9781405145497_1_pre.qxd 29/03/2008 02:42 PM Page iii Rutter’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Edited by Michael Rutter CBE, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, FRS, FMedSci, FBA Professor of Developmental Psychopathology MRC, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London London, UK Dorothy V. M. Bishop MA, DPhil, FBA, FMedSci Professor of Developmental Neuropsychology Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Daniel S. Pine MD National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA Stephen Scott FRCP FRCPsych Professor of Child Health and Behaviour & Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London London, UK Jim Stevenson BA, MSc, PhD, CPsychol, FBPsS Professor of Psychology School of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton, UK Eric Taylor MA, MB, FRCP, FRCPsych, FMedSci Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London London, UK Anita Thapar MBBCH, FRCPsych, PhD Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Psychological Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff, UK FIFTH EDITION 9781405145497_1_pre.qxd 29/03/2008 02:42 PM Page iv © 1976, 1985, 1994, 2002, 2008 Blackwell Publishing Limited Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, Massachusetts 02148-5020, USA Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 1976 Second edition 1985 Third edition 1994 Fourth edition 2002 Fifth edition 2008 1 2008 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry / [edited by] Michael Rutter...[et al.]. – 5th ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of: Child and adolescent psychiatry / edited by Michael Rutter, Eric Taylor. 4th ed. 2002. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-4549-7 1. Child psychiatry. 2. Adolescent psychiatry. I. Rutter, Michael, 1933– II. Child and adolescent psychiatry. III. Title: Child and adolescent psychiatry. [DNLM: 1. Mental Disorders. 2. Adolescent Behavior. 3. Adolescent. 4. Child. 5. 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Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. 9781405145497_1_pre.qxd 1/04/2008 10:17 AM Page v Contents Contributors, vii 16 Basic Neuropsychopharmacology, 212 Preface to Fifth Edition, xiii Nora Volkow and James Swanson Preface to First Edition, xv 17 Clinical Neurophysiology, 234 Torsten Baldeweg and Stewart Boyd Part I: Conceptual Approaches 18 Psychological Treatments: Overview and Critical Issues 1 Developments in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Over for the Field, 251 the Last 50 Years, 3 John Weisz and Sarah Kate Bearman Michael Rutter and Jim Stevenson 2 Classification, 18 Part II: Clinical Assessment Eric Taylor and Michael Rutter 19 Use of Structured Interviews and Observational 3 Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Conceptual Issues, 32 Methods in Clinical Settings, 271 Dorothy Bishop and Michael Rutter Ann Le Couteur and Frances Gardner 4 Clinical Assessment and Diagnostic Formulation, 42 20 Using Rating Scales in a Clinical Context, 289 Michael Rutter and Eric Taylor Frank C. Verhulst and Jan Van der Ende 5 Using Epidemiological and Longitudinal Approaches to 21 Psychological Assessment in the Clinical Context, Study Causal Hypotheses, 58 299 E. Jane Costello Tony Charman, Jane Hood and Patricia Howlin 6 Using Epidemiology to Plan Services: A Conceptual 22 Physical Examination and Medical Investigation, 317 Approach, 71 Gillian Baird and Paul Gringras Michael Rutter and Jim Stevenson 7 Children’s Testimony, 81 Part III: Influences on Psychopathology Maggie Bruck, Stephen Ceci, Sarah Kulkofsky, 23 Genetics, 339 J. Zoe Klemfuss and Charlotte Sweeney Anita Thapar and Michael Rutter 8 Legal Issues in the Care and Treatment of Children 24 Behavioral Phenotypes and Chromosomal Disorders, with Mental Health Problems, 95 359 Brenda Hale and Jane Fortin David H. Skuse and Anna Seigal 9 What Clinicians Need to Know about Statistical Issues 25 Psychosocial Adversity and Resilience, 377 and Methods, 111 Jennifer Jenkins Andrew Pickles 26 Acute Life Stresses, 392 10 Health Economics, 123 Seija Sandberg and Michael Rutter Martin Knapp 27 Impact of Parental Psychiatric Disorder and Physical 11 What Can We Learn from Structural and Functional Illness, 407 Brain Imaging? 134 Alan Stein, Paul Ramchandani and Lynne Murray Christopher Frith and Uta Frith 28 Child Maltreatment, 421 12 Neurobiological Perspectives on Developmental David P. H. Jones Psychopathology, 145 29 Child Sexual Abuse, 440 Charles Nelson and Shafali Jeste Danya Glaser 13 Development and Psychopathology: A Life Course 30 Brain Disorders and their Effect on Psychopathology, 459 Perspective, 160 James Harris Barbara Maughan and Michael Rutter 31 Psychopathology in Refugee and Asylum Seeking 14 Temperament and Personality, 182 Children, 474 Avshalom Caspi and Rebecca Shiner Matthew Hodes 15 Sociocultural/Ethnic Groups and Psychopathology, 199 32 Residential and Foster Family Care, 487 Anula Nikapota and Michael Rutter Alan Rushton and Helen Minnis v 9781405145497_1_pre.qxd 1/04/2008 10:17 AM Page vi CONTENTS 33 Adoption, 502 55 Attachment Disorders in Relation to Deprivation, Nancy J. Cohen 906 Charles H. Zeanah and Anna T. Smyke Part IV: Clinical Syndromes 56 Wetting and Soiling, 916 34 Disorders of Attention and Activity, 521 Richard J. Butler Eric Taylor and Edmund Sonuga-Barke 57 Psychiatric Aspects