UNIT: IV RURAL DEVELOPMENT Compiled by Dr. Narendrasinh B. Chauhan Professor and Head Department of Extension Education B.A.College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand Content: 1. Concept of rural development, white Scopes and Importance of Rural Development in India 2. Need and importance of rural development 3. Problems in rural development in India. 4. Panchayati Raj 5. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana 6. NREGA 7. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana 8. Indira Awaas Yojana 9. CAPART 10. DRDA 11. NGO 12. Short questions with answers INSTRUCTION FOR THE ASSIGNMENT TO BE SUBMITTED FOR THIS UNIT 1. Followings are the questions for assignment to be answered and submitted to the course teacher in the handwritten form compulsorily on or before 15th April, 2012. Q.1 Define rural development, white Scopes and Importance of Rural Development in India. Q.2 Write need and importance of rural development and explain problems in rural development in India. Q.3. What is Panchayati Raj? Explain on the following aspects of the Panchayati Raj. 1. Specific objectives of the Panchayati Raj. 2. Philosophy of Panchayat Raj. 3. Three tiers (levels) of Panchayat Raj of the Panchayati Raj and their functions. 4. Some special features of Democratic Decentralization of the Panchayati Raj. Q.4. Write one page matter on Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) Q.5. Write short note on NREGA Q.6. Write short note on Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Q.7. Write short note on Indira Awaas Yojana Q.8. Write short note on CAPART Q.9. Write short note on DRDA Q.10. Write short note on Non-Governmental Organizations Q.11. Write procedure to be followed in the establishment of NGO in India 2. At the end of this unit, objective types of questions with correct answers in multiple choice forms have been given for the semester end examination. 1 RURAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION Rural development has always been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries, throughout the world. In the developing countries and some formerly communist societies, rural mass comprise a substantial majority of the population. Over 3.5 billion people live in the Asia and Pacific region and some 63% of them in rural areas. Although millions of rural people have escaped poverty as a result of rural development in many Asian countries, a large majority of rural people continue to suffer from persistent poverty. The socio-economic disparities between rural and urban areas are widening and creating tremendous pressure on the social and economic fabric of many developing Asian economies. These factors, among many others, tend to highlight the importance of rural development. The policy makers in most of the developing economies recognize this importance and have been implementing a host of programs and measures to achieve rural development objectives. While some of these countries have achieved impressive results, others have failed to make a significant dent in the problem of persistent rural underdevelopment Rural - Is an area, where the people are engaged in primary industry in the sense that they produce things directly for the first time in cooperation with nature as stated by Srivastava (1961). Rural areas are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities and towns. Such areas are distinct from more intensively settled urban and suburban areas, and also from unsettled lands such as outback or wilderness. People live in village, on farms and in other isolated houses. Rural areas can have an agricultural character, though many rural areas are characterized by an economy based on logging, mining, oil and gas exploration, or tourism. Lifestyles in rural areas are different than those in urban areas, mainly because limited services are available. Governmental services like law enforcement, schools, fire departments, and libraries may be distant, limited in scope, or unavailable. Utilities like water, sewer, street lighting, and garbage collection may not be present. Public transport is sometimes absent or very limited; people use their own vehicles, walk or ride an animal. A society or community can be classified as rural based on the criteria of lower population density, less social differentiation, less social and spatial mobility, slow rate of social change, etc. Agriculture would be the major occupation of rural area. Development: It refers to growth, evolution, stage of inducement or progress. This progress or growth is gradual and had sequential phases. Always there is increasing differentiation. It also refers to the over all movement towards greater efficiency and complex situations. 2 Rural development designates the utilization of approaches and techniques under one single programme, which rally upon local communities as units of action. It provides a large umbrella under which all the people engaged in the work of community organizations, community progress and community relation. Rural Development (RD) is a process, which aims at improving the well being and self realization of people living outside the urbanized areas through collective process. According to Agarwal (1989), rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of rural poor. The United Nations defines Rural Development as: Rural Development is a process of change, by which the efforts of the people themselves are united, those of government authorities to improve their economic, social and cultural conditions of communities in to the life of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national programme. Rural Development is a process of bringing change among rural community from the traditional way of living to progressive way of living. It is also expressed as a movement for progress. Scope and Importance of Rural Development Rural development is a dynamic process, which is mainly concerned with the rural areas. These include agricultural growth, putting up of economic and social infrastructure, fair wages as also housing and house sites for the landless, village planning, public health, education and functional literacy, communication etc. Rural development is a national necessity and has considerable importance in India because of the following reasons. 