have chids, particularly in wetter areas. photo: C. ElEvitCh been recognized among wild Samanea saman, nor have foresters or plant breeders named any Seeds cultivars. Seeds are plumply oblong-ellipsoid, 8–11.5 mm (0.3–0.45 in) long, 5–7.5 mm (0.25–0.38 in) wide, slightly flattened Culturally important related species in the genus  from side to side, smooth, dark glossy brown with a slen- There are two other species of Samanea (S. tubulosa and S. derly U-shaped yellowish marking (pleurogram) on the inopinata); neither has any reported cultural importance in flattened sides. There are 15–20 seeds per pod (often only 5– the Pacific islands. 10 seeds per pod in the native range, where seed predation by insects accounts for the rest). One kilogram of seeds Genetic resources where collections exist averages 4000–6000 seeds (1820–2730 seeds/lb). Seeds are The Oxford Forestry Institute includes Samanea saman in readily dispersed by domestic livestock (cattle, hogs, goats) its germplasm conservation program. However, neither and to a much lesser extent by wild animals (peccary, tapir, germplasm collections nor breeding programs are known and rodents in the presumed native range), whose feed- to exist for rain tree. ing habits and digestive capacity permit very few seeds to pass through intact. It has been hypothesized that rain tree ASSOCIATeD PLAnT SPeCIeS fruits evolved for dispersal by large mammals that became extinct in the Americas during the Pleistocene glaciations. Cattle and other herbivorous domestic animals efficiently In native habitat fill the seed dispersal role today. Rain tree is found naturally in savannahs, where it is as- sociated with various grasses. It also occurs in deciduous Bark  forests and riparian corridors, where it often bears a heavy The bark of mature trees is gray, rough, and fissured in load of epiphytes on the trunk and branches. long plates or corky ridges. On younger trees the bark is smoother and paler gray to brownish in color. The inner Recent introduction bark is light colored and bitter. In places where rain tree has been introduced, it is often planted along roadsides, in parks and pastures, vacant lots, How to distinguish from similar species/look-a- church and schoolyards, and similar spacious, open places. likes In these locations, it grows in association with an array of Rain tree is not easily confused with any other tree in the   Samanea saman (rain tree) cultivated and weedy alien species that characterize dis- Soils turbed habitats and planned landscapes. Rain tree adapts to a wide range of soil types and pH lev- els. enVIrOnMenTAL PreferenCeS Soil texture  AnD TOLerAnCeS Rain tree is indifferent to soil texture; it tolerates a wide range of light, medium, and heavy soils. Climate Soil drainage  Although originating from a part of tropical America that has a pronounced, seasonal dry climate, rain tree is highly Rain tree thrives in soils that are freely draining, and it tol- adaptable and has proven able to thrive in many tropical erates impeded drainage. In some situations, it can tolerate and subtropical climate regimes. Today the species is suc- waterlogged soils for short periods. Rain tree is known to cessfully established in a wide range of climates, including grow on slightly elevated land just inland from mangroves both ever-wet (equatorial) and seasonally dry (monsoon) (Francis 2004). climates that have an annual rainfall of 600–3000 mm Soil acidity  (24–120 in) and at elevations ranging from sea level to 300 m (1000 ft) (exceptionally to 1450 m [4750 ft]). Rain tree thrives in mildly acidic to neutral pH (6.0–7.4), but the literature reports that it tolerates pH as high as 8.5 Elevation  and as low as 4.7 (such as soils that had been mined for In its native range, rain tree grows mostly below 450 m bauxite with highly acidic residues). (1470 ft) although the total elevation range is reported to Special soil tolerances  be sea level to 1450 m (4750 ft). In Pacific islands, this spe- cies typically is found below 300 m (1000 ft). Rain tree tolerates shallow soils and soils low in available nutrients. Mean annual rainfall  600–3000 mm (24–120 in) Tolerances Rainfall pattern  Drought Rain tree can tolerate a wide range of precipitation patterns, Rain tree grows well under climates having a seasonal dry including summer, winter, bimodal, and uniform rainfall period (2–4 months) as