of Somatic Disease, 930 35 Conduct Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence, 543 Seija Sandberg and Jim Stevenson Terrie E. Moffitt and Stephen Scott 58 Psychiatric Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 945 36 Substance Use and Substance Use Disorder, 565 Jennifer F. Havens and Claude Ann Mellins Andrew C. Heath, Michael T. Lynskey and 59 Mental Health in Children with Specific Sensory Mary Waldron Impairments, 956 37 Depressive Disorders in Childhood and Helen McConachie and Gwen Carr Adolescence, 587 David Brent and V. Robin Weersing Part V: Approaches to Treatment 38 Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents, 613 60 Community-Based Interventions and Services, 971 Ellen Leibenluft and Daniel P. Dickstein Christina J. Groark and Robert B. McCall 39 Anxiety Disorders, 628 61 Clarifying and Maximizing the Usefulness of Targeted Daniel S. Pine and Rachel G. Klein Preventive Interventions, 989 40 Suicidal Behavior and Deliberate Self-Harm, 648 Frank Vitaro and Richard E. Tremblay Keith Hawton and Sarah Fortune 62 Behavioral Therapies, 1009 41 Eating Disorders, 670 Stephen Scott and William Yule Christopher G. Fairburn and Simon G. Gowers 63 Cognitive–Behavioral Therapies, 1026 42 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, 686 John E. Lochman and Dustin A. Pardini William Yule and Patrick Smith 64 Parenting Programs, 1046 43 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 698 Stephen Scott Judith L. Rapoport and Philip Shaw 65 Family Interviewing and Family Therapy, 1062 44 Tic Disorders, 719 Ivan Eisler and Judith Lask James F. Leckman and Michael H. Bloch 66 Psychodynamic Treatments, 1079 45 Schizophrenia and Allied Disorders, 737 Peter Fonagy and Mary Target Chris Hollis 67 Physical Treatments, 1092 46 Autism Spectrum Disorders, 759 Stanley Kutcher and Sonia Chehil Herman van Engeland and Jan K. Buitelaar 68 Juvenile Delinquency, 1106 47 Speech and Language Disorders, 782 Sue Bailey and Stephen Scott Dorothy V. M. Bishop and Courtenay Frazier 69 Provision of Intensive Treatment: In-patient Units, Day Norbury Units and Intensive Outreach, 1126 48 Reading and Other Specific Learning Difficulties, 802 Jonathan Green and Anne Worrall-Davies Margaret J. Snowling and Charles Hulme 70 Pediatric Consultation, 1143 49 Intellectual Disability, 820 Annah N. Abrams and Paula K. Rauch Stewart Einfeld and Eric Emerson 71 Organization of Services for Children and Adolescents 50 Disorders of Personality, 841 with Mental Health Problems, 1156 Jonathan Hill Miranda Wolpert 51 Psychopathy, 852 72 Primary Health Care Psychiatry, 1167 R. James Blair and Essi Viding Tami Kramer and Elena Garralda 52 Gender Identity and Sexual Disorders, 864 73 Genetic Counseling, 1180 Kenneth J. Zucker and Michael C. Seto Emily Simonoff 53 Behavioral Problems of Infancy and Preschool Children 74 Special Education, 1189 (0–5), 882 Patricia Howlin Frances Gardner and Daniel S. Shaw 54 Sleep Disorders, 894 Index, 1207 Ronald E. Dahl and Allison G. Harvey Plate section can be found between pages 80 and 81 A CD with the full text in searchable format is included at the end of the book vi 9781405145497_1_pre.qxd 29/03/2008 02:42 PM Page vii Contributors Annah N. Abrams MD Jan K. Buitelaar MD, PhD Instructor in Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; MGH Child Professor of Psychiatry, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Psychiatry Consultation Liaison Service, Massachusetts General Head, Department of Psychiatry, UMC St Radboud, and Karakter Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Susan Bailey MB, ChB, FRCPsych Professor of Child & Adolescent Forensic Mental Health, Richard J. Butler BSc, MSc, PhD, C.Psychol University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Consultant Clinical Psychologist & Senior Associate Lecturer, Department of Clinical Psychology (Child & Adolescent Mental Gillian Baird MB, Bchir, FRCPCH Health Service), Leeds Primary Care NHS Trust, Leeds, UK Consultant Paediatrician and Honorary Professor in Paediatric Gwen Carr Neurodisability, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Deputy Director, Medical Research Council Hearing & Communication Group, University of Manchester; Formerly Torsten Baldeweg MD Deputy CEO, Director UK Services, National Deaf Children’s Society, UK Reader in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK Avshalom Caspi PhD, F.Med.Sci, FBA Professor of Personality Development, MRC, Social Genetic and Sarah Kate Bearman PhD Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Postdoctoral Fellow, Judge Baker Children’s Center, Harvard College London, London, UK and Duke University, Department of Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Psychology and Neuroscience, Durham, NC, USA Dorothy V. M. Bishop MA, DPhil, FBA, FMedSci Stephen J. Ceci PhD Professor of Developmental Neuropsychology, Department of The Helen L. Carr Professor of Developmental Psychology, Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Department of Human Development, Cornell University, NY, USA R. James Blair PhD Tony Charman MA, MSc, PhD Chief, Unit on Affective Cognitive Neuroscience, Mood and Professor of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Behavioural & Brain Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Sciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College Bethesda, MD, USA