植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报 ,33 ( ): 摇 2011 1 80~84 Plant Diversity and Resources : 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 DOI 10.3724/SP.J.1143.2011.11014 Safeguarding China忆s Botanical Heritage * BGCI忆s integrated conservation programme in China ——— 1** 1 2 Xiang鄄Ying WEN , Joachim GRATZFELD , Sheng鄄Ji PEI ChinaProgramOffice BotanicGardensConservationInternational (1 , ,Guangzhou510520,China; KunmingInstituteofBotany ChineseAcademyofSciences 2 , ,Kunming650204,China) Abstract : China忆srichfloraldiversityincludesmorethan33000 vascularplantspecies,representingapproximately 10 percentofallknownplantspecies. OverhalfofthesespeciesareendemictoChina. However,China忆srapideco鄄 nomic development in the last30 years and continuous population growth have seriously damaged plant resources in the wild and the ecological environment, resulting in a dramatic increase in the number of endangered species. There are nearly4000 to5000 higher plants thatarenowthreatenedoronthevergeofextinction. Tohelphaltthe loss of Chinese plant diversity, Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) has developed a China pro鄄 gramme and openeditsfirstofficebasedinGuangzhouin2008. ThisofficeworksalongwithChinesepartnersaiming tosecureChineseplantdiversitythroughintegratedconservationapproacheswithreintroduction/populationreinforce鄄 ment,engagement of local communities in conservation activities,capacity building in horticulture and environmen鄄 tal education and public outreach. Key words : Integratedconservation;Capacitybuilding;Reintroduction;Environmentaleducation;Publicoutreach CLC number DocumentCode ArticleID :Q16摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 :A摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 :2095-0845(2011)01-080-05 Introduction spans almost a decade of plant conservation action. China忆s rich floral diversity includes more than Initially, BGCI忆s work mainly concentrated on ca鄄 33000 vascular plant species, representing approxi鄄 pacity building for professionals from botanic gardens mately 10 percent of all known plant species in the and public education. A series of training courses in world. Over half of these species are endemic to botanical gardens management and plant conserva鄄 China. However, China忆s rapid economic develop鄄 tion was held in various Chinese botanical gardens ment in the last 30 years and continuous population and, through a collaboration with Kadoorie Farm and growth have seriously damaged plant resources in the Botanic Garden (KFBG-Hong Kong), a scholarship wild and the ecological environment, resulting in a programme was established in 2003. dramatic increase in the number of threatened spe鄄 Building from education and capacity building, cies. It is estimated that nearly4000 to5000 higher BGCI忆s China programme has expanded to also encom鄄 plants are now threatened or on the verge of extinc鄄 pass environmental policy and practical conservation tion (Huang, 2010). action. BGCI opened its first office in China in2008 to The tremendous diversity of the native flora in help halt the loss of Chinese plant diversity. A broad China and a strong history and interest in botanic overview of how we operate is provided by this paper. garden development within the country form the main A diverse conservation programme grounds for one of BGCI忆s largest regional pro鄄 grammes of work. BGCI忆s engagement in China At a policy level, BGCI supported the develop鄄 * Foundationitem:BGCI忆SPrograminChina ** Authorforcorrespondence;E鄄mail:[email protected] Receiveddate:2011-01-20,Accepteddate:2011-01-25 期 et al 1 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 Xiang鄄Ying WEN .: Safeguarding China忆s Botanical Heritage摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇81 China忆s Strategy for ment and launch in 2008 of, species and ecosystem functions that provide a vital Plant Conservation (CSPC). This provides the over鄄 basis for livelihoods of rural communities. Enabling people and botanic gardens arching national guidance