1. About three-fourth of India's population live in rural areas, thus rural development is needed to develop nation as whole. 2. Nearly half of the country's national income is derived from agriculture, which is major occupation of rural India. 3. Around seventy per cent of Indian population gets employment through agriculture. 4. Bulks of raw materials for industries come from agriculture and rural sector. 5. Increase in industrial population can be justified only in rural population‟s motivation and increasing the purchasing power to buy industrial goods. 6. Growing disparity between the urban elite and the rural poor can lead to political instability. The main objective of the rural development programme is to raise the economic and social level of the rural people. The specific objectives are: 3 1. To develop farm, home, public service and village community. 2. To bring improvement in producing of crops and animals living condition. 3. To improve health and education condition etc. improvement of the rural people. 4. To improve villagers with their own efforts. 5. To improve village communication. Community: 1. A community is a group of people, who live in a geographical area and have an interest in each other for the purpose of making a living. It is a form of social organization existing between the family and state. 2. The people with common interests living in a particular area 3. An interacting population of various kinds of individuals (as species) in a common location 4. A group of people with a common characteristic or interest living together within a larger society Development: The term development connotes growth or maturation. It implies gradual and sequential phase of change. Community Development: Community development is encompassing any and every efforts towards the advance of community interests. Need and Importance of rural development Rural development is a national necessity and has considerable importance in India because of the following reasons. 1. To develop rural area as whole in terms of culture, society, economy, technology and health. 2. To develop living slandered of rural mass. 3. To develop rural youths, children and women. 4. To develop and empower human resource of rural area in terms of their psychology, skill, knowledge, attitude and other abilities. 5. To develop infrastructure facility of rural area. 6. To provide minimum facility to rural mass in terms of drinking water, education, transport, electricity and communication. 7. To develop rural institutions like panchayat, cooperatives, post, banking and credit. 8. To provide financial assist to develop the artisans in the rural areas, farmers and agrarian unskilled labor, small and big rural entrepreneurs to improve their economy. 9. To develop rural industries through the development of handicrafts, small scaled industries, village industries, rural crafts, cottage industries and other related economic operations in the rural sector. 10. To develop agriculture, animal husbandry and other agricultural related areas. 11. To restore uncultivated land, provide irrigation facilities and motivate farmers to adopt improved seed, fertilizers, package of practices of crop cultivation and soil conservation methods. 12. To develop entertainment and recreational facility for rural mass. 13. To develop leadership quality of rural area. 14. To improve rural marketing facility. 4 15. To minimise gap between the urban and rural in terms of facilities availed. 16. To improve rural people‟s participation in the development of state and nation as whole. 17. To improve scopes of employment for rural mass. 18. For the sustainable development of rural area. 19. To eliminate rural poverty. 20. To solve the problems faced by the rural mass for their development. Problems in Rural Development 1. People related: 1. Traditional way of thinking. 2. Poor understanding. 3. Low level of education to understand developmental efforts and new technology. 4. Deprived psychology and scientific orientation. 5. Lack of confidence. 6. Poor awareness. 7. Low level of education. 8. Existence of unfelt needs. 9. Personal ego. 2. Agricultural related problems: 1. Lack of expected awareness, knowledge, skill and attitude. 2. Unavailability of inputs. 3. Poor marketing facility. 4. Insufficient extension staff and services. 5. Multidimensional tasks to extension personnel. 6. Small size of land holding. 7. Division of land. 8. Unwillingness to work and stay in rural areas. 3. Infrastructure related problems: 1. Poor infrastructure facilities like water, electricity, transport, educational institutions, communication, health, storage facility etc. 4. Economic problems: 1. Unfavourable economic condition to adopt high cost technology. 2. High cost of inputs. 3. Underprivileged rural industries 5. Social and Cultural problems: 1. Cultural norms and traditions 2. Conflict within and between groups, castes, religions, regions, languages. 5 6. Leadership related problems: 1. Leadership among the hands of inactive and incompetent people. 2. Malafied interest of leaders. 3. Biased political will. 7. Administrative problems: 1. Earlier, majority of the programmes were planning based on top to bottom approach and were target oriented. 