London, London, UK Michael H. Bloch MD Sonia Chehil MD, FRCPC Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Haven, CT, USA Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Stewart Boyd MD Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Nancy J. Cohen PhD, CPsych Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK Director of Research, Hincks-Dellcrest Center Institute; Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Adjunct Professor, Department of David Brent MD, MS Hyg Human Development and Applied Psychology, Ontario Institute Academic Chief, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Professor of for Studies in Education, University of Toronto; Adjunct Professor, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA E. Jane Costello PhD Maggie Bruck PhD Professor of Medical Psychology, Center for Developmental Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, John Hopkins Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA vii 9781405145497_1_pre.qxd 29/03/2008 02:42 PM Page viii CONTRIBUTORS Ronald E. Dahl MD Danya Glaser MB, DCH, FRCPsych, Hon FRCPCH Staunton Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Department of Child Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and Adolescent Mental Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK Daniel P. Dickstein MD Section on Bipolar Spectrum Disorders, National Institute of Simon G. Gowers BSc MBBS FRCPsych MPhil Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, MD, USA Professor of Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Liverpool; Hon Consultant Psychiatrist, Cheshire & Merseyside Eating Disorders Stewart L. Einfeld MD, DCH, FRANZCP, MRACMA Service for Adolescents Academic Unit, Chester, UK Professor, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Jonathan Green MA, MBBS, FRCPsych, DCH Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Ivan Eisler MA, PhD, Cpsychol Manchester; Hon. Consultant in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Reader in Family Psychology and Family Therapy; Head of Section Manchester Children’s Hospital Trust, Manchester, UK of Family Therapy, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK Paul Gringras MBChB MSc Developmental Paediatrics MRCPCH Eric Emerson BSc MSc PhD Consultant in Paediatric Neurodisability and Honorary Senior Professor of Disability & Health Research, Institute for Health Lecturer, Institute of Psychiatry, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK and Visiting Foundation Trust, London, UK Professor, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Christina J. Groark PhD Associate Professor of Education and Co-Director of the University Christopher G. Fairburn DM, FRCPsych, FMedSci of Pittsburgh Office of Child Development, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Wellcome Principal Research Fellow and Professor of Psychiatry, Oxford University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Brenda Hale DBE, PC, MA (Cantab), LL.D (Hon), Oxford, UK DUniv (Hon), FBA The Rt Hon Baroness Hale of Richmond, House of Lords, Peter Fonagy PhD, FBA London, UK Freud Memorial Professor of Psychoanalysis, University College London; Chief Executive, The Anna Freud Centre, London, UK James Harris MD Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry Jane Fortin LLB and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Professor of Law, Sussex Law School, University of Sussex, MD, USA Brighton, UK Allison G. Harvey PhD Sarah Fortune PhD Associate Professor of Clinical Science, Department of Psychology, Lecturer in Clinical Psychology, Academic Unit of Psychiatry and University of California, Berkeley, USA Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Jennifer F. Havens MD Associate Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the New Christopher Frith PhD, FRS York University of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging at University College New York, NY, USA London, London, UK Keith Hawton DSc, DM, FRCPsych Uta Frith FmedSci, FBA, FRS Professor of Psychiatry and Director, Centre for Suicide Research, Emeritus Professor of Cognitive Development, UCL Institute of University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Cognitive Neuroscience, Queen Square, London, UK Hospital, Oxford, UK Frances Gardner MPhil, DPhil Andrew C. Heath MD Professor of Child and Family Psychology, Centre for Evidence- Spencer T. Olin Professor of Psychiatry; Director, Missouri Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Social Work, Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA Elena Garralda MD, MPhil, FRCPsych, FRCPCH DPM Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Unit of Jonathan Hill BA, MBBChir, MRCP, FRCPsych Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College London, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of London, UK Manchester; Honorary Consultant in Child and Adolescent viii 9781405145497_1_pre.qxd 29/03/2008 02:42 PM Page ix CONTRIBUTORS Psychiatry, Central Manchester and Manchester Children’s Sarah Kulkofsky PhD University Hospitals, Manchester, UK Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Matthew Hodes BSc, MSc, PhD, FRCPsych Senior Lecturer in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Unit Stanley Kutcher MD, FRCPC of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial Professor of Psychiatry and Sun Life Financial