P1:JZX/KCT P2:JZX/KCT Tally:IJD/... QC: CY436B/Norris-FM CY436B/Norris 052183984X July8,2004 12:12 This page intentionally left blank ii P1:JZX/KCT P2:JZX/KCT Tally:IJD/... QC: CY436B/Norris-FM CY436B/Norris 052183984X July8,2004 12:12 SACRED AND SECULAR Seminalthinkersofthenineteenthcentury–AugusteComte,HerbertSpencer, E´mileDurkheim,MaxWeber,KarlMarx,andSigmundFreud–allpredicted that religion would gradually fade in importance and cease to be significant with the emergence of industrial society. The belief that religion was dying became the conventional wisdom in the social sciences during most of the twentieth century. During the last decade, however, the secularization thesis hasexperiencedthemostsustainedchallengeinitslonghistory. Thetraditionalsecularizationthesisneedsupdating.Religionhasnotdis- appearedandisunlikelytodoso.Nevertheless,theconceptofsecularization capturesanimportantpartofwhatisgoingon.Thisbookdevelopsatheoryof secularizationandexistentialsecurityandcomparesitagainstsurveyevidence fromalmost80societiesworldwide. SacredandSecularisessentialreadingforanyoneinterestedincomparative religion, sociology, public opinion, political behavior, political development, socialpsychology,internationalrelations,andculturalchange. PippaNorrisistheMcGuireLecturerinComparativePoliticsattheJohnF. KennedySchoolofGovernment,HarvardUniversity.Herworkcompareselec- tionsandpublicopinion,genderpolitics,andpoliticalcommunications.Com- panionvolumesbythisauthor,alsopublishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress, includeAVirtuousCircle(2000),DigitalDivide(2001),DemocraticPhoenix(2002), RisingTide(2003,withRonaldInglehart),andElectoralEngineering(2004). RonaldInglehartisprofessorofpoliticalscienceandprogramdirectoratthe InstituteforSocialResearchattheUniversityofMichigan.Hisresearchdeals with changing belief systems and their impact on social and political change. He helped found the Euro-Barometer Surveys and directs the World Values Surveys. Related books include Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, EconomicandPoliticalChangein43Societies(1997),RisingTide(2003,withPippa Norris),andModernization,CulturalChangeandDemocracy(forthcoming,with ChristianWelzel). i P1:JZX/KCT P2:JZX/KCT Tally:IJD/... QC: CY436B/Norris-FM CY436B/Norris 052183984X July8,2004 12:12 ii P1:JZX/KCT P2:JZX/KCT Tally:IJD/... QC: CY436B/Norris-FM CY436B/Norris 052183984X July8,2004 12:12 Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion, and Politics Editors DavidC.Leege UniversityofNotreDame KennethD.Wald UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville The most enduring and illuminating bodies of late-nineteenth-century social theory – by Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and others – emphasized the integration ofreligion,polity,andeconomythroughtimeandplace.Onceastapleofclassic socialtheory,however,religiongraduallylosttheinterestofmanysocialscientists during the twentieth century. The recent emergence of phenomena such as Sol- idarity in Poland; the dissolution of the Soviet empire; various South American, SouthernAfrican,andSouthAsianliberationmovements;theChristianRightin theUnitedStates;andAl-Qaedahavereawakenedscholarlyinterestinreligiously based political conflict. At the same time, fundamental questions are once again being asked about the role of religion in stable political regimes, public policies, and constitutional orders. The series Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Reli- gion,andPoliticswillproducevolumesthatstudyreligionandpoliticsbydrawing onclassicsocialtheoryandmorerecentsocialscientificresearchtraditions.Books intheseriesoffertheoreticallygrounded,comparative,empiricalstudiesthatraise “big”questionsaboutatimelysubjectthathaslongengagedthebestmindsinsocial science. iii P1:JZX/KCT P2:JZX/KCT Tally:IJD/... QC: CY436B/Norris-FM CY436B/Norris 052183984X July8,2004 12:12 iv P1:JZX/KCT P2:JZX/KCT Tally:IJD/... QC: CY436B/Norris-FM CY436B/Norris 052183984X July8,2004 12:12 Sacred and Secular RELIGION AND POLITICS WORLDWIDE Pippa Norris HarvardUniversity Ronald Inglehart UniversityofMichigan v    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521839846 © Pippa Norris & Ronald Inglehart 2004 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2004 - ---- eBook (EBL) - --- eBook (EBL) - ---- hardback - --- hardback - ---- paperback - --- paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. P1:JZX/KCT P2:JZX/KCT Tally:IJD/... QC: CY436B/Norris-FM CY436B/Norris 052183984X July8,2004 12:12 Contents ListofTables pageix ListofFigures xi PrefaceandAcknowledgments xiii PART I UNDERSTANDING SECULARIZATION 1 TheSecularizationDebate 3 2 MeasuringSecularization 33 3 ComparingSecularizationWorldwide 53 PART II CASE STUDIES OF RELIGION AND POLITICS 4 ThePuzzleofSecularizationintheUnitedStatesand WesternEurope 83 5 AReligiousRevivalinPost-CommunistEurope? 111 6 ReligionandPoliticsintheMuslimWorld 133 PART III THE CONSEQUENCES OF SECULARIZATION 7 Religion,theProtestantEthic,andMoralValues 159 8 ReligiousOrganizationsandSocialCapital 180 9 ReligiousPartiesandElectoralBehavior 196 vii P1:JZX/KCT P2:JZX/KCT Tally:IJD/... QC: CY436B/Norris-FM CY436B/Norris 052183984X July8,2004 12:12 viii CONTENTS CONCLUSIONS 10 SecularizationandItsConsequences 215 AppendixA:ClassificationsofTypesofSociety 243 AppendixB:ConceptsandMeasures 247 AppendixC:TechnicalNoteontheFreedomofReligionScale 253 Notes 255 Bibliography 287 Index 315