Societies and Political Orders in Transition Juri Plusnin Russian Provincial Society An Empirical Analysis Societies and Political Orders in Transition SeriesEditors Alexander Chepurenko, Higher School of Economics, National Research Univer- sity,Moscow,Russia SteinUgelvikLarsen,UniversityofBergen,Bergen,Norway WilliamReisinger,UniversityofIowa,IowaCity,IA,USA ManagingEditors EkimArbatli,HigherSchoolofEconomics,NationalResearchUniversity,Moscow, Russia DinaRosenberg,HigherSchoolofEconomics,NationalResearchUniversity, Moscow,Russia AigulMavletova,HigherSchoolofEconomics,NationalResearchUniversity, Moscow,Russia This book series presents scientific and scholarly studies focusing on societies and political orders in transition, for example in Central and Eastern Europe but also elsewhere in the world. By comparing established societies, characterized by well- establishedmarketeconomiesandwell-functioningdemocracies,withpost-socialist societies,oftencharacterizedbyemergingmarketsandfragilepoliticalsystems,the series identifiesandanalyzesfactorsinfluencingchangeandcontinuityinsocieties and political orders. These factors include state capacity to establish formal and informal rules, democratic institutions, forms of social structuration, political regimes, levels of corruption, specificity of political cultures, as well as types and orientationofpoliticalandeconomicelites. Societies and Political Orders in Transition welcomes monographs and edited volumes from a variety of disciplines and approaches, such as political and social sciences and economics, which are accessible to both academics and interested generalreaders. Topics may include, but are not limited to, democratization, regime change, changingsocialnorms,migration,etc. Alltitlesinthisseriesarepeer-reviewed. 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Juri Plusnin Russian Provincial Society An Empirical Analysis JuriPlusnin FacultyofSocialSciences NationalResearchUniversityHigher SchoolofEconomics Moscow,Russia ISSN2511-2201 ISSN2511-221X (electronic) SocietiesandPoliticalOrdersinTransition ISBN978-3-030-97828-0 ISBN978-3-030-97829-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97829-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsofreprinting,reuseofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Acknowledgments Theinitiativeoffieldresearchexplicitlyfocusingonthestructureofprovinciallocal societies came from Prof. Simon Kordonsky. Over the last few years of collecting empiricaldata,Ihavediscussedthisworkindetailwithhim.Heisalsotheauthorof several important ideas and concepts that I develop in this book. We jointly published severalarticlesthatprecededthismonographandthematerialsofwhich are used herein. He also inspired the very idea of writing this monograph. I am deeplygratefultomyseniorcolleagueandfriend. The text is based on data collected during field research under the project The Social Structure of the Russian Provincial Society sponsored by the Khamovniki Foundation for Social Research. The initial fieldwork took place in 2011–2012 (Project No. 2011-002) and was later extended to 2013–2014 (Project No. 2013- 007). Subsequent fieldwork was carried out as part of research under the Academic Fund Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (NRU HSE) in 2017–2018 and in 2019–2020 and under the Russian Academic ExcellenceProject5-100(GrantNo.17-01-0027ArchaicElementsintheStructure of Modern Russian Society and Grant No. 19-01-067 Provincial Crafts: Informal EconomicPracticesofthePopulation). Many of my earlier studies undertaken in the period between 1995 and 2010, which also continued thereafter, were sponsored by field research grants from the Russian Foundation for Humanities (1996, No. 96-03-18019е; 1997, No. 97-06- 18005е;1997–1998,No.97-06-08278;1998,No.98-06-18011е;1999,No.99-06- 18013е; 2001, No. 01-06-18010е; 2006, No. 06-06-18001; 2010, No. 1-03-18022е), grants from the Moscow Public Science Foundation and the FordFoundation(1999,No.SP-99-1-14DynamicsofNonadaptiveTransformations of Economic Behavior and Social Values of the Population of Provincial Russia), grant from the Regional Scholar Exchange Program 2001–2002, USA (Social Stability and Instability on the Local Level: the Analysis of Internal Factors in Overcoming a Crisis), and a grant from the President of the Russian Federation (throughtheInstituteofPublicDesign)(No.36/kTheStructureofMunicipalPower v vi Acknowledgments anditsImpactontheDevelopmentofSocialSolidarityandLocalEntrepreneurship, 2008-2009).MycolleaguesfromtheInstituteofPhilosophyandLawoftheSiberian BranchoftheRussianAcademyofSciences,Novosibirsk,supportedmeinmostof theseprojects. Manyassistantshelpedmeincollectingempiricaldata.Iwouldliketoacknowl- edge with gratitude the contribution made by Artemy Pozanenko, Natalia Zhidkevich, Irina Popova, Sergey Pyzhuk, Olga Molyarenko, Vyacheslav Plusnin, Anatoly Ablazhey, Yana Zausaeva, Anna Baidakova, Larisa Romanova, Artur Grishechkin, Anastasia Ivashchenko, Mikhail Olyanchuk, Alexander Pavlov, Sergey Seleev, Oleg Pisarev, Elizaveta Stepanova, Anastasia Pyanova, Alina Kulchu, Evgeny Nikolaev, Jaroslav Slobodskoy-Plusnin, and Georgy Stalinov. Theyparticipatedinseveralexpeditionsandengagedinjointresearch. Inaddition, at different times, 139 young researchers from the Higher School of Economics, Moscow,tookpartinourstudyoftheprovincialsociety.Unfortunately,Icannotlist them all here, but I am happy to thank them for the scrupulous and responsible collectionofdiversefielddatainmanyregionsofourcountry. JuliaKazantsevatranslatedthetextofthismonographfromRussianintoEnglish andrenderedvaluabletechnicalassistance. Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 ProvincialSocieties:DefinitionsandConceptualFramework. . . . . 5 2.1 ProvincialSociety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 LocalSociety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.1 Objectiveness:CommunitySizesandBoundaries. . . . . 8 2.2.2 Composition:LocalSocietyandCommunities, ProvincialTown,andItsRuralDistrict. . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.3 SocialRelations:BasicInstitutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.4 LocalSociety:Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3 ConceptualFramework:BasicHypothesesofEmpirical Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.1 ComplementarityofSocialStructures. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.2 TerritorialStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.3 TriaxialBinaryOppositionStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.1 MethodologyandMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.1.1 QualitativeMethodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.1.2 Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.2 EmpiricalData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4 Typology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.1 GeographicalandEnvironmentalDifferences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.2 TypologyPrinciples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.3 AgeoftheCommunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.4 SpatialIsolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 vii viii Contents 4.5 NaturalorCoerciveManneroftheEmergenceand DevelopmentoftheCommunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.6 LayoutoftheAdministrativeCenter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.6.1 LayoutTypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.6.2 AssociationBetweentheCenter’sLayoutandthe TypesofCommunitiesIdentifiedAccordingtothe ThreeOtherCriteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.7 TheAmbiguityofTypologyBasedonSeveralPrinciples. . . . . 87 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5 LocalTerritorialOrganization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.1 TerritorialStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.2 PrinciplesofaLocalCommunity’sSpatialOrganization. . . . . . 95 5.2.1 ThePrincipleoftheStructuralHierarchyoftheLocal Territory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.2.2 PrincipleoftheTemporal“Wavelike”Organization oftheLocalTerritory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.2.3 TerritorialStabilityofthePopulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.3 NeighborhoodandConnectedness:GroundsfortheTypology ofTerritorialStructures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.4 FeaturesoftheTerritorialStructureofCommunitieswith DifferentLevelsofSpatialIsolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.4.1 IsolatedCommunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.4.2 “Ordinary”and“Turbulent”Communities. . . . . . . . . . 107 5.4.3 DissimilaritiesintheTerritorialStructure ofCommunitieswithDifferentLevelsofSpatial Isolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.5 FeaturesoftheTerritorialStructureofCoercivelyandNaturally DevelopedCommunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.5.1 “Coercively”DevelopedCommunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.5.2 NaturallyDevelopedCommunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.5.3 DissimilaritiesintheTerritorialStructureofCoercively andNaturallyDevelopedCommunities. . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.6 TypesofLocalTerritories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.6.1 TheTerritorialStructureof“IsolatedNatural” Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.6.2 TheTerritorialStructureof“IsolatedCoercive” Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.6.3 TheTerritorialStructureof“TurbulentNatural” Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 5.6.4 TheTerritorialStructureof“TurbulentCoercive” Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 5.6.5 TheTerritorialStructureof“OrdinaryNatural” Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.6.6 TheTerritorialStructureof“OrdinaryCoercive” Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Contents ix 5.7 SignificantDissimilaritiesintheStructureofDifferentTypes ofTerritories. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. 144 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6 LocalEconomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.1 TheLocalEconomyandCrafts:TwoTypesofProvincial Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.2 The“Visible”LocalEconomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.2.1 ThePublicSector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.2.2 MaterialProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 6.2.3 Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 6.2.4 SmallBusiness. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . 168 6.3 “GarageEconomy”andShadowSelf-Employment. . . . . . . . . . 170 6.4 Conclusion:UniformityoftheFormalEconomy. . . . . . . . . . . . 171 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7 ArchaicEconomy:WanderingWorkersandScattered Manufactories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 7.1 Otkhodnichestvo:InternalCircularLaborMigration. . . . . . . . . 177 7.1.1 OtkhodnichestvoinImperialRussia.. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 179 7.1.2 ABriefHistoryofOtkhodnichestvointheSoviet Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 7.1.3 TwoStagesintheEvolutionofContemporary Otkhodnichestvo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 7.1.4 TheCompositionofContemporaryOtkhodniks. . . . . . 188 7.1.5 TypicalFeaturesoftheContemporaryOtkhodnik. . . . . 191 7.1.6 TheImportanceofContemporaryOtkhodnichestvo asaNewEconomicandPoliticalFactor. . . . . . . . . . . 194 7.2 “ScatteredManufactories”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 7.2.1 Historyofthe“ScatteredManufactory”. . . . . . . . . . . . 198 7.2.2 FeaturesofClassicalandModern“Scattered” Manufactories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 7.2.3 SpecificOperationArrangementsofFour“Scattered Manufactories”ofUryupinsk/Novokhopyosk,Labinsk, Kimry,andRostovVeliky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 7.2.4 CommonFeaturesofModern“Scattered Manufactories”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 7.2.5 TheConceptofCraftandTechnologicalUniqueness. . . 211 7.3 Summary.LikelyReasonsfortheRenewalofArchaic EconomicInstitutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 8 Crafts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 8.1 HouseholdCrafts:TypesofAttractedResourcesandPractices Duration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 8.1.1 “Resource”asaCriterionforClassifyingCraftsand Trades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223