OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,27/5/2015,SPi OXFORD STUDIES IN MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY GeneralEditors simon dixon mark mazower james retallack OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,27/5/2015,SPi Russia and the Making of Modern Greek Identity, – 1821 1844 LUCIEN J. FRARY 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©LucienJ.Frary2015 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2015 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014954692 ISBN 978–0–19–873377–5 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. Acknowledgments Atfirst,IconceivedofthisworkasacritiqueofPaulSchroeder’smagisterialstudy of the transformation of modern European politics based on the cosmopolitan approachofFrancoVenturi’smonumentalanalysisoftheItalianEnlightenment.It began with a vision that I realize, in hindsight, was overly ambitious for a first monograph. Fortunately, the tradition of Mediterranean, Slavic, and Eastern Orthodox studies at the University of Minnesota inspired me to focus on one aspect of the revolutions and reforms taking place within the European periphery during the Congress of Vienna era. I was especially fortunate to move in this direction, since the posthumously published book by the late Richard Stites, The Four Horsemen: Riding to Liberty in Post-Napoleonic Europe, provides a splendidly original impression of the crises and insurrections emerging on the European fringesduringthisperiod. ManyindividualsworkinginRussianandGreekarchivesandlibrariesrendered metimelyandprofessionalassistance.MuchoftheGreekresearchwasconducted attheGennadius LibraryinAthensandfacilitated byitshelpfulstaff,particularly AndreasSideris,SoulaPanagopoulou,DimitrisVelentzas,andMaryStavropoulou. In Athens, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou paid special attention to my project at a preliminary stage, and in Thessaloniki, the staff at the Institute of Balkan Studies provided valuable assistance. I have spent nearly two academic years and many summersworkinginthereadingroomsofRGADA,AVPRI,GARF,RGIA,IRLI, the Russian Public Library, the Russian State Library, and elsewhere in Moscow and St Petersburg. At AVPRI, Natalia V. Borodina and Alla V. Abramenkova deservespecialthanksforhelpingmemakethemostofmyvisits.Tothewonder- fully friendly staff at the State Public Historical Library in Moscow, I give a resounding thank you. Rider University’s Interlibrary Loan filled many lacunae, and access privileges to the amazing riches of the Firestone Library at Princeton Universityhavebeenveryimportant. Since the 1990s, the ready response and assistance of Dr Timothy O’Connor have made numerous research stints in Russia possible, and I am grateful for his continued friendship. In Moscow, for more than fifteen years, Liudmilla N. Dorofeevoi has opened her home and dacha to me, and I would like to thank her and her family for countless hours of laughter, learning, and conversation. Correspondence with Lora Gerd of St Petersburg State University and Olga E.PetruninaofMoscowStateUniversityhasbeeninspiring. As a graduate student atthe Universityof Minnesota, I benefittedgreatly from many devoted scholars who helped me focus my intellectual curiosity. It is my pleasuretothankProfessorEricD.Weitz,nowDeanofHumanitiesandArtsand Distinguished Professor of History at the City College of New York, for his kindness in advising me about many topics over the years. I am indebted to Professors J. Kim Munholland and Gary Jahn for overseeing my intellectual vi Acknowledgments development at an early stage. Professor David O. Kieft deserves special acknow- ledgment for his genuine interest, encouragement, and generosity. Theophilus Prousis, Distinguished Professor of History at Northern