FISH, FISHING AND FISHERIES S ALMON B , E I IOLOGY COLOGICAL MPACTS E I AND CONOMIC MPORTANCE No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. F , F F ISH ISHING AND ISHERIES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the e-book tab. FISH, FISHING AND FISHERIES S ALMON B , E I IOLOGY COLOGICAL MPACTS E I AND CONOMIC MPORTANCE PATRICK T. K. WOO AND DONALD J. NOAKES EDITORS New York Copyright © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers‘ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN:(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:28) (eBook) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Overview of Salmon and Their Ecological and Economic Importance 1 Donald J. Noakes Chapter 2 Seed Quality in Hatchery-Reared Chum Salmon Fry: Methods of Evaluation and Improvement 11 Shinya Mizuno Chapter 3 Intraspecific Morphological Heterogenicity of Atlantic Salmon in the Wild and Aquaculture 23 Anastasia Yurtseva Chapter 4 Changes in Fatty Acid Composition during Embryogenesis and in Young Age Groups (0+) of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salаr L.: The Role of Rheotactic Behavior and Lipid Composition of Fry in the Formation of Phenotypic Groups of Salmon in Large Arctic Rivers 47 Svetlana A. Murzina, Zinaida A. Nefedova, Alexey E. Veselov, Pauli O. Ripatti, Nina N. Nemova and Dmitry S. Pavlov Chapter 5 In silico Identification and Expression of Atlantic Salmon miRNAs 67 Daniela Reyes Villalobos, Ruth González Miranda, Rodrigo Vidal Soto and Lara Covelo Soto Chapter 6 Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L.: Genetic Variations in Protein Metabolism and Growth 85 Krisna Rungruangsak-Torrissen Chapter 7 Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L.: Food Utilization, Protein Growth Efficiency and Maturation 121 Krisna Rungruangsak-Torrissen vi Contents Chapter 8 Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Aquaculture: Metabolic Rate and Water Flow Requirements 155 Asbjørn Bergheim and Sveinung Fivelstad Chapter 9 Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Factors 173 Ian Forster and Ronald Hardy Chapter 10 Behavior and Genetics of Salmon 195 David L. G. Noakes Chapter 11 Biological Interactions between Wild and Hatchery-Produced Pacific Salmon 223 Masahide Kaeriyama and Yuxue Qin Chapter 12 Environmental Impacts of Salmon Net Pen Farming 239 Donald J. Noakes Chapter 13 Possible Use of Waste Products from the Salmon Industry: Properties of Salmon Gelatin 257 Daniel López, Javier Enrione and Silvia Matiacevich Chapter 14 The Economic Importance of Wild Pacific Salmon 269 Keith R. Criddle and Ikutaro Shimizu Chapter 15 Salmon Aquaculture: Environmental Impacts and Economic Implications 307 Frank Asche and Trond Bjørndal Index 327 PREFACE We are delighted NOVA Publishers, USA invited us to edit a volume on ‗Salmon: Biology, Ecological Impacts and Economic Importance‘. As many of our readers know, numerous species of fishes found around the world are commonly called ‗salmon‘. Consequently, producing a book on ‗salmon‘ is an enormous undertaking and we believe it will not be possible to adequately cover everything about ‗salmon‘ in a single volume, especially given the diversity of species and issues as well as page and time imitations imposed on us by NOVA. While the many species of salmon all have local ecological, economic and social importance, at least seven species (salmonids) belonging to two genera (Oncorhynchus and Salmo) are of commercial importance and they are cultured extensively in Asia, Europe, North America and South America. Hence, a tremendous amount of research has been conducted on the biology and ecology of these ‗salmon‘ and they are the focus of this book. In this volume we have tried to provide a good mix of both basic and applied topics in the hope that the book will be useful and of interest to many of our current and future colleagues. The book has 15 chapters written by 27 contributors and many of them are highly respected scientists. Given the global importance of salmon, our contributors are from many countries including 11 from Japan and Russia. These authors bring slightly different and important perspectives to the book, and their expertise and research may not be known to many young scientists in Europe and in the Americas. The volume starts with an overview of salmon, their economic and social importance, and their impacts on the environment. Subsequent topics include morphological, physiological and behavioral differences between wild and farmed salmon; growth, food utilization and water flow requirements of wild and hatchery salmon; the real and potential ecological impacts of sea cages and hatcheries; the potential use of waste product (gelatin) from the salmon industry; salmon behavior and genetics including their broad applications that contribute to our understanding of fish biology, and nutritional and anti-nutritional factors in salmon culture. There are also chapters on environmental impacts and the economic importance of the commercial fishery and salmon farming industry; these are very important components of the industry, especially to the seafood sector. We sincerely thank all our contributors for taking the time to contribute their expertise and experiences to the book. We have deliberately left out infectious diseases, non-infectious disorders, and the immune system which include vaccination against pathogens. These have been extensively covered in five recent volumes [―Fish Diseases and Disorders: Volumes 1, 2 and 3, 2nd viii Patrick T. K. Woo and Donald J. Noakes edition‖ (2006, 2010 and 2011); ―Fish Parasites: Pathobiology and Protection‖ (2012); and ―Diseases and Disorders of Finfish in Cage Culture, 2nd edition‖ (2014)] published by CABI, Wallingford, UK. The principal audience of our book is research scientists in the aquaculture industry and universities, aquaculture consultants, and managers of private and government hatcheries. The book is also appropriate for graduate and senior undergraduate students in aquaculture programs, and it may also serve as a reference book for courses in fish biology, fisheries and aquaculture. Dr. Patrick T. K. Woo University Professor Emeritus University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada [email protected] Dr. Donald J. Noakes Professor Department of Mathematics and Statistics Thompson Rivers University Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada V2C 0C8 [email protected]