Chair in Adolescent College London, London, UK Mental Health; Director, WHO/PAHO Collaborating Center in Mental Health Training and Policy Development, Department of Chris Hollis PhD MRCPsych Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Developmental Psychiatry Section, Division of Psychiatry, University of Judith Lask BA, MSc, ADFT, CQSW Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Section of Family Therapy, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK Jane Hood BSc, MSc, PGCE, C. Psychol Consultant Paediatric Neuropsychologist and Educational Ann Le Couteur BSc Psychology, MBBS, FRC Psych, Psychologist at Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK FRCPCH Professor of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Newcastle University, Patricia Howlin BA, MSc, PhD, FBPS Sir James Spence Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Professor of Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK James F. Leckman MD Neison Harris Professor of Child Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Charles Hulme MA, DPhil, FBPsS Psychology, Child Study Center, Yale University School of Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Medicine, CT, USA York, York, UK Ellen Leibenluft MD Jennifer Jenkins PhD Chief of the Section on Biopolar Spectrum Disorders, Mood and Professor, Human Development and Applied Psychology, Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (NIMH), Bethesda, MD, USA Shafali Jeste MD John E. Lochman PhD Harvard Medical School, The Developmental Medicine Center, Professor and Saxon Chairholder of Clinical Psychology, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, AL, USA Boston, MA, USA Michael T. Lynskey MD, PhD David P. H. Jones FRCPsych, FRCPCH, DCH Assistant Professor of Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry, Consultant Child Psychiatrist and Honorary Senior Lecturer, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Rachel G. Klein PhD Barbara Maughan PhD Professor of Developmental Epidemiology, MRC, Social Genetic Fascitelli Family Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, New York University Child Study Center, New York, NY, USA King’s College London, London, UK J. Zoe Klemfuss BA Robert B. McCall PhD Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, Professor of Psychology and Co-Director of the University of NY, USA Pittsburgh Office of Child Development, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Martin Knapp PhD Professor of Social Policyand Director of the Personal Social Helen McConachie MA, MPhil, PhD Services Research Unit atthe London School of Economics and Professor of Child Clinical Psychology, Institute of Health and Political Science; and Professor of Health EconomicsandDirector Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK of theCentre for the Economics of Mental Health atInstitute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK Claude Ann Mellins PhD Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology in Psychiatry and Tami Kramer MBBCh, MRCPsych Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University, NY and Research Senior Clinical Research Fellow and Consultant Child & Scientist, HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New Adolescent Psychiatrist, Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK NY, USA ix 9781405145497_1_pre.qxd 29/03/2008 02:42 PM Page x CONTRIBUTORS Helen Minnis MD, PhD, MRC Psych Alan Rushton BA, CQSW, PhD Senior Lecturer in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Section of Reader in Adoption Studies; Programme Leader, MSc in Mental Psychological Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Health Social Work, Section of Social Work and Social Care, Health Services Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK Terrie E. Moffitt PhD, F.Med.Sci, FBA Professor of Social Behaviour and Development, MRC Social Michael Rutter CBE, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, FRS, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of FMedSci, FBA Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK and Duke Professor of Developmental Psychopathology, Social Genetic and University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Durham, NC, USA College London, London, UK Lynne Murray PhD Seija Sandberg MD, FRCPsych Research Professor in Developmental Psychopathology, School of Consultant and Hon. Senior Lecturer in Child and Adolescent Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, UK Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK Charles A. Nelson III PhD Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Richard David Stephen Scott FRCP FRCPsych Scott Chair in Pediatric Developmental Medicine Research, Professor of Child Health and Behaviour, & Consultant Child and Children’s Hospital Boston, MA, USA Adolescent Psychiatrist, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, Anula Nikapota FRCPsych London, UK Senior Tutor, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK and Emeritus Consultant in Child and Adolescent Anna Seigal BA Hons Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK Research Assistant, Behavioural and Brain Sciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK Courtenay Frazier Norbury DPhil RCUK Fellow in Cognitive Science, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK Michael C. Seto PhD Law and Mental