well as under moister conditions patterns. In its native range, rain tree often grows along where rainfall is distributed evenly year-round. It does not riparian corridors where its roots have access to subsurface tolerate extended periods of drought. moisture, making precipitation less critical. Full sun Dry season duration (consecutive months with <0  The tree is light-demanding. It is rarely found in dense for- mm [1.6 in] rainfall)  est stands; its natural habitat is savannah land, seasonally Rain tree can survive a dry period of 2–4 months or longer dry, deciduous forest, and riparian forest corridors. depending on age, size of tree, temperature, relative hu- Shade midity, and soil. Rain tree is intolerant of shade. Seedlings may be grown Mean annual temperature for 2–4 weeks in partial shade and then gradually shifted to 20–38°C (68–100°F) full sun. The seedlings cannot survive below closed stands of other trees. When rain trees are found in mixed stands, Mean maximum temperature of hottest month they started with or before the other species in the stand. 24–38°C (75–100°F) Seedlings are suppressed and killed by dense stands of tall grasses such as Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and el- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month  ephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) (Francis 2004). 18–20°C (64–68°F) Frost Minimum temperature tolerated  It cannot tolerate frost or low temperatures. 8°C (46°F)  Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (www.traditionaltree.org)   Waterlogging resprout vigorously and within 12–15 months have a dense, compact crown of new growth. Reports vary as to rain tree’s ability to tolerate waterlog- ging. Some observers report that good drainage is essential; Other others state that rain tree survives impeded drainage and Medium sized trees can be pruned back severely and waterlogging. moved fairly easily for landscaping purposes. Salt spray Wind-blown salt spray may cause tip-burn on the wind- GrOWTH AnD DeVeLOPMenT ward side of trees, but this causes only cosmetic damage. Rain tree is a moderately fast-growing tree with typical Wind growth rates of 0.75–1.5 m/yr (2.5–5 ft/yr). Nursery-grown In Hawai‘i, rain tree adapts well to trade winds, although seedlings 3–5 months old are usually 20–30 cm (8–12 in) lopsided crowns may develop in exposed situations. Storm tall when ready for outplanting. Initial growth is slow but winds may uproot and topple rain tree, as it is shallow- survival is good. Two months after transplanting, seed- rooted. Where sandy or gravely soils allow deep rooting, lings begin to look vigorous and grow rapidly. Two-year- the species is fairly resistant to hurricane-force winds, suf- old saplings in mixed plantations attained 2.9 m (9.5 ft) in fering limb breakage but not much windthrow (toppling height and in monospecific plantings at a 3 x 3 m (10 x 10 over) or snapping of the trunk. Pavement, foundations, or ft) spacing reached 4.8 m (16 ft) tall and 6.6 cm (2.6 in) dbh. shallow bedrock restrict root growth and make the species Well tended specimens may attain 15 cm (5.9 in) diameter vulnerable to windthrow (Francis 2004). in 5 years. Flowering and fruiting Abilities Flowering begins at a young age and has a definite season- ality, beginning at the end of the dry season (March–April Fix nitrogen in Hawai‘i) just after the leaves and mature pods drop. Rain tree fixes nitrogen through an association with strains New foliage flushes out and flowering begins more or less of rhizobia bacteria (Bradyrhizobium). In pasture systems, simultaneously (April–May in Hawai‘i). In its native range rain tree enhances growth of grasses below and near the flowering occurs January–May, while in Thailand there tree canopy through nitrogen enrichment of the soil. are two flowering seasons, February–May and Septem- ber–November, and in Java flowering occurs August–April. Regenerate rapidly Although flowering tends to peak in the spring, trees may Rain tree produces seed copiously and natural regenera- have flowers present in almost any month of the year, es- tion is quite dependable. Although predators destroy many pecially in areas with year-round rainfall. seeds, there are so many produced that the next generation is assured. In old fields, or anywhere that sunlight and open Yields ground are available, the tree regenerates