ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Volume 10 RURAL DEVELOPMENT Page Intentionally Left Blank RURAL DEVELOPMENT A Geographical Perspective KEITH HOGGART AND HENRY BULLER Firstpublishedin1987byCroomHelmLtd Thiseditionfirstpublishedin2016 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©1987KeithHoggartandHenryBuller Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilised inanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownor hereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformation storageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregistered trademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintentto infringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-1-138-95340-6(Set) ISBN:978-1-315-65887-2(Set)(ebk) ISBN:978-1-138-96299-6(Volume10)(hbk) ISBN:978-1-315-65904-6(Volume10)(ebk) Publisher’sNote Thepublisherhasgonetogreatlengthstoensurethequalityofthisreprintbut pointsoutthatsomeimperfectionsintheoriginalcopiesmaybeapparent. Disclaimer Thepublisherhasmadeeveryefforttotracecopyrightholdersandwouldwelcome correspondencefromthosetheyhavebeenunabletotrace. RURAL DEVELOPMENT AG eographical Perspective Keith Hoggart and Henry Buller CROOM HELM London • New York • Sydney © 1987 Keith Hoggart and Henry Buller Croom Helm Ltd, Provident House, Burrell Row, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 1AT Croom Helm Australia, 44-50 Waterloo Road, North Ryde, 2113, New South Wales Published in the USA by Croom Helm in association with Methuen, Inc. 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Hoggart, Keith Rural development: a geographical perspective. 1. Rural development I. Title 11. Buller, Henry 307'.14'091734 HN49.C6 ISBN 0-7099-3756-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 0-7099-3756-3 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Mackays of Chatham Ltd, Kent CONTENTS Tables Figures Preface 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. CONCEPTS 8 On 'Rural' 8 Socio-Cultural Definitions 9 Occupational Definitions 14 Ecological Definitions 16 On 'Development' 18 Perspective 27 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 29 Divisions in Social Theory 30 Conflict Theories 33 Development and Location 40 Perspective 51 4. THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT 53 The Structural Context 57 Settling the US West 60 Transnational Corporations 67 The European Corrmuni ty 81 The Behavioural Context 95 Trade with the Soviet Bloc 96 Foreign Aid 103 Immigrant Labour Policies 107 Perspective 112 5. NATIONS, REGIONS AND RURAL DEVELOFMENT 114 Regional Models of Rural Development 115 The DiffUsion Model 116 Internal Colonialism 121 Uneven Development Model 126 The Competitive Sector 135 Agrarian Protest 136 Industrialised Farming 140 The Agricultural Lobby 152 The Non-Agrarian Competitive Sector 164 The State Sector 166 Perspective 179 6. LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOFMENT 182 Local Microcosm and National Macrocosm 183 'Traditionally Rural' 185 Local Community Initiatives 191 National Effects an Rural Localities 197 Service Centralisation 203 Settlement Centralisation 212 'Outsider' Anti-Growth Movements 217 Perspective 227 7. DEVELOPMENT WITHIN LOCALITIES 229 Social Class 231 Social Power 240 Social Status 252 Perspective 262 8. SOCIAL RESEARCH AND RURAL DEVELOFMENT STUDIES 265 Bibliography 274 Index 313 The Authors 317 TABLES 2.1 Arizona Beliefs on the Attributes of Rural Areas. 11 4.1 Effective Tax Rates by Industry for 275 Major US 70 Conpanies 1981-4. 4. 2 Agricul tura.l Labour Forces in the European 84 Collllll.mi ty. 4. 3 Gains and Losses from the Comnon Agricultural 88 Policy. 4.4 Fann Incomes Per Fann by US Agricultural Region 101 1972-82. 4.5 Exports of Major Wheat Traders to Eastern Europe 103 1978-83.