Health Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry Dustin A. Pardini PhD and Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Canada Pittsburgh, PA, USA Andrew Pickles PhD Philip Shaw MD, PhD Staff Psychiatrist, Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Professor of Epidemiological and Social Statistics, Biostatistics Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, MD, USA Group, Epidemiology and Health Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Daniel S. Shaw PhD Daniel S. Pine MD Professor of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Intramural PA, USA Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Rebecca Shiner PhD Associate Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Paul Ramchandani BM DPhil MRCPsych Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA Senior Research Fellow and Honorary Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry, University of Emily Simonoff MD, FRCPsych Oxford, Oxford, UK Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College Judith L. Rapoport MD London, London, UK Chief, Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, MD, USA David H. Skuse MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, FRCPCH Professor of Behavioural and Brain Sciences, Behavioural and Paula K. Rauch MD Brain Sciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK Director, Child Psychiatry Consultation Service; Director, MGH Cancer Center Parenting Program, Massachusetts General Hospital; Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Patrick Smith PhD MA, USA Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK x 9781405145497_1_pre.qxd 29/03/2008 02:42 PM Page xi CONTRIBUTORS Anna T. Smyke PhD Frank C. Verhulst MD, PhD Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Tulane University School of Professor and Director of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medicine, Institute of Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA The Netherlands Margaret J. Snowling PhD, DipClinPsych, FBPsS Essi Viding PhD Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Department of Psychology and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, York, York, UK University College London, & Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke PhD Professor of Developmental Psychopathology, Developmental Frank Vitaro PhD Brain and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychology, University of Professor of Developmental Psychopathology, Department of Southampton, Southampton, UK and Child Study Center, New Psycho-Education, University of Montreal, Montreal (Quebec), York University, New York, USA Canada Alan Stein MB, BCh, MA, FRCPsych Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Nora Volkow MD Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Jim Stevenson BA, MSc, PhD, CPsychol, FBPsS Professor of Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Mary Waldron MD, PhD Southampton, Southampton, UK Research Instructor in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA James M. Swanson PhD Professor of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA V. Robin Weersing PhD Assistant Professor, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, Charlotte D. Sweeney MA San Diego State University/University of California at San Diego, Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, San Diego, CA, USA NY, USA John R. Weisz PhD, ABPP Mary Target MSc,PhD President and CEO, Judge Baker Children’s Center; Professor of Reader in Psychoanalysis, Research Department of Clinical, Psychology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Educational and Health Psychology, University College London; Professional Director, The Anna Freud Centre, London, UK Miranda Wolpert MA, PsychD Director, CAMHS Evidence Based Practice Unit, University College Eric Taylor MA, MB, FRCP, FRCPsych, FMedSci London and Anna Freud Centre, London, UK Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK Anne Worrall-DaviesMB, ChB (Hons), MMedSc, MRCPsych, MD Anita Thapar MBBCH, FRCPsych, PhD Senior Lecturer and Hon. Consultant in Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Unit of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Richard E. Tremblay PhD, FRS Canada William Yule MA, DipPsychol, PhD, FBPsS, C. Psychol Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Psychology, University Emeritus Professor of Applied Child Psychology, Institute of of Montreal, Montreal (Quebec), Canada Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK Jan van der Ende MsC Charles H. Zeanah MD Research Psychologist, Department of Child and Adolescent Sellars Polchow Professor of Psychiatry, Tulane University School Psychiatry, Erasmus MC – Sophia Children’s Hospital of Medicine, Institute of Infant and Early Childhood Mental Rotterdam, The Netherlands Health, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA Herman van Engeland MD, PhD Professor and Director of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kenneth J. Zucker PhD Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Psychologist-in-Chief, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Institute of Neurosciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Head, Gender Identity Service, Child, Youth, and Family Program, The Netherlands Toronto, Canada xi 9781405145497_1_pre.qxd 29/03/2008 02:42 PM Page xiii Preface to the Fifth