spontaneously. Mature trees bear, on average, 200–250 kg (440–550 lb) of Self-prune pods per tree, per season. Wood yields average annually 25–30 m3/ha (4290–5140 bf/ac). When grown as a green The tree usually has a short bole with heavy side-branch- fodder, it is possible to harvest 550 kg (1210 lb) from a 5- ing. Even when planted in dense stands, lower branches year-old tree. are often retained. Coppice Rooting habit Rain tree has very good coppice ability, although the re- The tree has a massive surface root system. The large sur- growth rate is moderate, slower than other nitrogen-fix- face roots common in the species occur most often on ing species such as Leucaena spp., Gliricidia sepium, etc. In clayey and rocky soils but are not as extensive on sandy or Thailand the tree is cut at 1 m (3.3 ft) height every 6 months gravely soils. for production of fodder. Reaction to competition Pollard Once established, rain tree seedlings grow fast and are tol- Trees in Hawai‘i are often “hat-racked” by tree trimmers, erant of heavy weed competition. However, survival and who remove all leafy shoots back to main branches. Trees 6  Samanea saman (rain tree) Seed processing In Latin America, seeds are manually extracted from the sticky, pitch-like pulp inside the pods. An easier method is to collect seeds from dung of livestock that has eaten the pods; in addition to being less labor intensive, germination is en- hanced by passage through the digestive tract of herbivores. In Asia, the pods are placed in a dark place where termites eat the fruit valves and pulp, leaving behind clean seed. Seed storage The sweet, sticky fruit pulp (endocarp) pro- motes an intense insect attack, so careful clean- ing of seed is vital before storage. Rain tree seed behavior is orthodox, that is, the seeds retain Large trees, as well as seedlings, can be transplanted readily by pruning the  viability when dried and stored. Seed can be roots and branches, and ensuring sufficient irrigation for a few months.  stored for extended time periods at 4°C (39°F) photo: C. ElEvitCh with 6–8% moisture content. Seed stored at 5°C (41°F) or colder retains viability longer than a year. growth rates are improved if vigorous weed control is done until the saplings are taller than the surrounding grasses Pre-planting seed treatments and herbaceous vegetation. Fresh seed germination is about 36–50% with no treatment. Germination of untreated seed increases in the course of PrOPAGATIOn the first year of storage. Germination is also enhanced by passage of the seeds through the digestive tract of herbivo- Rain tree is easily propagated by several methods. It may rous animals. Scarification is not essential although it is be propagated by seed (the usual method), stem cuttings recommended to ensure fast, uniform, and optimal germi- (using vertical stems), root cuttings, and stump cuttings. nation. Manual nicking of the seed coat using a nail clip- In much of the Pacific, however, no special effort is ex- per or small file works very well, although it is time con- erted to grow rain tree. If one or a few trees are wanted suming. Alternatively, immerse the seed for 1–2 minutes in for home use, seedlings are dug from near a mature tree 80°C (176°F) water (water volume 5 times the seed volume). and transplanted to the garden. Even very large trees can Stir the seeds, then drain and soak them in lukewarm (30– be successfully transplanted with substantial root and top 40°C [86–104°F]) water for 24 hours. This method yields pruning and proper care. Seedlings are also encouraged to 90–100% germination if damaged seeds are removed prior grow where they sprout by protecting them and provid- to treatment. ing some weed control. When larger numbers of trees are required, seed is collected for nursery planting or direct Growing area sowing in the field. Studies indicate that rain tree seedlings are intolerant of shade. Some literature sources recommend partial shade Propagation by seed for seedlings in the first 2–4 weeks after emergence and then full sun; other sources state that seedlings should be Seed collection placed in full sunlight from the beginning. Pods are collected from the ground beneath trees after they drop; picking pods off the tree is inadvisable because, al- Germination though the pods take 5.5–8 months to mature, the seeds Germination occurs 3–5 days after sowing scarified seeds. only fill out and become viable shortly before the pods fall. Pretreatment, although not essential, results in more uni- In some cases the pods are retained on the tree for up to 4 form germination and improves the percentage of seeds months past maturity. that germinate.  Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (www.traditionaltree.org)   Due to the shallow root system, the tree is also susceptible to windthrow during storm winds, and in pasture systems this can be dangerous to livestock. Copious seed produc- tion and prolific reproduction in the Pacific have helped rain tree naturalize in many places where it has been in- troduced. The sticky pods and mess of leaf litter are a nui- sance when the trees enter the deciduous phase. However, where grazing animals are present, virtually every pod will be consumed. Potential for invasiveness Rain tree has naturalized in many places outside its native range and, in the Pacific, is considered a serious pest in Vanuatu and Fiji. Elsewhere in the Pacific it is regarded as Seeds in pod. Note sticky pulp surrounding the seeds. photo: innocuous. For example, it is common in Samoa in planta- C. ElEvitCh tions but does not readily spread to other areas. The pre- cise nature of the threat posed by rain tree has not been Media/containers articulated; it may simply be a nuisance tree that grows where it is not wanted. The rapid spread and spontaneous Seeds may be planted in sand in nursery beds; in nursery appearance of the species in sites distant from seed sources mix (3 parts soil: 1 part sand: 1 part compost) in poly bags is usually due to dissemination by cattle. Copious seed 10 x 20 cm (4 x 8 in); or direct-seeded in the field. production and ease of seed dispersal by livestock has the Time to outplanting potential to pave the way for rain tree to become a pest in other parts of the Pacific. However, when cattle are present Seedlings are ready for outplanting 3–5 months after ger- year-round or return at least annually, they consume and mination, by which time they should be 20–30 cm (8–12 in) kill almost all small rain tree seedlings. tall. Seedlings with thick stems, more than 10 mm (0.4 in) in diameter, hold up better to wind and rain. Approximate size at time of outplanting Seedlings may be planted out when they have attained a height of 15–30 cm (6–12 in). They may be “stumped” by pruning the roots to a length of 10 cm (4 in), and the stem to a length of 20 cm (8 in). The stem diameter of stumped seedlings should be 5–30 mm (0.2–1.2 in). Other comments on propagation Caterpillars can defoliate young seedlings. Guidelines for Outplanting Survival and establishment after outplanting improve with vigorous weed control until saplings are taller than the sur- rounding vegetation and begin to shade it out. DISADVAnTAGeS Rain tree becomes very large, and this limits its utility in some situations, especially in proximity to human activity. The massive branching habit and surface root system can interfere with agricultural activities. For example, the root Rain tree has an extensive surface root system, which may  system may compete too well for moisture and nutrients in interfere with agricultural activities or landscape mainte- agroforestry systems with small trees or shrubs underneath. nance especially on clayey or rocky soils. photo: C. ElEvitCh   Samanea saman (rain tree) Susceptibility to pests/pathogens Lepidopteran caterpillars (Ascalapha odorata, Melipotis indomita, and Polydesma indomita) de- foliate rain trees in many places as they leaf out but without causing serious stress to healthy trees. Ascalapha odorata, Mocis latipes (lepi- dopteran) defoliate seedlings; Myrmelachista ramulorum (ant) defoliates and deforms leaves by burrowing in twigs; Merobruchis columbinus (bruchid beetle) oviposits in immature fruits and the larvae damage or kill 50–75% of seeds; Cecidom yidae (fly) oviposits in immature fruits and causes abortion; Anypsipyla univitella (lepi- dopteran) oviposits in fruit and damages seeds and pods; Stator limbatus (beetle) oviposits in seeds in opened pods; Heteropsylla cubana, Psylla acacia-baileyanae defoliate trees; Xystro- cera globosa (borer) attacks sapwood of stressed Rain tree is a common ornamental, particularly in public places. photo: C. trees; seedlings are browsed/defoliated by live- ElEvitCh stock; fruits in the wild are