framework for the botanic : Ca鄄 garden community and conservation organizations to pacity building in horticulture,botanical gardens man鄄 devise their plant conservation programmes. Increa鄄 agement, environmental education and public outreach singly, the Strategy enjoys support by a wide range to enhance proficiency and capacity of stakeholders to of organizations and institutions in China including implement practical conservation initiatives. Influencing decision鄄making and policy the corporate sector, thereby demonstrating a grow鄄 : Link鄄 ing concern for safeguarding China忆s botanical herit鄄 ing practice and policy, as well as replicating and age for future generations. From then on, BGCI忆s scaling up successful conservation interventions. activities in China have concentrated on Targets 7, Securing plant diversity 8, 14, 15 and 16 of the CSPC. Operating through this small office hosted by South China Botanical BGCI忆s practical efforts on conserving threat鄄 Garden, CAS, BGCI忆s China Programme works a鄄 ened tree species mainly focus on Magnolias and Ma鄄 long with numerous Chinese botanic garden members ples, groups of woody plants that have a high num鄄 and conservation partners (see Table 1) towards the ber of threatened and endemic trees in China et al objectives of BGCI忆s Five Year Plan 2007-2012: (Cicuzza .,2007; Gibbs and Chen,2009). Cer鄄 Securing plant diversity 摇 摇 : Securing this rich tain other threatened tree species have also been se鄄 natural heritage through various collaborative actions lected for conservation attention including represent鄄 Euryodendron Bretschneidera Davidia in areas linking practical field projects to maintain atives of , and . Table1摇 BGCI忆scurrentpartnersandprojectsinChina,includingpriorityspecies exsitu insitu (chosenforcombined and projects) Threatened species of trees BGCIinstitutionalpartners Partnerorganizationsinvolvedinfieldconservationactivities chosenforconservationaction InstituteofBotany,CAS, CangshanMountainProtection&AdministrationBureau,Dali, Aceryangbiense A.leipoense , Beijing BaiAutonomousPrefecture (BAP) Bretschneiderasinensis 1. Nan鄄kun鄄shanNautreReserve (NR),Longmen,Guangdong 1. , Magnolialongipedunculata 2. DongguanInstituteofForestry,Dongguan SouthChinaBotanicalGarden, . Bretschneiderasinensis 3. EhuangzhangNatureReserve,YangchunForestryBureau, 2 CAS,Guangzhou,Guangdong . Eurodendronexcelsum Guangdong 3 . Magnolialongipedunculata 4. ShimenNationalForestPark 4 Magnoliacoriacea 1. MalipoForestryStation 1 &2. , M.phanerophlebia 2. WenshanForestryBureau KunmingBotanicalGarden, Aceryangiense 3. CangshanMountainProtection&AdministrationBureau, 3. CAS,Kunming,Yunnan Dali,BaiAutonomousPrefecture 4. Woodyfloraconservationof 4. YunlongForestryBureau,CaojianForestryStation,BAP Zhi鄄Ben鄄Shan Ex situ LushanBotanicalGarden, LushanNatureReserve conservation of threat鄄 CAS, Jiangxi JiujiangCityForestryInstitute enedChineseTaxus HubeiUniversityforNationalities, 1. QizmeishanNationalNatureReserve,Enshi,Hubei Davidiainvolucrata Enshi,Hubei 2. XingdoushanNationalNatureReserve,Enshi Dipteroniadyeriana Magnolia YunnanInstituteofEnvironmental , Da鄄wei鄄shanNationalNR,Pingbian,Yunnan odoratissima M.aromatica Science,Kunming,Yunnan , HongKongZoologicalandBotanicalGardens Training in plant conservation KadoorieFarmandBotanic HongKongPark techniques and botanic garden Garden,HongKong KowloonPark management 植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报 第 卷 摇82摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 33 Recovery projects are designed in a novel way within communities as the ultimate natural resource custodi鄄 ex situ in situ the Chinese context by linking and ans, and authorities from local to national levels (e. conservation activities. The principal activities have g. protected area personnel, forestry department included comprehensive field survey, propagation of staff) is considered essential to define locally appro鄄 ex situ the targeted species in nurseries and subse鄄 priate conservation and management approaches. quent re鄄introduction