SALMON FARMING LLEEKKAANNGG 99778811778899118811881144 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd 11 1122//0077//22002222 0077::5588 LLEEKKAANNGG 99778811778899118811881144 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd 22 1122//0077//22002222 0077::5588 SALMON FARMING Odd-Ivar Lekang LLEEKKAANNGG 99778811778899118811881144 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd 33 1122//0077//22002222 0077::5588 First published 2022 Copyright © Odd-Ivar Lekang 2022 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder. Published by 5M Books Ltd, Lings, Great Easton, Essex CM6 2HH, UK, Tel: +44 (0)330 1333 580 www.5mbooks.com A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 9781789181814 eISBN 9781789182118 DOI 10.52517/9781789182118 Book layout by Cheshire Typesetting Ltd, Cuddington, Cheshire Printed by CPI Anthony Rowe Ltd, UK Photos by the author unless otherwise indicated Illustrations by Tore Ensby LLEEKKAANNGG 99778811778899118811881144 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd 44 1122//0077//22002222 0077::5588 Contents Preface vi List of abbreviations vii 1. Introduction 1 2. Te world salmon industry 6 3. Te history of salmon farming 18 4. Salmon biology 46 5. Broodstock and the broodstock farm 65 6. Eyed eggs and start feeding 107 7. Fry to smolt 123 8. Ongrowing to harvesting 156 9. Production planning and management 221 10. Feeding 267 11. Health, diseases and disorders in salmon farming 336 12. Breeding 375 13. Future trends – salmon farming of tomorrow 396 Index 408 LLEEKKAANNGG 99778811778899118811881144 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd 55 1122//0077//22002222 0077::5588 Preface Te salmon farming industry has been one of the fastest growing industries in the food sector since its start in the late 1960s. Today it is a multibillion-dollar industry with a yearly production above 2 million tonnes. It can rightly be called an industrial adventure. Atlantic salmon is by far the predominant salmon species used in salmon farming. Until recently, countries that have the natural conditions for sea cage farming have dominated the production of ongrowing salmon. However, the new technology of land-based farms, closed sea cages and large ofshore cages is opening up the areas in the world that can be used for salmon production. Owing to increased demand and with little increase in production, the proftability of salmon farming has been very high in recent years. Te future for salmon farming seems to be bright; even if prices drop, the market is growing. Atlantic salmon is a species known worldwide. It is healthy and can be used and processed in diferent ways. Tis book gives an overview of salmon production, from eggs to slaughtering size, starting at the broodstock farm, continuing through the hatchery and smolt farm and ending up in the ongrowing sea cage farm until the salmon are ready for harvesting. Planning and forecasting of production on the farm, including the design of production plans, is also an important part of the salmon farming process and is covered in detail with worked examples. Supplementary chap- ters on salmon biology, feeding, diseases and breeding are also included. Tese are less substantial as these subjects lie outside the author’s scientifc background and are included as a introduction and guide to more detailed resources. Tis book is based on material successfully used for BSc and MSc courses in intensive aquacul- ture given at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Te university has included courses in aquaculture since 1973. From 1990, it has provided special masters courses in aqua- culture engineering, and from 2000, courses in optimalization of Atlantic salmon production. Tis textbook was written for a basic course in salmon production, but the university also has its own courses focusing on anatomy and physiology, feeding, breeding, diseases and harvesting and processing. Te courses are parts of masters programmes in aquaculture and aquatic food production (for details, see www.nmbu.no). During the compilation of material for this book many people have given useful advice. I especially thank my colleagues, friends and students including, among others, S.O. Fjæra, B.F. Eriksen, B.R. Hansen, H.H. Olsen, P.O. Skjervold, A. Bergheim, M. Brkic and S. Monteith. Tore Ensby has drawn the majority of the line illustrations, and all photographs have been taken by the author. LLEEKKAANNGG 99778811778899118811881144 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd 66 1122//0077//22002222 0077::5588 Abbreviations ADC apparent digestibility coefcient ADG average daily growth AGD amoebic gill disease AOP apparent optical properties ATU accumulated temperature units BFCR biological feed conversion rate BKD bacterial kidney disease CaSR calcium sensing receptors CCS closed containment systems CF condition factor CFTR cystic fbrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CV coefcient of variation DAA dispensable amino acids DE digestible energy DEN digestible energy need DM dry matter DP digestible protein EGI Ewos growth index EPA eicosapentaenoic acid FA feed allowance FAD favin adenine dinucleotide FCR feed conversion ratio FE feed efciency FF feed factor FFDR forage fsh dependency ratio FIFO fsh in fsh out FSH follicle-stimulating hormone FT fow through GE gross energy GF growth factor GI growth indexes GIS geographical information system GM genetically modifed GMO genetically modifed organism LLEEKKAANNGG 99778811778899118811881144 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd 77 1122//0077//22002222 0077::5588 viii  ♦ Abbreviations GSI gonad somatic index HAB harmful algal blooms HI heart index HOG head on gutted HSMI heart and skeletal muscle infammation HSS haemorrhagic smolt syndrome HUFA highly unsaturated fatty acids IAA indispensable amino acids IHN infectious haematopoietic necrosis IPN infectious pancreatic necrosis ISA infectious salmon anaemia LAP land animal by-products LED light emitting diodes LH luteinizing hormone LTLS low trophic level species MAB maximum allowed biomass MAS marker-assisted selection ME metabolic energy MR mitochondria-rich NALO National Aquaculture Legislation Overview NASCO North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization NE net energy NINA Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning NSP non-starch part OWI operational welfare indicators PAP processed animal protein PAR photosynthetically active radiation PD pancreas disease PGC primordial germ cell QTL quantitative trait locus RAS recycling aquaculture system RE retained energy RGL relative gut length ROMS regional ocean modelling systems ROV remotely operated vehicles SCM single celled microorganisms SCO single cell oil SCP single cell protein SGR specifc growth rate SNP single nucleotide polymorphisms SPC soy protein concentrate SPDV salmon pancreas disease virus SRS salmon rickettsial septicaemia TAN total ammonia nitrogen LLEEKKAANNGG 99778811778899118811881144 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd 88 1122//0077//22002222 0077::5588 Abbreviations ♦ ix TDC true digestibility coefcient TDER total digestible energy requirement TER theoretical energy requirement TGC thermal growth coefcient TU thermal units VHS viral haemorrhagic septicaemia WFE whole fsh equivalent LLEEKKAANNGG 99778811778899118811881144 PPRRIINNTT..iinndddd 99 1122//0077//22002222 0077::5588