2. Political interference. 3. Lack of motivation and interest. 4. Unwillingness to work in rural area. 5. Improper utilization of budget. RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES Sr. Name of the Programme Started by Year No. Pre independence 1 Sriniketan Project Shri Rabindra Nath Tagore 1914 2 Marthandam Project Dr.Spencer Hatch 1921 3 Gurgaon Experiment F.L.Brayne 1928 4 Sarvoday Programme Shri Vinoba Bhave 1948-49 Post early independence(1947-53) 1 Firka Development Madras Government 1948 2 Etawah Pilot Project Albert Mayor 1948 3 Nilokheri Experiment S.K.Dey 1948 4 Community Development Programme (CDP) Government of India 1952 5 National Extension Service (NES) Government of India 1953 RURAL DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS / PROGRAMMES AFTER INDEPENDENCE No Year Name of the Programme after independence 1 1948 GMFC Grow More Food Campaign 2 1950 JMPC Japanese Method of Paddy Cultivation 3 1952 CDP Community Development Programme 4 1953 NES National Extension Service 5 1961 IADP Intensive Agriculture District Programme 6 1963 ANP Applied Nutrition Programme 7 1964-65 IAAP Integrated Agricultural Area Programme 8 1964 ICDP Integrated Cattle Development Programme 9 1965 NDP National Demonstration Project 10 1966 ODP Oilseed Development Programme 11 1966-67 HYVP High Yielding Varieties Programme 12 1966 FTEP Farmers Training and Education Programme 13 1966 FTC Farmers Training Centre 6 14 1966 MCP Multiple Crop Programme 15 1970 DPAP Draught Prone Area Programme 16 1970 DFAP Dry Farming Area Programme 17 1971 ICDP Integrated Cotton Development Programme 18 1971 WVDP Whole Village Development Programme 19 1971 SFDA Small Farmers Development Agency 20 1971 MFAL Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labour Agency 21 1971-72 TADP Tribal Area Development Programme 22 1973 HADP Hill Area Development Programme 23 1974 T&V Training and Visit System 24 1974 KVK Krushi Vigyan Kendra 25 1974 TDB Tribal Development Block 26 1975 CADP Command Area Development Programme 27 1976 IRDP Intergraded Rural Development Programme 28 1976 ORP Operational Research Project 29 1976 SF Social Forestry 30 1977 DDP Desert Development Programme 31 1978 LLP Lab-to-Land Programme 32 1978 NARP National Agricultural Research Project 33 1979 TRYSEM Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment 34 1980 NREP National Rural Employment Programme 35 1980 DRDA District Rural Development Agency 36 1980-81 TUP Tribal Upliftment Project 37 1981 RLEGP Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme 38 1982 DWCRA Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas 39 1984-85 NAEP National Agricultural Extension Project 40 1986-87 NWDP National Watershed Development Project 41 1989 JRY Jawahar Rojgar Yojana 42 1990-91 NWDPRA National Water Development Project for Rain fed Areas 43 1998 NATP National Agricultural Technology Project 44 1998 ATMA Agricultural Technology Management Agency 45 2005 NAIP National Agricultural Innovation Project PANCHAYAT RAJ SYATEM The first organized effort to solve the problem of rural India was made through the Community Development Programme in the year 1952 and National Extension Service in 1953. On the completion of first five years of the CDP, the planning Commission appointed a high-ranking study committee headed by Balwant Rai Mehta, Chief Minister of Gujarat. This team pointed out both positive results and inadequacies in the implementation of the programme. This committee recommended Panchayati Raj. 7 The study team made a significant recommendation with implementation of a programme. According to it there should be effective administrative decentralization for the implementation of the programme. The decentralized administration was to be placed under the control of selected and integrated local self-government system ordinarily of 3 levels bodies from village level to block level and then to district level. This democratic decentralized system was named as “Panchayat Raj”. The state of Madras tried this as a pilot project as early as 1957. In 1958, Andhra Pradesh state had twenty such pilot projects. Based on the success in these it was the state of Rajasthan which became the pioneer to bring the whole state under democratic decentralization on October 2, 1959. It was implemented in Gujarat on April 1, 1963. Some explanations: 1. Panch: An assembly of elders who settled the disputes within the limit of caste/customs. 2. Panchayat: An assembly of elected persons of the village. Village bodies were the lines of contact with higher authorities on matters affecting to the village. 3. Democracy: The word Democracy derived from Greek language Democ means the people and Cracy means rule of. It is leading of the people by the people, for the people. 4. Decentralization: Devolution of central authority among local units close to the area served. 5. Democratic decentralization: means where authority develops by the process on people‟s institution and act as local self-government. Specific Objectives: 1. Assistance to the economically weaker sections of the community. 2. Cohesion and cooperative self help in the community. 3. Development of cooperative institutions. 4. Development of local resources including the utilization of manpower. 5. Production in agriculture as the highest priority in planning. 6. Progressive dispersal of authority and initiative both vertically and horizontally with special emphasis on the role of voluntary organizations. 7. Promotion of rural industries. 