of young plants into the wild. BGCI supports its project experts from botanic gar鄄 Institutionally, the work has involved collaboration dens to facilitate and strengthen this dialogue, capi鄄 between botanical gardens, research institutes or talizing on both their botanical expertise and public in universities with organizations concerned with the outreach skills. situ management of plants, notably protected areas Building on the work with single species rein鄄 agencies and forestry departments. In all cases ef鄄 troductions that involve local communities, BGCI is forts have been made to engage with local communi鄄 exploring new opportunities for interventions that en鄄 ties. Table 2 summarises the recent progress made deavor to meet both plant conservation and livelihood in the conservation of the selected woody species. development objectives. A task shared by every con鄄 BGCI seeks to promote the active involvement temporary conservation organization, this entails the of all relevant stakeholders in its conservation pro鄄 conception and testing of novel functional links be鄄 grammes. Local level stakeholder workshops are tween species conservation and ecosystem manage鄄 held to help decide on and sanction appropriate con鄄 ment that will both guarantee ecological services and servation action. Fostering dialogue among local enhance human well鄄being. ExSitu InSitu Table2摇 SummaryofProgressMadein & Conservationbetween2008-2010 ExSitu Propagationof PlantSpecies LocationofProjectSite Reintroduction Seedlings Planting Bretschneiderasinensis Nan鄄Kun鄄ShanNatureReserve 3600 3000 500 Taxus spp. LushanBot. GardenArboretum 200 200 — 1. SouthChinaBot. Garden 80 80 — Eurodendronexcelsum 2. YunnanUniversity 11000 500 — 3. EhuangZhangNR — 160 Dipteroniadyeriana Da鄄Wei鄄ShanNR 5000 — 1296 Magnoliaodoratissima , Da鄄Wei鄄ShanNR 2000 — 500 M.aromatica Da鄄Wei鄄ShanNR 500 — 120 M.hebecarpa SouthChinaBot. Garden — 200 — 1000 inNan鄄Kun鄄ShanNR, M.longipedunculata SouthChinaBot. Garden 2200 200 1000 inShimenNational ForestPark M.angustifolia SouthChinaBot. Garden — 200 — M.ingrate SouthChinaBot. Garden — 200 — Davidiainvolucrata 1500 inXindoushanNRand HubeiUniversityforNationalities 12500 10000 800 inQizimeishanNR 30 spp. ofRedlistedplants andornamentalplantsfrom KunmingBotanicalGarden 15000 — 500 Zhi鄄Ben鄄ShanMt. M.coriacea KunmingBot. Garden — 1500 174 M.phanerophlebia KunmingBot. Garden 800 — 50 Aceryangbiense KunmingBotanicalGarden 1700 1700 期 et al 1 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 Xiang鄄Ying WEN .: Safeguarding China忆s Botanical Heritage摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇83 Enabling people and botanic gardens gxi Provinces. Advancement of conservation knowledge and Advances in environmental education and new dissemination of related information is at the core of approaches to public outreach are also promoted and BGCI忆s mission to engage its members and partners are so important at a time of rapid global change. in securing plant diversity. To the extent practica鄄 BGCI works with its members and partners to en鄄 ble, BGCI works in China with botanic garden staff hance environmental awareness through a variety of and other conservation practitioners to promote the public outreach activities. These include the incor鄄 latest plant conservation knowledge and techniques. poration of conservation messages into signs and Through the BGCI鄄KFBG Travel Scholarship Program printed materials, facilitation of web鄄based informa鄄 for example,mid鄄level botanic garden staff have been tion platforms, or support for the organization of ex鄄 trained in concepts and techniques for native plant hibitions, lectures and special events at botanic gar鄄 conservation, ecological restoration, in vitro conser鄄 dens and other venues of public interest. Strong vation, ethnobotany and botanic garden management. public environmental awareness is key to a continu鄄 KFBG helps to develop professional relationships be鄄 ally evolving conservation rationale, and to gaining tween the staff of botanic gardens and