Florida, has been one of my most valuable critics and advisors. In addition, I am truly grateful for the continued guidance and support of my friends and colleagues David Goldfrank, Mara Kozelsky, Joe Gowaskie, and Tom Callahan. Ani Chikovani and Medea Metreveli, both outstanding scholars of Modern Greek Studies at Tbilisi State University,havemywarmestthanksfortheirmanykindnessesovertheyears. IwishtoexpressmygratefulthankstotheDelegatesofOxfordUniversityPress for undertaking the publication of this book, and to all the members of the press who have been concerned in any way with its appearance in print. Funding has comefromthreesources:SummerResearchFellowshipsandaResearchLeavefrom RiderUniversityhavebeenfundamental.TheUniversityofMinnesota’sDoctoral DissertationFellowshipenabledmetospendnearlytwoyearsinGreeceandRussia doing preliminary research, and the Basil Laourdas Fellowship allowed me to conceptualizetheprojectatanearlystageaswellascomposeit. Theofanis G. Stavrou, the world’s leading promoter of Greek-Slavic studies, professor of Russian and Near Eastern history and director of Modern Greek StudiesattheUniversityofMinnesota,ismostresponsibleforwhatisworthwhile within this study. Since I first met him he has been an amazing source of inspiration,andIamdeeplygratefulforhiswisdom,guidance,andencouragement. Lastly, my family has provided me with an inexhaustible reserve of support. Idedicatethisbooktomylovingwife,Elena,andtoouryoungsonNikolaHristov. LucienJ.Frary Lawrenceville,NJ January2015 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,6/5/2015,SPi Contents ListofMapsandFigures ix ListofAbbreviations xi NoteonTransliteration,Names,andDates xiii Introduction 1 1. RussiaandtheMovementforGreekIndependence 18 2. FromAnarchytoAbsolutism 54 3. AutocephalyandFacetsofOrthodoxy 93 4. TheRussianEcclesiasticalMissionandtheDefenseofOrthodoxy 123 5. SecretSocieties,ArmedRebellions,andOracularProphecies 167 6. AbsolutismunderSiege 204 Conclusion 241 Bibliography 251 Index 285 List of Maps and Figures MAPS 1. GreeceandSurroundingRegions,1820–56. xiv 2. ExpansionoftheGreekKingdom. xv FIGURES 1.1. SurpriseattackontheTurkishCampatZeituniinSeptember1824.Color engravingbyJ.HussbiegelafterChristianGottfriedHeinrichGeissler (1825).CourtesyoftheAnneS.K.BrownMilitaryCollection, BrownUniversity. 36 1.2. PresidentofGreeceIoannisKapodistrias,fromSergeiGlinka,Kartina istoricheskaiaipoliticheskaiaNovoiGretsii(Moscow:Tip.AvgustaSemena, 1829). 41 2.1. TheodorosKolokotronis,fromSergeiGlinka,Kartinaistoricheskaia ipoliticheskaiaNovoiGretsii(Moscow:Tip.AvgustaSemena,1829). 58 2.2. ArrivalofHisMajestyKingOthoninNafplion,February6,1833. LithographicplatebyI.B.DreseliandGustavWilhelmKraus(1833). CourtesyoftheAnneS.K.BrownMilitaryCollection,BrownUniversity. 63 2.3. KingOthonofGreeceinnationalcostume.GustavWilhelmKraus(1840). CourtesyoftheAnneS.K.BrownMilitaryCollection,BrownUniversity. 70 3.1. AdamantiosKorais,AristotelousPolitikontasozomena (Paris:I.M.Everartos/FirminDidot,1821). 99 4.1. KonstantinosOikonomos,fromG.S.Destunis,“Ozhizniitrudakh K.Ekonomosa,”Strannik3(1860),facingp.1. 140 4.2. Othon,KingofGreece,bidsfarewell.December1832.Lithographby G.PodtafterPhilippvonFoltz.CourtesyoftheAnneS.K.BrownMilitary Collection,BrownUniversity. 156 5.1. KingOthoninnationaldress.CourtesyoftheBayerischeVerwaltung derStaatlichenSchlösser,GärtenundSeen. 174 5.2. GreekCaptainleadshispalikaria,c.1835.LithographbyP.HessafterKrazeisen, printedbySelb.CourtesyoftheBayerischeVerwaltungderstaatlichen Schlösser,GärtenundSeen. 193 6.1. AmbassadorGavriilKatakazy,fromA.V.Nekliudov,Staryeportrety. Semeinaialetopis,2vols(Nice:n.p.,1932–3). 206 7.1. ImperialBearsGrease(Greece)orapeepintofuturity.London:T.McClean, 1828.WilliamHeath(artist).CourtesyoftheAnneS.K.BrownMilitary Collection,BrownUniversity. 243