8. Understanding and harmony between the people‟s representatives and people servants through comprehensive training/education and a clear demarcation of duties and responsibilities. Philosophy of Panchayat Raj The philosophy of Panchayat Raj is deeply steeped in tradition and culture of rural India and is by no means a new concept. Panchayati Raj Provided a system of self-governance at the village level. Panchayati Raj Institutions is the grass-roots units of self-government – have been declared as the vehicles of socio-economic transformation in rural India. Effective and meaningful functioning of these bodies would depend on active involvement, contribution and participation of its citizens both male and female. The aim of every village being a republic and panchayats having powers has been translated into reality with the introduction of the three-tier Panchayati Raj system to enlist people‟s participation in rural reconstruction. 8 Three tiers (levels) of Panchayat Raj: The Gram Panchayat: Gram Panchayat is the primary unit of Panchayati Raj Institutions or local self-government. In other words it can be said that the first formal democratic institution under the directive principle in the Indian constitution is the Gram Panchayat. It is a cabinet of the village elders, directly elected by the adult citizens of the village. Gram Panchayats are constituted considering their income, population and area. There is a provision for reservation of seats for women and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The panchayat has tenure of five years and is directly elected. It has income through taxes to perform its functions. The main functions of Village Panchayat are: 1. Preparation of Annual Plans for the development of the village Panchayat area. 2. Preparation Annual Budget of Village Panchayat. 3. Mobilization of relief in natural calamities. 4. Removal of encroachments on public properties. 5. Organizing voluntary labours and contribution for community works. 6. Maintenance of essential statistics of villages. 7. Such other development works as may be entrusted. 8. Service or developmental function, such as promotion of education, health, agriculture, etc. 9. Representative function, where the main role is to voice and represent the opinion; 10. Regulatory and administrative functions, which consists of regulating the conduct of individuals and institutions and also collection of taxes. Sources of income of village panchayat 1. Share in land revenue. 2. Local tax. 3. Revenue earned from the settlement of shops, fisheries, etc 4. House taxes & other taxes as specified in Panchayati Raj Act. 5. Fees for providing amenities, cess, tolls. 6. Contribution and grants. 7. Fine and penalties. Taluka/block Panchayat: It is also known as Panchayat Samiti or Panchayat Union: This is the second tier of the administration at Taluka or Block level. It is headed by Taluka President. Block Development Officer is appointed by the Government. He functions as the leader of the Block. The main functions of the Panchayat Samitis are planning, execution and supervision of all developmental programmes in the Block. It also supervises the works of Gram Panchayats within its Jurisdiction. It has to instill among people within its jurisdiction a spirit of self-help and initiative and work for raising the standard of living. It has to support for the implementation of development programmes. It has the welfare and development activities in the fields of agriculture, animal 9 husbandry, health, sanitation, elementary education, cottage industries and social. It has to use the village housing project funds and loans. Zilla Panchayat: It is also known as District Development Council or Zilla Parishad. This is the third tier of Panchayat Raj functioning at district level. It is headed by Panchayat Union Chairman. District Collector leads the work with the help of District Development Officers. Functions: 1. It works as advisory body for blocks. 2. It approves budget and plan of blocks. 3. It allots funds to the blocks. 4. It approves budget and plan of blocks. It allots funds to the blocks. 5. Secondary education is the responsibility of this council. 6. It should advise Government in all matters relating to rural development in the district. 7. It has to review the results achieved under various items in all the blocks. Some special features of Democratic Decentralization: 1. The sanctioning powers of most of the works and schemes are with panchayat Samitis and standing committees. 2. Most of the functions are implemented and performed by administrative control of the Panchayat Samitis. Thus, there is a single agency at Block level for all development programmes. 3. The power and functions of the District Boards are allocated among the parishads and the samitis, which are within the reach of rural people. 4. Panchayat samitis have all the technical assistance required at the block level itself. 5. Elementary education is the sole responsibility of the panchayat samitis. 6. Rural medical institutions in the Block are under the administrative control of the panchayat samitis. 7. Members of the panchayat samitis have the right to inspect institutions or works in the Block with a view to ensure efficient working and execution and draw the attention of the executive to any defects. 8. Personnel functioning within the Block are pooled together so that they function in a coordinated way under the samitis. 9. The responsibility for maintenance of minor irrigation works. 10. Panchayat samitis provide financial and technical assistance and supervision to panchayats. 11. Block plans are made based on village plans, district plans based on block plans and state are made based on district plans. This way plans are made truly based on needs of the people. 12. The panchayat samitis are given power to levy surcharges on taxes levied by the panchayats. This will help the panchayat samitis to build up their resources. 10