OXFORD STUDIES IN MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY General Editors simon dixon mark mazower james retallack OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 27/5/2015, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 27/5/2015, SPi Russia and the Making of Modern Greek Identity, 1821–1844 L U C I E N J . F R A R Y 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Lucien J. Frary 2015 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2015 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2014954692 ISBN 978–0–19–873377–5 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. Acknowledgments At first, I conceived of this work as a critique of Paul Schroeder’s magisterial study of the transformation of modern European politics based on the cosmopolitan approach of Franco Venturi’s monumental analysis of the Italian Enlightenment. It began with a vision that I realize, in hindsight, was overly ambitious for a first monograph. Fortunately, the tradition of Mediterranean, Slavic, and Eastern Orthodox studies at the University of Minnesota inspired me to focus on one aspect of the revolutions and reforms taking place within the European periphery during the Congress of Vienna era. I was especially fortunate to move in this direction, since the posthumously published book by the late Richard Stites, The Four Horsemen: Riding to Liberty in Post-Napoleonic Europe, provides a splendidly original impression of the crises and insurrections emerging on the European fringes during this period. Many individuals working in Russian and Greek archives and libraries rendered me timely and professional assistance. Much of the Greek research was conducted at the Gennadius Library in Athens and facilitated by its helpful staff, particularly Andreas Sideris, Soula Panagopoulou, Dimitris Velentzas, and Mary Stavropoulou. In Athens, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou paid special attention to my project at a preliminary stage, and in Thessaloniki, the staff at the Institute of Balkan Studies provided valuable assistance. I have spent nearly two academic years and many summers working in the reading rooms of RGADA, AVPRI, GARF, RGIA, IRLI, the Russian Public Library, the Russian State Library, and elsewhere in Moscow and St Petersburg. At AVPRI, Natalia V. Borodina and Alla V. Abramenkova deserve special thanks for helping me make the most of my visits. To the wonder- fully friendly staff at the State Public Historical Library in Moscow, I give a resounding thank you. Rider University’s Interlibrary Loan filled many lacunae, and access privileges to the amazing riches of the Firestone Library at Princeton University have been very important. Since the 1990s, the ready response and assistance of Dr Timothy O’Connor have made numerous research stints in Russia possible, and I am grateful for his continued friendship. In Moscow, for more than fifteen years, Liudmilla N. Dorofeevoi has opened her home and dacha to me, and I would like to thank her and her family for countless hours of laughter, learning, and conversation. Correspondence with Lora Gerd of St Petersburg State University and Olga E. Petrunina of Moscow State University has been inspiring. As a graduate student at the University of Minnesota, I benefitted greatly from many devoted scholars who helped me focus my intellectual curiosity. It is my pleasure to thank Professor Eric D. Weitz, now Dean of Humanities and Arts and Distinguished Professor of History at the City College of New York, for his kindness in advising me about many topics over the years. I am indebted to Professors J. Kim Munholland and Gary Jahn for overseeing my intellectual development at an early stage. Professor David O. Kieft deserves special acknow- ledgment for his genuine interest, encouragement, and generosity. Theophilus Prousis, Distinguished Professor of History at Northern Florida, has been one of my most valuable critics and advisors. In addition, I am truly grateful for the continued guidance and support of my friends and colleagues David Goldfrank, Mara Kozelsky, Joe Gowaskie, and Tom Callahan. Ani Chikovani and Medea Metreveli, both outstanding scholars of Modern Greek Studies at Tbilisi State University, have my warmest thanks for their many kindnesses over the years. I wish to express my grateful thanks to the Delegates of Oxford University Press for undertaking the publication of this book, and to all the members of the press who have been concerned in any way with its appearance in print. Funding has come from three sources: Summer Research Fellowships and a Research Leave from Rider University have been fundamental. The University of Minnesota’s Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship enabled me to spend nearly two years in Greece and Russia doing preliminary research, and the Basil Laourdas Fellowship allowed me to conceptualize the project at an early stage as well as compose it. Theofanis G. Stavrou, the world’s leading promoter of Greek-Slavic studies, professor of Russian and Near Eastern history and director of Modern Greek Studies at the University of Minnesota, is most responsible for what is worthwhile within this study. Since I first met him he has been an amazing source of inspiration, and I am deeply grateful for his wisdom, guidance, and encouragement. Lastly, my family has provided me with an inexhaustible reserve of support. I dedicate this book to my loving wife, Elena, and to our young son Nikola Hristov. Lucien J. Frary Lawrenceville, NJ January 2015 Acknowledgments vi Contents List of Maps and Figures ix List of Abbreviations xi Note on Transliteration, Names, and Dates xiii Introduction 1 1. Russia and the Movement for Greek Independence 18 2. From Anarchy to Absolutism 54 3. Autocephaly and Facets of Orthodoxy 93 4. The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission and the Defense of Orthodoxy 123 5. Secret Societies, Armed Rebellions, and Oracular Prophecies 167 6. Absolutism under Siege 204 Conclusion 241 Bibliography 251 Index 285 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi List of Maps and Figures MAPS 1. Greece and Surrounding Regions, 1820–56. xiv 2. Expansion of the Greek Kingdom. xv FIGURES 1.1. Surprise attack on the Turkish Camp at Zeituni in September 1824. Color engraving by J. Hussbiegel after Christian Gottfried Heinrich Geissler (1825). Courtesy of the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University. 36 1.2. President of Greece Ioannis Kapodistrias, from Sergei Glinka, Kartina istoricheskaia i politicheskaia Novoi Gretsii (Moscow: Tip. Avgusta Semena, 1829). 41 2.1. Theodoros Kolokotronis, from Sergei Glinka, Kartina istoricheskaia i politicheskaia Novoi Gretsii (Moscow: Tip. Avgusta Semena, 1829). 58 2.2. Arrival of His Majesty King Othon in Nafplion, February 6, 1833. Lithographic plate by I. B. Dreseli and Gustav Wilhelm Kraus (1833). Courtesy of the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University. 63 2.3. King Othon of Greece in national costume. Gustav Wilhelm Kraus (1840). Courtesy of the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University. 70 3.1. Adamantios Korais, Aristotelous Politikon ta sozomena (Paris: I. M. Everartos/Firmin Didot, 1821). 99 4.1. Konstantinos Oikonomos, from G. S. Destunis, “O zhizni i trudakh K. Ekonomosa,” Strannik 3 (1860), facing p. 1. 140 4.2. Othon, King of Greece, bids farewell. December 1832. Lithograph by G. Podt after Philipp von Foltz. Courtesy of the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University. 156 5.1. King Othon in national dress. Courtesy of the Bayerische Verwaltung der Staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen. 174 5.2. Greek Captain leads his palikaria, c.1835. Lithograph by P. Hess after Krazeisen, printed by Selb. Courtesy of the Bayerische Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen. 193 6.1. Ambassador Gavriil Katakazy, from A. V. Nekliudov, Starye portrety. Semeinaia letopis, 2 vols (Nice: n.p., 1932–3). 206 7.1. Imperial Bears Grease (Greece) or a peep into futurity. London: T. McClean, 1828. William Heath (artist). Courtesy of the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University. 243