eaten by parrots, tapirs, collared peccaries; flowers are eaten by Homegardens howler monkeys. Rain tree can be used in homegardens as a shade tree and for the multiple products it provides, but its immense size AGrOfOreSTrY/enVIrOnMenTAL limits its use in most urban areas. PrACTICeS Living fences Today rain tree is grown for nitrogen enrichment of soils It can be maintained as a hedge plant with regular heavy in pastures, for shade along streets and roads, in parks, and lopping. as a flowering ornamental. It has also long been grown for shade in plantations of coffee, cocoa, and other crops. Windbreaks Trees provide windbreak in coffee orchards and pastures. Mulch/organic matter The green foliage and leaf/flower litter that collects be- Silvopasture neath the trees makes an excellent nitrogen source for en- Rain tree is an excellent choice for pastures not only be- riching the soil as well as for composting in gardens. It cause its broad canopy provides shelter from the sun, but can be periodically pruned for mulch. Because regrowth also because its nitrogen-fixing ability improves the quan- is relatively slow compared with other nitrogen-fixing tity and nutritive quality of forage grasses near and under trees such as Gliricidia sepium, Calliandra calothyrsus, and the trees. Leucaena leucocephala, it is usually not the best choice for this purpose. Woodlot The trunk and branches are used as firewood in places that Crop shade/overstory have no market for the wood for carving or construction. Rain tree is planted for shade in plantations of coffee, co- In Central America, cross-sections cut through the trunk coa, vanilla, and for young nutmeg and teak. were formerly used to make wheels for ox carts. Alley cropping Native animal/bird food Rain tree can be used in alley-cropping if heavily pruned, Wildlife in tropical America eats parts of the tree. The but it is rarely the most productive species choice for this sweet fruit pulp and seeds are eaten by parrots, tapirs, purpose. collared peccaries, and rodents; the flowers are eaten by howler monkeys. Insects (moths, bees) visit the flowers as a nectar source.  Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (www.traditionaltree.org)   Rain tree has a characteristic dome-shaped canopy in open environments such as this coffee orchard. photo: C. ElEvitCh Wildlife habitat pods have a nice flavor, they are too astringent to eat more than the pulp from a single pod. Various reptiles, birds, and small mammals use the tree branches and cavities for nesting and dens. Nut/seed Host plant trellising The seeds, once cleaned from the sticky fruit pulp, are used in making seed necklaces and other craft items in Hawai‘i. Vanilla is trained up the trunks of rain trees planted for shade. Animal fodder Bee forage With 13–18% protein, the pods are edible and nutritious for The flowers, although pollinated in the natural range by livestock and make an excellent feed supplement (Flores nocturnal moths, are an abundant nectar source for bees. 2002). In Asia, rain tree is grown as a green fodder supple- Ornamental ment for goats, sheep, and cattle. A 5-year-old tree can pro- Rain tree is widely planted throughout the tropics as a duce as much as 550 kg (1210 lb) of green forage. The pods flowering ornamental shade tree in public places, parking are ground into a nutritious animal feed in several South lots, parks, etc. American countries. Beverage/drink/tea USeS AnD PrODUCTS The fruit pulp is used to make a beverage similar to tama- rindo (made from tamarind pulp) in Latin America. Rain tree has long been a source of timber and livestock feed (green forage and pods) for local consumption. Mi- Medicinal nor medicinal and craft uses also are known. The wood is There are several folk remedies prepared from various parts used for carving items for sale to tourists, and the seeds are of rain tree. The boiled bark is applied as a poultice to cure strung in garlands. constipation. In the Philippines, a decoction of the inner Fruit bark and fresh leaves is used for diarrhea. In Venezuela, the roots are made into a hot bath for stomach cancer. In the The sticky, licorice-flavored fruit pulp is a minor food item West Indies, the seeds are chewed for sore throat. for humans, mainly eaten by children. It is known as lico- rice tree in the English-speaking Caribbean. Although the 10  Samanea saman (rain tree)