Edition In most respects, this Fifth Edition follows the tradition laid on classification and diagnosis, children’s testimony and legal down by previous editions. However, it is different in several issues in the care and treatment of children with mental health key respects. Most obviously, there has been a major increase problems and on culture, ethnicity and psychopathology. With in the number of editors. We wished to make the editorial team respect to classification, there is a new chapter dealing with both international and interdisciplinary because the author- the concept of neurodevelopmental disorders that has come ship has been both for quite some time. Most especially, we into increased prominence in recent times. wanted to expand the range of expertise covered by the edi- There is a short section with four chapters on clinical tors in order that we could have rigorous detailed peer review assessment in which the new approach has been focusing on of all chapters. In this edition, each and every chapter (includ- the particular way in which structured techniques (with respect ing those by editors) has had detailed critique from at least to interviews, questionnaires and psychometrics) can be applied three (usually four or five) editors. As a result, all chapters in the clinical context. As before, there is a chapter on phys- have been revised to deal with editorial criticisms and sug- ical examination and medical investigations. gestions. This means that chapters in this volume were peer The next section of 11 chapters concerns influences on reviewed with the same detailed rigor as would be the case psychopathology. Most of these have parallels in previous for any high-standard scientific journal. editions but, this time, more attention has been paid to pro- Throughout the various editions of the book, there has been viding an understanding of the ways in which the possible a committed attempt to integrate scientific and clinical per- influences might work and on testing for mediating effects.The spectives. In this edition, however, we have made a number section also includes a new chapter on psychopathology in of substantial changes in order to do this in a much more refugee and asylum seeking children, as this is a group that thorough fashion. The first section of the book, comprising has come to increasing attention in recent years. 18 chapters, deals with conceptual approaches. The purpose The aim of all the chapters up to now has been an under- of these chapters was not to provide an encyclopedic summary standing of mechanisms rather than a detailing of effects in of what is known on different areas of science or different meth- individual disorders, because we thought these were better cov- ods of interventions but rather to convey a lively picture of ered in the separate chapters on clinical syndromes. However, the concepts, principles and approaches in each case and to in order to ensure that the chapters on specific disorders indicate why each was important and relevant for clinical prac- did, indeed, provide an up-to-date account of relevant findings, tice. Some of the topics were covered in previous editions but all authors were asked to pay particular attention to evidence several are new to this edition. Thus, there are chapters on on genetic influences, on imaging findings, on developmental how epidemiological/longitudinal methods may be used both features and on treatment methods – because for all of these to study causal hypotheses and to plan services. There is a chap- there have been major advances since the last edition. The ter on what clinicians need to know about statistical methods coverage of different clinical syndromes is fairly similar to that and issues, another chapter deals with the field of health eco- in previous editions, although it will be obvious that the nomics and another on what can be learned from structural information provided has moved on in important ways, but and functional imaging. Other chapters include development there is a new chapter on psychopathy (because its applica- and psychopathology, temperament and personality, basic tion to childhood seems to be of increasing interest) and on psychopharmacology, psychological treatments, clinical neu- behavioral problems in infancy and in preschool children. rophysiology and brain development. The opening chapter in The final section of the book deals with a range of differ- this conceptual section deals with developments in child and ent approaches to treatment. In some respects, there were adolescent psychiatry over the last 50years. Previous editions parallel, comparable chapters in previous editions but there have included chapters on history but this time we thought are several innovations. Thus, community-wide and targeted it appropriate to try to bring things up-to-date. Inevitably, interventions now have separate chapters and more attention in dealing with very recent history, we are having to discuss is paid to some of the principles in these types of prevention. developments that are too new to have stood the test of time The chapter on physical and pharmacological treatments is but we have sought to highlight what seemed to us some complementary to that on basic psychopharmacology in that of the important landmarks. As before, there are chapters it looks at the ways in which clinicians need to think about xiii