exchanges of political support for its implementation. information on practical techniques. So far, 50 staff Influencing global policy from around 34 Chinese botanical gardens or conser鄄 China忆s Strategy for Plant Conservation vation organizations have been trained via this pro鄄 (CSPC) Global Strategy for gramme. More broadly BGCI connects Chinese ex鄄 is the national response to the Plant Conservation perts with botanic gardens worldwide through its (GSPC) developed under the Convention on Biological Diversity global network to facilitate continued capacity build鄄 (CBD). BGCI ing in plant conservation鄄related disciplines. significantly contributed to the development of GSPC BGCI has also been involved in training protec鄄 and its revision that was adopted at the CBD Confer鄄 ted area staff. Working with Fauna & Flora Interna鄄 ence of the Parties in Nagoya, Japan in October tional (FFI), BGCI provided a six day training 2010. BGCI continues to assists in the promotion and course in Huaping National Nature Reserve in Guan鄄 further advancement of thisglobally important strategy gxi province in December 2010, mainly focusing on through various means. Case studies and examples of threatened plant conservation and monitoring skills best practice from China can be of great value inter鄄 for protected area technicians. The course provided nationally. This is of particular importance as BGCI training for30 individuals from21 nature reserves in is developing an online global toolkit for the imple鄄 Chongqing, Hubei, Yunnan, Guangdong and Guan鄄 mentation of the GSPC with its new 2020 targets. Table3摇 DistributionofConservationPromotionalMaterialsduringthelocalstakeholderworkshops(2008-2010) No. ofPublic TargetPlants TypeofMaterials No. ofPrints Distribution Bretschneiderasinensis ConservationPromotionalMaterials 800 630 ArboretumTransfomationLushanBot. Garden PublicEducation 640 420 Euryodendronexcelsum ConservationEducation 1000 650 Dipteroniadyeriana&M.odoratissima M.aromatica , ConservationDemonstrationMaterials 900 700 Magnolia 4 spp: M.hebecarpa M.longipedunculata M.angustifolia M.ingrate ConservationMaterials 400 400 ; ; ; Davidiainvolucrata ConservationMaterials 400 400 Zhi鄄Ben鄄ShanMt. WoodyFlora ConservationWoodyFlora 1500 500 BGCI鄄ChinaProgrammemeBrochure ProgrammemeBriefingMaterials 4000 2500 植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报 第 卷 摇84摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 33 Looking to the future 鄄 BGCI忆s China Pro鄄 cently been subject to review. Based on this,BGCI忆s gramme 2011-2013 actions and strategies for the future are designed to explore new models of facilitating and implementing Rapid global change presents a major challenge adaptive changes in practice and policy that will in devising future biodiversity management respon鄄 guide informed, cost鄄effective conservation action ses. It calls into question established conservation and human development. Membership of BGCI忆s rationales and demands innovative thinking for sus鄄 global network is open to all botanic gardens, the tainable solutions to environmental problems. Cou鄄 business community and individuals who value plants pled with a still fast鄄growing population which legiti鄄 and the services they provide. mately seeks to participate in the global economic welfare, the pressure on biological resources in Chi鄄 References : na as elsewhere in the world is expected to persist Cicuzza D, Newton A, Oldfield S,2007. The Red List of Magnoli鄄 and with this our conservation conundrum. With aceae [R]. Fauna&FloraInternational,UK modest resources, BGCI continues to address this GibbsD,ChenY,2009. TheRedListofMaples [R]. BotanicGar鄄 challenge by working with botanic gardens and other densConservationInternaitonal Exsitu conservation institutions in China and abroad that HuangH,2010. plantconservation:akeyroleofChinesebo鄄 share a common concern for biodiversity and human tanicgardensinimplementingChina忆sStrategyforPlantConser鄄 BGJournal 7 vation [J]. , (2):14—19 well鄄being. BGCI忆s programme in China has re鄄